新疆不同植被类型土壤有机碳特征

准确评估不同植被类型的土壤有机碳库,对揭示土壤有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用具有重要意义。通过分析新疆地区10种植被类型的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的分布特征,估算了该地区的土壤有机碳储量。结果表明:在10个植被类型的0~100 cm土壤剖面中,SOCD垂直分布特征明显,呈逐渐降低趋势。新疆SOCD以针叶林最大,其值为63.86 kg·m~(-2),其他植被类型依次为:草甸、阔叶林、沼泽、草原、灌丛、高山植被、栽培植被、荒漠和无植被类型。土壤有机碳储量最大值分布在草甸中,为4.89 Pg,其他植被类型依次为:荒漠、草原、高山植被、无植被(裸地)、针叶林、栽培植被、阔叶林、灌丛、沼泽。在0~100 cm的土壤层,新疆地区土壤有机碳储量为16.4Pg。     

岱海游乐场孔孢粉分析及其2500年来古气候演化

本文通过对岱海游乐场钻孔剖面沉积物孢粉的定性、半定量分析,并结合岩性、岩相变化,初步恢复了该地区２５００年来古植被、古气候演化过程。研究结果表明,岱海湖盆自２５００年来植被类型有典型草原—灌丛草原—森林草原—灌丛草原的演化过程,古气候有较暖湿—较暖干—较冷干—较冷湿—较冷干的变化过程。     

一万年来灵武水洞沟遗址古气候的新认识

本文通过对宁夏水洞沟遗址剖面的进一步地质调查、密集采样和孢粉分析,笔者详细地讨论了该区植被的演替,论证了全新世古气候环境的特征,总结了早、中、晚全新世在该区发育的植被及其所代表的气候环境。结果表明:早全新世植被为疏林草原、干草原→草甸草原,气候偏干冷→温和半湿润;中全新世早期植被为阔叶乔灌丛草原→针叶乔灌丛草原→阔叶疏林草原,晚期植被为疏林草原,气候相对温暖、稍凉→较温暖;晚全新世植被为干草原,气候寒冷。     

关中富平地区近一万年植被和气候的讨论

为了了解黄土高原中部近一万年以来古气候演化特征,通过对关中富平剖面的地质调查、密集采样和31个样品的孢粉分析,将孢粉图式划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个带分别代表早、中、晚三个时期的孢粉带:Ⅰ带为松-菊-香蒲组合带,以草本植物花粉占优势,针叶树植物花粉含量较高为特征;Ⅱ带为松-栎-蒿-环纹藻组合带,以乔木花粉增加,草本植物花粉减少为特征;Ⅲ带为栎-松-蒿组合带,以草本植物花粉增加,乔木花粉减少为特征。结果表明:早全新世植被为森林草原-干草原,气候干凉-干冷;中全新世植被为森林草原与针阔叶混交林草原,气候温暖半湿润;晚全新世植被为森林草原或疏林草原,气候干旱偏暖-温凉干旱。     

新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区中小型土壤动物群落多样性与相似性研究

为研究喀纳斯国家自然保护区不同生境中小型土壤动物群落多样性及相似性特征,2011年7月和9月中旬分别对该保护区的针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林、灌木林、草甸草原、林间草地、沼泽地7种生境进行了取样调查。结果表明:捕获中小型土壤动物共14301只,隶属于4门13纲29目(30类)。在7种不同生境中小型土壤动物群落多样性之间有显著性差(p0.05),其中Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)依次为草甸草原针叶林沼泽地阔叶林林间草地混交林灌木林,而Margalef(M)丰富度指数依次为阔叶林灌木林林间草地草甸草原混交林沼泽地针叶林;Simpson优势度指数依次为灌木林林间草地混交林阔叶林针叶林沼泽地草甸草原。Jaccard群落相似性分析表明,不同生境中小型土壤动物群落相似性程度主要为极相似(处于0.75~1.00),而在个别生境间表现为中等相似(处于0.50~0.75)。7种生境中小型土壤动物群落欧氏聚类和MDS排序分析结果表现为以灌木林、沼泽地及阔叶林为一组、以针阔混交林、林间草地和草甸草原为一组、以针叶林单独为一组的三大类型。研究结果表明植被类型和人为干扰是影响该保护区中小型土壤动物群落多样性及其动态变化的主要因素。     

新疆阿勒泰地区表土孢粉组合

地层中孢粉组合的研究是探讨古植被、恢复古地理、古气候的一种重要方法。要较准确地解释在地层中,尤其是第四纪地层中获取的孢粉组合,需要对表土孢粉进行研究,找出它们同植被带之间的关系。国内外已有人在这方面做了工作,但新疆这方面的工作仍属空白。     

浑善达克沙地白槽沟植物资源研究

浑善达克沙地白槽沟发育有不同于沙地的植被类型,且种类多、丰富度高、盖度高.通过对白槽沟的植被调查,分析该地植物区系、植物组成、群落结构,结果表明:1)研究区有维管植物360种,以中生多年生草本及东亚成分最丰富;分属于73科224属,以菊科种数最多,其次为禾本科,显示出沟谷区域的植物多样性较沙地强.2)植物的生活型组成中多年生草本占优势,占全部维管植物的60％;以中生植物为主,占研究区全部维管植物的61％,其次为旱生植物,湿生和水生植物较少,显示白槽沟所处的位置是半干旱区的特点.3)植物种的区系类型可划分为16个,物种中有丰富的药用植物、观赏植物、食用植物、编织用植物等多种资源类型;植物群落可划分为针叶林、阔叶林、灌丛、半灌木丛、草原甸、沼泽和水生植被,共46个群系,表明了白槽沟沟内与两岸沙地植被的极显著差异.浑善达克沙地白槽沟为沙质地层的下切沟,沟谷特殊的微地形环境是影响植物种类和区系多样性的主导因素,特殊的地形引起植被的显著变化,沟内生境多样,植被类型多样,是浑善达克沙地微地形环境最为良好的地段.     

陕西富县晚更新世的植被与气候

为了了解黄土高原中部晚更新世的古气候演化特征,通过对陕西富县剖面的地质调查、密集采样和54个样品的孢粉分析,将孢粉图式划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个带分别代表S1、L1和S0三个形成时期的孢粉带:Ⅰ带为榛—菊—蒿组合带,以草本植物孢粉占多数,乔木植物花粉出现高峰为特征;Ⅱ带为菊、蒿优势带,以草本植物花粉占优势,乔木植物花粉显著减少为特征;Ⅲ带为松—藜—中华卷柏增长带,以松、藜、中华卷柏显著增加,乔木植物明显增长为特征。结果表明S1形成时期植被为疏林草原,气候温暖较湿;L1形成时期植被为干草原,气候冷干;S0形成时期植被为森林草原,气候温凉干旱。     

宁南黄土高原地区兽类分布与环境

宁南黄土高原位于宁夏南部，是我国西部黄土高原的一部分。该地区温带大陆性气候，降雨量５８０－３５０ｍｍ，由南向北逐渐减少。相应自然植被由南向北为森林资源、草原，荒漠草原，在广大的地区以农田为主，在此生态环境中分布着不同的兽类群。     

靖边地区全新世气候变化及植被演替

靖边地区地处季风边缘区,对气候变化响应十分敏感.为研究其全新世以来的气候变化及植被演替,文中根据靖边地区孢粉代用指标,结合AMS14C定年,重建了该地区全新世以来的气候变化及植被演替.结果表明:该地区在全新世以来的气候变化经历了温凉偏湿-温暖湿润-温暖干燥-温暖偏湿-凉爽干旱5个阶段,植被演替划分为疏林草原-典型草原-...     

黄土高原子午岭辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）幼苗动态生命表及生存分析

在子午岭马栏林区3种生境（辽东栎林、油松林、灌草丛）中通过野外播种,建立辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）幼苗同生群,根据3年观测数据,编制动态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡曲线、生存率函数曲线、死亡率函数曲线及危险率函数曲线,分析辽东栎幼苗同生群在不同生境的动态变化。结果显示：辽东栎幼苗存活曲线接近De...     

陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复中的障碍分析与应对策略——以子长县为例

通过对子长县退耕还林、植被恢复重建中出现的具体问题进行实地调查研究,并结合研究区自然环境条件和前人有关人工植被建设中的研究结果进行分析,以探讨黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复重建的技术体系.结果表明,在陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕还林植被恢复建设中,应充分考虑当地降水条件并结合生态效益与经济效益,具体实施过程中要注意: (1) 依据当地原生态植被结构合理配置乔、灌、草,在以刺槐为主的乔木林内应适当搭配当地适生树种(杨、柳、山杏、榆、杜梨等);(2) 在沟谷及部分阴坡水分条件较好的地方种植耐旱乔木树种,在墚峁坡顶种植灌木和草本植物,半灌木和灌木种植在沟坡上部,坡度大的地方尽量不要人为干扰,自然封育恢复;(3) 秋季植树,初植乔木林密度不要超过2 300株/hm2,成林密度应控制在1 100株/hm2左右;(4) 建立苗圃,提高种苗质量,造林种苗尽量在本地解决,以提高植树成活率.     

Monitoring the impact of climate change andhuman activities on grassland vegetation dynamics in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateauof China during 2000-2015

Climate change and human activities can influence vegetation net primary productivity (NPP), a key component of natural ecosystems. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, in spite of its significant natural and cultural values, is one of the most susceptible regions to climate change and human disturbancesin the world. To assess the impact of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics in the grassland ecosystems ofthe northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we applied a time-series trend analysis to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets from 2000 to 2015 and compared these spatiotemporal variations with trends in climatic variables over the same time period. The constrained ordination approach (redundancy analysis) was used to determine which climatic variables or human-related factors mostly in?uenced the variation of NDVI. Furthermore, in order to determine whether current conservation measures and programs are effectivein ecological protection and reconstruction, we divided the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau into two parts: the Three-River Headwater conservation area (TRH zone) in the south and the non-conservation area (NTRH zone) in the north. The results indicatedan overall (73.32%)increasing trend of vegetation NPP in grasslands throughout the study area. During the period 2000-2015, NDVI in the TRH and NTRH zones increased at the rates of 0.0015/aand 0.0020/a, respectively.Specifically, precipitation accounted for 9.2% of the total variation in NDVI, while temperature accounted for 13.4%. In addition, variation in vegetation NPP of grasslands responded not only to long- and short-term changes in climate, as conceptualized in non-equilibrium theory, but also to the impact of human activities and their associated perturbations. The redundancy analysis successfully separated the relative contributions of climate change and human activities, of whichvillage populationand agricultural gross domestic product were the two most important contributors to the NDVI changes, explaining 17.8% and 17.1% of the total variationof NDVI (with the total contribution >30.0%), respectively. The total contributionpercentages of climate change and human activitiesto the NDVI variation were27.5% and 34.9%, respectively, inthe northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Finally, our study shows that the grassland restoration in the study area was enhanced by protection measures and programs in the TRH zone, which explained 7.6% of the total variation in NDVI.     

黄土高原气候变迁、植被演替与土壤干层的形成

2 .5Ma B.P.以来 ,受地球轨道要素周期性变化和青藏高原阶段性强烈隆升的影响 ,黄土高原地区气候存在着干期与湿润交替出现的现象 ,但总的趋势是向干旱化方向演化。黄土高原第四纪以来草本植物一直较为繁茂 ,木本植物仅在少数几个时期处于优势地位。现代黄土高原人工林草植被普遍存在着土壤干层问题。土壤干层的形成是气候干旱化过程中必然出现的现象 ,它是导致植被演替的直接原因之一。人工植被激发并强化了土壤干层的形成。土壤干层的形成是气候干旱化和人工植被选择不当两个方面综合作用的结果 ,但有望通过有关人工措施使其危害得到缓解     

Community phylogenetic structure of grasslandsand its relationship with environmental factors on the Mongolian Plateau

The community assembly rules and species coexistence have always been interested by ecologists.The community phylogenetic structure is the consequence of the interaction process between the organisms and the abiotic environmentand has been used to explain the relative impactof abiotic and biotic factors on species co-existence. In recent years, grassland degradation and biodiversity loss have become increasingly severe on the Mongolian Plateau,while the drivers for these changes are not clearly explored, especially whether climate change is a main factor is debated in academia. In this study, we examined the phylogenetic structure of grassland communities along five transects of climate aridity on the Mongolian Plateau, and analyzed their relations with environmental factors, with the aims to understand theformation mechanismof the grasslandcommunities and the role of climatic factors.We surveyed grassland communities at 81 sites along the five transects,and calculated theirnet relatedness index (NRI)attwo different quadratscales (smallscale of 1 m² and largescale of 5 m²) to characterize thecommunity phylogenetic structure andanalyzeitsrelationship withthe key 11 environmental factors. We also calculatedthe generalized UniFrac distance (GUniFrac)among the grassland communities to quantify the influence of spatial distance and environmental distance on the phylogenetic β diversity. The results indicated that plant community survey using the largescalequadrat contained sufficient species to represent community compositions. The community phylogenetic structure of grasslandswas significantly overdispersed at both the small and largescales, and the degree of overdispersion was greater at the large scalethan at the smallscale, suggesting that competitive exclusion instead of habitat filtering played a major role in determination of community composition. Altitude was the main factor affecting the community phylogenetic structure, whereas climatic factors, such as precipitation and temperature, had limited influence. Theprincipal component analysis of the 11 environmental factorsrevealed that 94.04% of their variation was accounted by the first four principal components.Moreover only 14.29% and 23.26% of the variation in community phylogenetic structurewere explained by the first four principal componentsat the small and largescales, respectively. Phylogenetic β diversity was slightly significantly correlated with both spatial distance and environmental distance, however,environmental distancehada less explanatory powerthan spatial distance, indicating a limited environmental effect on the community phylogenetic structure of grasslands on the Mongolian Plateau. In view of the limited effect of climatic factors on the community phylogenetic structure of grasslands, climate change may have a smaller impact on grassland degradation than previously thought.     

Effects of freezing intensity on soil solution nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau,China

The change of freeze-thaw pattern of the Tibetan Plateau under climate warming is bound to have a profound impact on the soil process of alpine grassland ecosystem;however,the research on the impact of the freeze-thaw action on nitrogen processes of the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau has not yet attracted much attention.In this study,the impact of the freezing strength on the soil nitrogen components of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau was studied through laboratory freeze-thaw simulation experiments.The 0–10 cm topsoil was collected from the alpine marsh meadow and alpine meadow in the permafrost region of Beilu River.In the experiment,the soil samples were cultivated at –10°C,–7°C,–5°C,–3°C and –1°C,respectively for three days and then thawed at 2°C for one day.The results showed that after the freeze-thaw process,the soil microbial biomass nitrogen significantly decreased while the dissolved organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen significantly increased.When the freezing temperature was below –7°C,there was no significant difference between the content of nitrogen components,which implied a change of each nitrogen component might have a response threshold toward the freezing temperature.As the freeze-thaw process can lead to the risk of nitrogen loss in the alpine grassland ecosystem,more attention should be paid to the response of the soil nitrogen cycle of alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau to the freeze-thaw process.     

Effects of vegetation near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment reduction in typical grasslands on the Loess Plateau,China

Vegetation near-soil-surface factors can protect topsoil from erosion, however, their contributions to the reduction of soil erosion, especially under natural rainfall events, have not been systematically recognized. This study was performed to quantify the effects of near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment under natural rainfall events on grasslands dominated by Bothriochloa ischaemum(Linn.)Keng(BI grassland) and Artemisia gmelinii Thunb.(AG grassland) in two typical watersheds on the ...     

陕北风沙区景观格局分析

陕北风沙区地处农牧交错带,气候干旱,是一个从沙区向黄土区的过渡区,自然环境复杂、恶劣。区内景观类型简单,半流动沙地、流动沙地占据了主体,是一种典型的沙地景观格局。水是区域景观发展的一个重要因素,绿色景观滩地、草地、林地仅有14．7％,显示出区内生产力低,生态环境脆弱。人为景观成为区域内仅次于沙地的景观大类,区内自然的景观格局正受到人类的强烈干扰。这种区域环境的过渡性及脆弱性,导致了区域景观结构的不稳定性与敏感性。     

吴起县退耕还林后主要植被类型土壤质量评价

为明确吴起县退耕还林后形成的主要植被类型土壤质量状况,文中以吴起县王洼子典型退耕植被作为研究对象,对比分析不同植被类型土壤理化性质差异,并综合主成分分析法、敏感性以及相关性分析法,建立了研究区土壤质量评价指标最小数据集.结果表明:1)不同植被类型间土壤物理、化学性质差异显著(P＜ 0.05);山桃×沙棘混交林在土壤孔隙...     

森格藏布河谷盆地第四纪地貌发育和环境演变

森格藏布河谷盆地自第三纪早期即具雏形,后经数次明显的差异性升降运动,奠定了该盆地的地貌格局。在外营力的持续作用下,形成了丰富多彩的地质地貌类型。本文按沉积——地貌表现划分,将盆地内分为四个大地质地貌单元,共十五个小区。自盆地形成以来,其环境的变化主要受控于全球性的气候变化和整个青藏高原的上升速度及幅度,而盆地内的差异性升降运动对环境的影响相对微弱。