小麦-山羊草复合群的起源与进化研究进展

为了给小麦-山羊草复合群的研究和利用提供依据,详细综述了多倍体小麦和多倍体山羊草的起源与进化过程,及山羊草在多倍体小麦起源中的作用,总结了在小麦-山羊草复合群起源及进化研究方面存在的问题,并对现存问题的解决提出了展望。     

波斯小麦与山羊草杂种F_1自然形成双二倍体的细胞遗传学研究(摘要)

在小麦与山羊草杂交中发现,波斯小麦品系Pss与粗山羊草、卵穗山羊草、小伞山羊草、顶芒山羊草以及钩刺山羊草的杂种F_1具有可育性,自交产生一批小麦—山羊草双二倍体。对波斯小麦×粗山羊草杂种F_1的细胞学研究表明,可育性是由于杂种F_1以两种途径形成了未减数配子。1.一部分花粉母细胞第一次分裂消失,只发生第二次分裂。     

小麦与山羊草双二倍体抗病性的研究与利用

本文报道了波斯小麦与粗山羊草(5个品系),小伞山羊草和卵穗山羊草双二倍体及其亲本的抗叶锈和白粉病鉴定结果。粗山羊草对叶锈的抗性受波斯小麦品系 PS 5(不抗叶锈)的抑制,在双二倍体中不能表现。小伞山羊草和卵穗山羊草对叶锈的抗性不受波斯小麦的影响,能在双二倍体中充分表达。以对白粉病免疫的波斯小麦为母本与免疫的山羊     

河北省又取得一批农药植保类科研成果

<正>(接上期)3.粗山羊草Ae46抗叶锈基因鉴定及BAC文库构建单位名称:河北农业大学评价单位名称:河北省教育厅小麦远源亲本包括乌拉尔图小麦(A染色体供体),山羊草属(B染色体供体)和粗山羊草(D染色体供体),其中粗山羊草在小麦进化中起着重要作用,并为小麦品种改良提供了一批优良     

ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因在小麦与卵穗山羊草、小伞山羊草、离果山羊草F1杂种中的作用

迄今为止,仅Sharma等1986年研究报道了phlb基因诱导小麦与离果山羊草F₁杂种染色体配对作用,但没有在离果山羊草及其它山羊草中发现染色体配对促进基因或抑制基因,尚无phlb基因诱导小麦与卵穗山羊草F₁及ph2a、ph2b基因诱导小麦与这3个山羊草F₁染色体配对作用的报道。Farooq等1990年报道易变山羊草不同品系影响F₁染色体配对。     

山羊草基因组及其在小麦改良中的应用研究进展

山羊草属是小麦近缘植物中与小麦亲缘关系最为密切的属.其中蕴藏着许多抗病、抗虫、抗逆、蛋白含量高等有益基因.在小麦进化中起着重要作用,是小麦改良重要的基因资源.山羊草有益基因向小麦遗传背景的导入,主要利用小麦-山羊草双二倍体为桥梁亲本,通过杂交、回交等方式获得小麦异代换系、异附加系、异易位系;并且利用形态标记、细胞学标记、生化标记及分子标记对小麦遗传背景下的染色体组、染色体、染色体臂及片段进行鉴定.本文对这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,对山羊草可利用基因进行了展望.     

小伞山羊草与硬粒小麦和偏凸山羊草的细胞学鉴定

利用小伞山羊草作母本,分别与硬粒小麦和偏凸山羊草进行杂交,得到杂种F1。花粉母细胞观察结果表明,小伞山羊草与硬粒小麦的杂种F1中期染色体为21I;小伞山羊草与偏凸山羊草的杂种F1中期染色体为3Ⅱ＋15I。研究证明了小伞山羊草与硬粒小麦和偏凸山羊草杂种的真实性。为进一步将小伞山羊草中的有利基因向普通小麦转移提供了新的育种材料。     

顶芒山羊草特异寡核苷酸探针开发和oligo-FISH核型构建

栽培小麦近缘物种顶芒山羊草(Aegilops comosa, 2n=2x=14, MM)是小麦改良的三级基因库。为准确鉴定顶芒山羊草M基因组染色体或染色体区段,本研究利用二代测序获得顶芒山羊草M基因组序列信息,从中鉴定出16条可能的特异卫星重复序列。根据这些序列设计12个寡核苷酸(oligo)探针进行oligo-FISH,结果表明,其中10个探针可在顶芒山羊草染色体上产生明显的杂交信号。对探针特异性分析发现, 5个探针仅在顶芒山羊草染色体上产生杂交信号,在小麦染色体上未观察明显杂交信号,可作为顶芒山羊草特异探针鉴定小麦背景中的顶芒山羊草染色体。选择在顶芒山羊草染色体上信号分布丰富的3个探针(oligo-pAc89、oligo-pAc148、oligo-pAc225)组成探针套ONPS#AC1,结合利用本实验室根据小麦D亚基因组开发的寡核苷酸探针库,构建了顶芒山羊草的oligo-FISH核型。本研究构建的FISH核型可以准确识别顶芒山羊草各条染色体,为挖掘、转移和利用顶芒山羊草优异基因提供了快速准确的鉴定手段。     

两种山羊草携带Gc基因的新发现

由栽培二粒小麦和沙融山羊草形成的双二倍体，再和高大山羊草一起，替换了普通小麦细胞质，形成代换系。这个代换系的后代携带两个新的Ｇｃ基因。Ｃ－带分析表明：一个基因位于高大山羊草５Ｓ染色体或类似５Ｓ的染色体上，而另一个基因，位于沙融山羊草的４Ｓ染色体上。     

山羊草属基因库的开拓利用（续上期）

山羊草属基因库的开拓利用（续上期）翁跃进（中国农科院作物品种资源所，北京１０００８１）三、小麦与山羊草属的染色体工程染色体工程是指人工有计划的操作染色体，从事外源基因的导入，创建双二倍体、附加系、代换系和易位系等新的种质。在小麦与山羊草的染色体工程中...     

Comparative genetics and disease resistance in wheat

The hexaploid wheat genome is too complex for direct map-basedcloning and model genomes have to be used to isolate genes from wheat.Comparative genomic analysis at the genetic map level has shown extensiveconservation of the gene order between the different grass genomes inmany chromosomal regions. However, little is known about the geneorganization in grass genomes at the microlevel. We have investigated themicrocollinearity at Lrk gene loci in the genomes of four grass species:wheat, barley, maize and rice. The Lrk genes, which encodereceptor-like kinases, were found to be consistently associated with anothertype of receptor-like kinase (Tak) on chromosome groups 1 and 3 inTriticeae and on chromosomes homoeologous to Triticeae group 3 in theother grass genomes. On Triticeae chromosome group 1, Tak and Lrk together with genes putatively encoding NBS/LRR proteins form acluster of genes. Comparison of the gene composition at orthologous Lrk loci in wheat, barley and rice revealed a maximal gene density of onegene per 5 kb. We conclude that small and large grass genomes containregions which are highly enriched in genes. Microrearrangements betweendifferent grass genomes have been found and therefore, the choice of agood model genome is critical. We have recently started to work on theT. monococcum model genome and confirmed its usefulness foranalysis of the Lr10 leaf rust disease resistance locus in wheat.     

基于全长cDNA序列的小麦cSNP发掘

以测序得到的来自小麦不同基因组的基因序列为源序列,用AutoSNP软件,在GenBank中的小麦EST库中检测到一批cSNP,开辟了一条发掘小麦基因组特异候选cSNP的新途径。在2089个源序列中,检测到1 296个cSNP,其中有397个来自A基因组,322个来自S基因组,420个来自D基因组;另外,A和D基因组共有的SNP有154个,A和S,S和D,A、S和D基因组共有的SNP各仅有1个,这一结果也同时表明,小麦的3个基因组供体种中,A、D基因组关系比较近,而它们与S基因组的关系比较远。统计分析表明,小麦中SNP出现的频率约为0.914‰。     

小麦(T.aestivum L.)D基因组的研究进展

普通小麦是一个异源六倍体物种,具有ABD三个染色体组,D染色体组在来源和进化过程中都与A、B染色体组不同,D染色体组来自于粗山羊草,含有丰富的抗病、抗虫、抗寒、优质等有益基因,因此D染色体组的研究对小麦的产量、品质改良具有重要意义。但是由于长期的定向遗传改良,我国普通小麦的遗传差异较小,遗传基础狭窄,特别是在D染色体组上尤为突出。一些对作物产量和品质有益的基因未被挖掘利用。本文对小麦D基因组的起源、遗传多样性和拓宽遗传基础的方法及基因定位等进行了综述,并结合本实验室的研究工作对其研究前景进行展望。     

Interspecific hybridization of a multiploid mutant of durum wheat with rye and Triticum monococcum L. results in pentaploid hybrids

The multiploid mutant of durum wheat is a genotype that produces unreduced gametes. Our objective was to test the recovery of pentaploid hybrids in crosses of the mutant with rye and Triticum monococcum L. Compared with check crosses, the mutant had a two‐third reduction in percent seed set for rye crosses, but had only a slight decrease in crossability with T. monococcum. Pentaploid hybrids were associated with plump seeds of the mutant/rye cross, and with shrivelled seeds of the mutant/T. monococcum cross. We suggest that the endosperm balance number hypothesis explains the association of pentaploid hybrids with endosperm type. This association made for easy recovery of pentaploid hybrids from crosses to both species. Mature, plump seeds from the mutant/rye cross were germinated and pentaploid hybrids were recovered. One pentaploid hybrid was recovered for every 50.5 and 15.1 florets pollinated with rye and T. monococcum, respectively. Unreduced gametes in the multiploid mutant will facilitate interspecific hybridization by reducing the time to produce pentaploid plants.     

Conservation of marker synteny during evolution

Summary An aspect of cereal science that is becoming increasingly important is comparative genetics. Establishment of the relationship between genomes within polyploids, between species within tribes and between species within families will allow not only the integration of genetic maps but also the knowledge acquired of each of the species. Using a set of homoeologous probes, workers found the relationship between the three wheat genomes to be precisely collinear, after taking a few major translocation events into account. Transfer of the wheat map to rye led to the elucidation of similar relationships between the three wheat genomes and that of rye. Genome collinearity, however, extends even beyond tribes. In a comparison of the genomes of wheat, rice and maize, it was shown that despite the separation of these genomes for possibly 50 million years, gene order was still highly conserved. This collinearity between genomes can be exploited in a number of ways.     

Effect of Heat Stress on Grain Starch Content in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheat Species

Heat stress during grain development adversely affects the starch content of grain in wheat, which results in poor grain quality and yield. Identification of the sources of heat tolerance for grain starch content in wheat species is an important step towards breeding for heat‐tolerant wheat. In this study, 32 wild and cultivated genotypes belonging to diploid (probable donors of B, A and D genomes), tetraploid (BBAA and AAGG genomes) and hexaploid (BBAADD genome) wheat species were evaluated for heat stress tolerance in the field at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India (77°12′ E; 28°40′ N; 228.6 m m.s.l) on two dates, 18 November (normal sowing) and 15 January (heat stress), during 1995–96. The crop sown in January experienced mean maximum temperatures of 31.0–39.3 °C during grain development, which are considered to represent heat stress for wheat grain development. Hexaploids had the highest grain starch content and the lowest heat susceptibility index, followed by tetraploid and diploid species. The heat susceptibility index (S) for grain starch correlated significantly and positively with that of grain weight (Y = 1.259X ? 0.29, R² = 0.8902, P < 0.001) across wheat species, while the actual grain growth duration or the ‘S’ of grain growth duration did not correlate significantly with that of grain weight. Hence, a high mean grain growth rate under heat stress is a better trait for heat tolerance than long grain growth duration. Wide genetic variability for heat tolerance in grain starch content was observed among the wheat species. Hence, the grain weight and quality under heat stress can be improved by using the variability available among wheat species.     

Application of new knowledge,technologies, and strategies to wheat improvement

There have been many changes impacting wheat improvement since the 1996 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Wheat Yield Symposium. This review highlights a few of the technological advances and impacts of new knowledge on wheat improvement that have occurred in the past 10 years as well as on-going challenges. One of the most dramatic discoveries has been the revelation that the genomes of graminaceous crops are complex, rapidly evolving, and heterogeneous, even within species. The use of marker-assisted selection for improving complex traits is one of the challenges facing wheat breeders. Integration of association analysis into conventional breeding programs is proposed as a crop improvement strategy that has the potential to improve the efficiency of molecular breeding.     

Identification of a new family of tandem repeats in Triticeae genomes

A new family of cereal tandem repeats was isolated, characterised and designated as spelt-1. The family of repeats comprises about 2% of the Aegilops speltoides genome; however, its content differs considerably in the genomes of various Triticeae species. Copy number of the constituent sequence, relative to Ae. speltoides, proved to be 40-60 times reduced in the genomes of tetraploid wheats, 400-fold reduced in the genome of Triticum monococcum, and 1200-2400 times in the genomes of the other 19 Triticeae species studied. Drastic difference in the copy number and homology extent of the spelt-1 family sequences between Ae. speltoides and other diploid species allows the utilisation of these sequences as species-specific telomeric markers for Ae. speltoides, provided stringent hybridisation conditions apply. RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) analysis of spelt-1 reveals polymorphism between the above species. This study of spelt-1 organisation in different Triticum species provided further substantiation of the polyphyletic origin of the B genome of polyploid wheat. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in synthetic hexaploid wheats and their Triticum dicoccum and Aegilops tauschii parents using AFLPs and agronomic traits

Synthetic hexaploid wheats are of interest to wheat breeding programs, especially for introducing new genes that confer resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A group of 54 synthetic hexaploid wheats derived from crosses between emmer wheat(Triticum dicoccum, source of the A and B genomes) and goat grass (Aegilops tauschii, D genome donor) were investigated for genetic diversity. Using the AFLP technique, dendrograms revealed clear grouping according to geographical origin for the T. dicoccum parents but no clear groups for the Ae. tauschii parents. The geographical clustering of the T. dicoccum parents was also reflected in the dendrogram of their derived synthetic hexaploids. Diversity of the T. dicoccum parents and their derived synthetic hexaploids was further evaluated by measuring 18morphological and agronomic traits on the plants. Clustering based on morphological and agronomic data also reflected geographical origin. However, comparison of genetic distances obtained from AFLP and agronomic data showed no correlation between the two diversity measurements. Nevertheless, similarities among major clusters with the two systems could be identified. Based on percentage of polymorphic markers, the synthetic hexaploids had a considerably higher level of AFLP diversity (39%) than normally observed in cultivated hexaploid wheat (12–21%). This suggests that synthetic hexaploid wheats can be used to introduce new genetic diversity into the bread wheat gene pool. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

普通小麦rDNA的ITS区及其基因组起源

采用特异引物对普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.) rDNA的ITS区片段进行PCR扩增并测序,通过邻接法聚类分析, 得到3种类型的扩增产物。结果表明,ITS区序列长度是602 bp,其中ITS1和ITS2分别有8个和20个变异位点,ITS区揭示的遗传分化距离变化范围为0~0.038,平均值为0.021。通过从GenBank搜索并下载普通小麦野生近缘种ITS序列与本研究获得的普通小麦ITS序列进行比对,并用MEGA、PAUP、PHYLIP软件分析,按Kimura-2参考模型计算分化距离,以旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)为外类群邻接法构建聚类树。根据杂交后代具有亲本的ITS序列遗传特点,认为小麦形成较晚,尚未同步进化完全,从分子水平上为普通小麦是异源六倍体提供了证据。通过与其A、B、D基因组可能供体的ITS区序列进行比对分析发现各自有不同程度的变异,认为普通小麦在多倍体形成过程中发生了序列消除现象,结合我们提出的“同步进化”对于不同的基因或者说不同类型的DNA序列是不同步的假说,解释了无法找到真正供体的原因。综上所述,我们认为A、B、D基因组的原初供体可能分别是乌拉尔图小麦(T. urartu)、山羊草(T. speltoides)和节节麦(T. tauschii)。