Rooting and initial establishment of stem cuttings of oregano,peppermint and balm

Stem cuttings of 3 Labiatae spices, oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and balm (Melissa offinicalis L.) were analyzed for their rooting- patterns and initial establishment under controlled conditions.Approximately 100% of cuttings from all 3 species rooted, but the number of roots per cutting varied in the order: oregano > balm > peppermint. Treatment of cuttings with IBA, IAA and Hormex increased both the number of roots per cutting and the rate of root formation in all 3 species. This effect was, however, dependent on their natural capacity for root formation, with the greatest effect on the slowest root producer, balm, where root number increased 3-fold.Enhanced root formation was reflected in increased fresh-weight accumulation by both root and shoot systems. Hormone treatment also increased shoot length of peppermint. All the above mentioned effects were concentration-dependent. Thus, hormonal treatment of cuttings of these 3 Labiatae spices clearly aided early establishment, and especially so in cuttings which were initially less vigorous.     

Vegetative propagation of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium in vitro

In vitro cultivated capitulum explants of Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis.) were induced to develop shoots. These shoots were isolated, treated with auxin and transferred to unsterilized soil. Adventitious root formation occurred and viable plantlets were obtained. Shoot development of other plant species according to this procedure was realized.     

广东含笑无性繁殖技术

广东含笑是广东特有的珍稀野生观赏花卉。文章介绍了广东含笑的观赏特征、无性苗木繁殖和培育技术;冬季或早春嫁接,嫁接成活率86.5%以上,小砧嫁接苗年高生长可达30cm,嫁接后2年开花;广东含笑可作为优良乡土景观树种推广应用。     

Vegetative propagation of Alstroemeria in vitro

Young actively growing tissue explants from Alstroemeria inflorescence stem taken at a distance of 1–2 mm below the apex are capable of regenerating buds and roots from which small plantlets can be established. Root and bud regeneration was directly from the stem tissue and not from the callus. White's medium supported growth and regeneration as well as Murashige & Skoog's medium. A higher ratio of auxin to cytokinin resulted in root regeneration, while the reversed ratio promoted bud differentiation. Plantlets were obtained upon bud subculture on a low sucrose medium supplemented with indoleacetic acid but without kinetin.     

Rooting stem cuttings of Chinese chestnut

Rooting of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume.) stem cuttings following treatment with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was investigated. Tip and basal cutting from vigorous epicormic shoots and terminal shoots with 2–3 cm of the previous year's wood were taken from mature regions of trees approximately 40 years of age. Cuttings were dipped for 5 s in an aqueous solution of either 3 or 6 g l^?1 IBA. Rooting occurred only in the basal softwood cuttings. Average rooting of 33.5, 5.0 and 1.6% for ‘AU-Leader’, ‘AU-Homestead’ and ‘AU-Cropper’, respectively, was obtained using the 3 g l^?1 IBA solution, and 35.0, 6.7 and 3.3%, respectively, using the 6 g l^?1 IBA solution.     

Root formation,bud growth and survival of ornamental shrubs propagated by cuttings on different planting dates

Summary

Semi-hardwood cuttings of Cornus alba ‘Sibirica’, Deutzia ‘Mont Rose’, Forsythia × intermedia ‘Lynwood’, Ligustrum vulgare ‘Liga’, Philadelphus × virginalis, Potentilla fruticosa ‘Goldfinger’, and Spiraea × vanhouttei were planted on seven dates from July to October in two years and at three locations to investigate the effect of planting date on root formation, axillary bud growth, and plant survival. Cuttings were planted directly in the field and covered with polyethylene. Generally, root formation, bud growth, and plant survival were similar both years and at the three locations. All species except Deutzia had relatively constant rooting percentages at planting dates until mid August. For all species rooting percentages declined from mid August to October. Except for Deutzia, plant survival the following spring was constant or decreasing with planting date. For all species except Potentilla axillary bud growth and survival of cuttings planted in late September or October tended to increase while rooting percentages continued to decrease. In all species there was a close relationship between axillary bud growth and survival. Results revealed that many roots per cutting accelerated axillary bud growth.     

Vegetative propagation of carnation in vitro through multiple shoot development

Vegetative shoot cuttings of 6 cultivars of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) were irradiated with 30 or 60 Gy X-rays. Subsequently, from both control and irradiated cuttings, explants were excised at 2 positions of the stem and cultured in vitro. The effects of X-ray dose, genotype and explant position on multiple shoot development of in vitro-cultured nodal stem explants, and on root formation of sub-cultured shoots, were examined. The in vitro propagation method resulted in the production of 2220 plantlets from 209 explants, 4 months after incubation.     

Flowering influences adventitious root formation in chrysanthemum cuttings

Root formation in chrysanthemum (Dendranthemum grandiflora (Ramat.) Kitamura) cuttings was reduced as flowers developed on stock plants. This effect was shown for all ten cultivars evaluated in this study. Not all cultivars were affected equally by the presence of flower buds on cuttings. There was no relationship (r² = 0.06) between root formation in vegetative cuttings and the ability for a cultivar to root from flowering cuttings. IBA (1 mM) could partially overcome the negative effect of flowering on root formation, but cuttings taken after the flower buds had fully opened failed to root even after auxin treatment. Removing buds from cuttings or continually removing flower buds during stock plant growth reduced rooting compared to cuttings with flower buds intact. Furthermore, cuttings taken from the top three nodes of the stock plant containing flower buds rooted comparably to cuttings taken from the lower stem section that contained only vegetative buds. The negative influence of flowering on root formation appears to be due to the photoperiodic induction of the flowering stimulus rather than a direct competition for resources between flowers and developing roots.     

Vegetative propagation of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. in vitro

Young segments of flower pedicels of the Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars ‘Super Yellow’ and ‘Bravo’ regenerated rapidly high numbers of adventitious shoots in vitro. The influence of the explant-length, growth regulators, sugar, vitamins and minerals on adventitious shoot formation of both cultivars was examined. 11 cultivars, representing several important groups of cultivars, produced adventitious shoots on the same basic medium. Small shoots were separated and transferred to different media in vivo or in vitro for the initiation of adventitious roots and the consequent production of plantlets. The significance of this method for vegetative propagation, storage and mutation breeding is discussed.     

Contributions of the stem to rooting in Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maid,stem cuttings

An additional wound at the base of one-node stem cuttings of Eucalyptus grandis increased rooting. Girdling intact shoots reduced rooting in cuttings harvested from them, while girdling cuttings at setting had little effect, suggesting that the internal phloem was active in basipetal transport in the stem. The vertical distribution of roots in additionally wounded cuttings also suggested a changed pattern of efflux from the internal phloem, as well as an increase in water uptake. In one-leaf cuttings more roots emerged from the leaf trace sector of the stem than from the trace of the absent leaf. In two-leaf cuttings the circumferential distribution of roots was uniform except in cuttings (a) reduced to a half-round cross-section at the base, in which rooting was more profuse at the lower of two sites of root emergence, and (b) from lateral coppice shoots whose stems were red-pigmented above with anthocyanins, in which there was less rooting than expected in the red sector. Stem volume was well related to rooting ability, largely explaining variation due to the original position of the cutting within the shoot and crown.     

The concept of a limiting rooting morphogen in woody stem cuttings

SUMMARY

A rooting morphogen, arbitrarily defined, can be assumed to induce adventitious roots in woody stem cuttings. Auxins generally promote rooting in herbaceous cuttings and are often considered to limit rooting, but they often have little or noeffect when applied to difficult-to-root woody cuttings. They can move in a polar (basipetal) pathway but the polarity of root emergence equally reflects the activity of the vascular system in general, including the phloem, whose contents have a complex composition. The interactions between a morphogen of vascular origin and potential sites for root initiation arelikely to be dynamic and variables such as flux rate or flux direction could be more relevant than static variables such as composition or concentration. The potential sites are not equally sensitive to the rooting morphogen since each cell hasa unique lineage, ontogeny and position, and a prevailing insensitivity could restrict rooting. The contents of the vascular system are inaccessible to potential sites in the stem, so factors affecting efflux and the subsequent attenuation of the efflux, which depend on activity in the whole cutting, could be critical to rooting ability. No simply defined morphogen can be said to limit rooting, and the chemical identity of the morphogen (if definable) is probably unimportant.     

Piriformospora indica promotes adventitious root formation in cuttings

Adventitious root formation in excised plant shoots is a crucial process in the vegetative propagation of many plant species, and insufficient rooting causes substantial losses in the propagation industry. Based on the various physiological effects on whole plants described for the basidiomycete Piriformospora indica, it was hypothesized that inoculation of the substrate with this endophyte should promote the generation and growth of adventitious roots in cuttings. Inoculation experiments were conducted to study the effects of P. indica on adventitious rooting in three plant species. Inoculation with P. indica dramatically enhanced the number and length of the adventitious roots in pelargonium and poinsettia. Root colonization parameters suggest that the interaction between the endophyte and cuttings had already occurred before physical contact. In contrast, petunia showed no rooting response to P. indica inoculation. Very fast root formation in this plant indicates that a minimum time period for the fungus–plant interaction is required for establishment of a promoting effect. P. indica-based biotechnology is proposed as a new tool for improving plant propagation systems of plant species or cultivars with low to moderate capacity of adventitious root formation.     

Vegetative propagation of Anthurium scherzerianum Schott through callus cultures

A tissue culture method is described for the vegetative propagation of Anthurium scherzerianum Schott through callus induction, callus subculture, adventitious bud formation in callus and rooting of excised shoot cuttings. One genotype which has been propagated vegetatively in vitro, is already growing in the greenhouse.     

Production of high quality Ardisia plants by stem tip cuttings

To produce commercially acceptable Ardisia plants, stem tip cuttings from mature plants were rooted and forced in greenhouses. Ten centimeter long cuttings were either treated with 200 ppm 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for 2 h, 2000 ppm indole-3-yl-butyric acid (IBA) for 10 s, or 0.5 and 1.0% IBA powder prior to sticking them in the rooting medium. Rooting percentage at 45 days exceeded 76% with 2000 ppm IBA treatment which was a significant increase over non-treated control. Rooted cuttings developed into three types of plants: those forming only vegetative shoots without flowers, those forming reproductive shoots with flowers, and those forming both vegetative and reproductive shoots. The ideal plant produced only vegetative shoots when rooted cuttings were transplanted into pots. About 50% rooted cuttings were forced to finish, producing 31 or 40% of high quality plants when rooted cuttings with vegetative shoots were grown in a greenhouse (GH) at temperatures higher than 21/19 °C (day/night) in 1995 or 21/18 °C GH in 1997, respectively. This method shortened the total production time to less than 2 years as compared to 4 years when starting from seeds.     

Interaction of stock plant irradiance and auxin in the propagation of apple rootstocks by cuttings

The purpose of the investigation was to examine the effects of different irradiances (light intensities: 8, 16, 38, 54 W/m²) to stock plants on the subsequent rooting of cuttings taken from these stock plants.If the cuttings were rooted without treatment with auxin (indole butyric acid), there was no difference in rooting attributable to the irradiance pretreatments. Auxin treatment of the cuttings was most effective in increasing root numbers and rooting-percentage in cuttings taken from stock plants grown under 8 W/m².     

苹果枣单芽嫩枝扦插速繁技术

5月中下旬至8月上旬，将苹果枣的半木质化，粗3mm以上的嫩枝单芽插条，用吲哚丁酸1000mg/L稀释液速蘸10－30秒，扦插于温室内蛭石和珍珠岩混合基质中，温度控制在35℃以下，适当调控喷水时间，插后35天生根率达84．4％，平均生根3．8条。共4扦插50266株，生根并移栽成活41130株，移栽成活率达81．87％。     

The response of poinsettia cultivars to auxins in root promotion of stem cuttings

Terminal stem cuttings of 9 poinsettia cultivars were pretreated with auxin compounds either singly or in combination prior to rooting in both the winter and summer. The 9 cultivars responded similarly to the auxin containing chemicals with the dual treatment of a liquid dip into either Jiffy Grow at 1 000 ppm or Chloromone at 750 ppm followed by a powder dip with Hormodin No. 2, most effective in stimulating rooting in all cultivars studied except ‘Marble Annette Hegg’. In the winter, the combination treatment of Jiffy Grow at 1 000 ppm and Hormodin No. 2 significantly increased rooting over the separate application of these chemicals, whereas in the summer there was an increased benefit of dual treatment only with ‘C-1 Red’ and ‘Annette Hegg Supreme’. Those cultivars such as ‘C-1 Red’ and ‘Ecke White’ which produced a low number of roots and fresh weight without root promoters, responded most to auxin root promoters.     

The water status of leafy cuttings of four tropical tree species in mist and non-mist propagation systems

Variation in the water status of leafy cuttings of four tropical tree species was assessed in both mist and non-mist propagation systems, by measurement of stomatal conductance, relative water content (RWC) and water potential during the first three weeks after insertion in the propagators. Significant water deficits developed in all four species, with a minimum water potential of -3.1 MPa recorded for Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. However, unrooted cuttings in both propagation systems were able to recover turgor, with peak RWCs over 90% recorded for all four species. Stomatal conductances were generally above 0.4 cm s-’, with a maximum of over 1.2 cm s“' recorded for Terminalia spinosa Engl. These results support the suggestion that leafy cuttings actively photo- synthesize during propagation. The two propagation systems had a contrasting effect on the water status of the cuttings, but this effect differed between the two experiments, and there was no overall effect of propagation system on rooting performance. Stomatal conductances and RWCs were negatively correlated with mean VPD in a number of cases, enabling critical values of VPD for the maintenance of leaf turgor to be estimated.     

断根对冬枣营养生长的影响

 以6年生的冬枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill. ) 为试材, 分别在行间两侧距树干3倍、5倍和7倍胸径距离处对其进行断根处理, 研究了断根对冬枣营养生长的影响。结果表明: 3倍胸径断根与对照相比,枣头一次枝的长度和数量分别减少了27.9%和12.1%。3倍和5倍胸径断根与对照相比, 35 d时叶片N、P、K含量差异不明显, 而断根161 d时差异达显著水平; 叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度及根系玉米素( ZT) 含量, 35 d时较对照略有下降, 161 d时则有所升高; 枣头一次枝顶端生长素(IAA) 含量和根系IAA含量, 35 d时较对照略有升高, 而161 d时有所下降; 枣头一次枝顶端乙烯释放量和根系脱落酸(ABA) 含量, 断根35 d和161 d时较对照均有所升高。与3倍胸径相比, 5倍胸径断根对冬枣营养生长的抑制效应有所减弱。冬枣叶片叶绿素含量以3倍胸径含量最高, 随断根距离的增加, 含量逐渐减少, 但一直高于对照。断根促进了果实维生素C和总糖含量增加, 对总酸含量和产量则无明显影响。综合分析认为, 3倍胸径断根是控制营养生长的最佳距离。     

Promotion of adventitious root formation in mung bean cuttings by four triazole growth retardants

Summary

The potency of paclobutrazol, BAS 111, triadimefon and triapenthenol in promoting adventitious root formation and their interactions with gibberellic acid (GA₃) were studied by using the mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz) rooting bioassay. Isoactive concentrations of the four compounds required for the formation of an average of 50 roots per cutting were 0.09, 0.8, 1.5 and 9 mg l^–1, respectively. GA₃ applied in combination with each retardant reversed its promoting effect. For the reduction of the number of roots (ca. 50) of cuttings treated with isoactive concentrations of the retardants to that of the untreated control (9–10 roots) the required concentration of GA₃ for triadimefon and triapenthenol was twice as high as for paclobutrazol and BAS 111. At high concentrations of GA₃ the difference between the number of roots in treatments, with and without paclobutrazol, was fully eliminated, but not when triapenthenol replaced paclobutrazol. Application of paclobutrazol, triadimefon or GA₃ to cuttings for 24 h intervals over the first five days of the assay, showed significant changes in their effectiveness, which followed a similar pattern for the three substances. Rooting was increased by the retardants without reduction of the cutting length. The results suggest that the retardants promote rooting by interfering with gibberellin biosynthesis but, in addition, some act by influencing another process or processes.