Morphological and molecular characterization of different Echinochloa spp. and Oryza sativa populations

Echinochloa P. Beauv. is an important genus because many of its species are weeds infesting most paddy fields, which can reduce the rice grain production by up to 80%. A controversy exists about the taxonomy of the genus due to the high level of morphological variations found in these species. Cyhalofop-butyl, an aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicide, is used to control Echinochloa spp. in paddy fields, although differences in susceptibility were found between different Echinochloa species. E. colona was highly susceptible [ED50= 34 g of active ingredient (ai) ha(-1)]; very similar results were obtained with the remaining species. By contrast, E. oryzicola (170 g of ai ha(-1)) was less sensitive, with the herbicide symptoms appearing later. Because of this differential susceptibility, morphological and molecular studies were carried out. A morphological study, using 21 characters both quantitative and qualitative of spikelets and seedlings, was capable of clearly distinguishing closely related E. crus-galli plants (two populations), E. muricata and E. crus-pavonis, and E. oryzicola, E. utilis, and E. colona species. The resolution of Echinochloa species at the molecular level, based on RAPD analyses, was fairly consistent with morphological analysis results. Among the 60 primers screened, 21 primers exhibited polymorphic bands and produced a total of 136 RAPD markers. Of all the amplified fragments, 90 were found to be polymorphic. E. oryzicola and E. colona were clearly separated, and the RAPD analyses showed that both E. crus-galli populations were 100% related and 51% related to E. utilis, whereas E. crus-pavonis and E. muricata (73% similarity) appeared as being clearly separated from this group.     

Cytotoxic and antitumor activity of momilactone B from rice hulls

The cytotoxic and antitumor activity of methanolic extract of rice hulls (MERH) were evaluated by the MTT-dye reduction assay against human colon cancer cells and the colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) assay in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-injected F344 male rats, respectively. MERH was found to be highly cytotoxic, with IC50 values of 0.5 microg/mL in vitro. Forty weeks of MERH supplementation (50 mg/kg of body weight/day) reduced colonic pre-neoplastic ACF formation by 35% (p < 0.01). An active compound, momilactone B, was isolated from MERH by silica gel chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, and HPLC. The cytotoxic activity of momilactone B was evaluated by the MTT-dye reduction, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and colony-forming ability assays in human colon cancer HT-29 and SW620 cells. The results indicated that momilactone B from rice hulls might be a new candidate for chemotherapeutic agent against human colon cancer.     

Studies on awns in polyploid rice (Oryza sativa L.) and preliminary cross experiments of a special awnless tetraploid rice

Awns are an important genetic character of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and almost all awnless diploid varieties will change into awned varieties after polyploidization. In order to increase the understanding of awns and promote the development of polyploid rice breeding, the effect of polyploidization on awns was investigated and the development and distribution characteristics have been summarized. Furthermore, cross experiments were made between a special awnless tetraploid rice and two awned tetraploid rice. The results showed that the awns of polyploid rice initially emerged at the pistil–stamina formation stage and there was a stable corresponding relationship between awn development and other organs or development characteristics. Polyploidization had a great effect on awns. Awn length was considerably affected when diploid rice was doubled to polyploid. However, the degree of change varied between varieties. The F₁ hybrids between awnless and awned tetraploid rice in this research were all partial awn types and showed that the larger the mean, maximum awn length and the percentage of awned spikelets (PAS) of their awned parents, then the larger these of their F₁ hybrids. But different cross combinations showed some variation. The F₂ generations were still all partially awned and awnless type was not found. And the awn length and PAS of the plants developing from awned grains were significantly greater than that of the plants developing from awnless ones. This showed that the awn character of a grain could affect the plants developing from this grain. The results laid the foundation of further research of awn inheritance.     

播期对川西平原直播稻光合特性和产量的影响

为合理搭配川西平原稻田两熟区直播稻品种和播期,通过中早熟、中熟、中迟熟3个杂交稻分期播种试验,研究各品种水稻光合特性、产量及其构成因素的差异。结果表明,3种籼稻的净光合速率(Pn)随着播期推迟总体均呈下降趋势;播期推迟显著降低了中熟和中迟熟品种的有效穗数和结实率,导致产量显著下降(P<0.05);播期过早或过迟均不利于中早熟品种产量性状的协调发展。中熟和中迟熟品种产量受播期影响较大,而中早熟品种大部分播期内差异不显著;3个品种产量降幅分别为11.8%、33.0%、45.4%。综上,为保障川西平原直播稻产量,3种类型籼稻适宜播期应在4月5日-26日间。中早熟品种内5优玉香1号可适当推迟播期,适合作为当地麦-稻或油-稻两熟制直播稻品种推广应用。本研究为川西平原稻田两熟区直播稻适宜播期和品种选用提供了参考依据。     

Design, synthesis, and quantitative structure-activity relationship study of herbicidal analogues of pyrazolo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazin-4(3H)ones

A series of pyrazolo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazin-4(3H)one derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their herbicidal activities where some of these compounds provided >80% control of Brassica campestris at 10 microg/mL. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies were performed on these compounds using physicochemical parameters (electronic, Verloop, or hydrophobic) as independent parameters and herbicidal activity as a dependent parameter, where herbicidal activity correlated best (r > 0.8) with physicochemical parameters in this set of molecules. The herbicidal activity against B. campestris was mainly affected by the molar refractivity (MR) for R1, Taft (Eso) for R2 or R6, Verloop (Lm) for R3 or R5, and electronic parameters (Hammett's constants) for R4. The optimal MR for herbicidal activity is 0.95. The herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus-galli was mainly related with the substituents' hydrophobic parameter. The optimal pi parameters for R1 and R4 for herbicidal activity are 0.72 and 0.68, respectively. In general, these compounds showed greater herbicidal activity toward B. campestris than E. crus-galli.     

Quantitation of tocotrienol and tocopherol in various rice brans

Rice bran is abundant in bioactive compounds including tocotrienol (T3, unsaturated vitamin E). T3 has been reported about its potential functionalities (i.e., antiangiogenic effect), so much attention has been paid on usability of rice bran T3. Hence, we developed a rapid screening method for T3-rich rice bran by one-step equilibrium direct solvent extraction followed by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method gave high-extraction rate of rice bran T3 and tocopherol (above 90%), and the determination of vitamin E by HPLC was completed within 15 min. Using the method, an average of total T3 content in 109 kinds of rice bran samples was 830 mug/g dry wt. Kouchi-Akamai, Joushuu, and Wataribune were found as the T3-rich rice bran varieties (1350-1430 microg T3/g dry wt). According to T3 ratio against total vitamin E (wt %), the average ratio was 61%. Hirayama, Moritawase, and Kaneko were found as the varieties having the highest T3 ratio (80-86%). Since T3 content in Koshihikari rice bran (the leading variety in Japan) was a little above the average, we cross-fertilized Koshihikari with T3-rich varieties and found that T3 content or ratio in F1 was improved compared with Koshihikari. The varieties found rich in T3 could be used for nutraceutical purpose.     

Release and activity of allelochemicals from allelopathic rice seedlings

3-Isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1 (1), momilactone B (2), and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone (3) were isolated and identified from an allelopathic rice accession PI312777. These three compounds at low concentrations could inhibit the growth of weeds Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus difformis associated with rice, especially mixtures of the compounds had stronger inhibitory activity than did individual compounds. Studies with hydroponic culture, continuous root exudates trapping system (CRETS), and direct resin adsorption methods showed that a total of 7.6 n moles 1, 2, and 3 were exuded from living roots of each seedling into the environment at 10 days after seedlings were transplanted. Furthermore, 1, 2, and 3 were found in the soil growing PI312777 seedlings at day 15 after seedlings emergence and reached a total of 39.5 microg/g soil at day 30. The results indicated that PI 312777 seedlings could release sufficient quantities of 1, 2, and 3 into the environment to act as allelochemicals inhibiting the growth of associated weeds. Investigations on the distribution of 1, 2, and 3 in PI 312777 plant, and its root exudates showed that the levels of 1, 2, and 3 were significantly higher in the shoots and root exudates than in the roots, and only trace 1 was observed in the roots. The results suggest that the roots of rice seedlings are not major site of synthesis or accumulation 1, 2, and 3, but a pathway for their release into the environment. The levels of 1, 2, and 3 in the root exudates were over 2-folds higher under direct resin adsorption than under hydroponic culture and CRETS, and hence, it is the preferred method to collect and identify active allelochemicals in rice exudates in future studies on rice allelopathy.     

Distribution of total aflatoxins in milled fractions of hulled rice

Two varieties of hulled rice artificially contaminated with aflatoxins at five different levels were processed by dehulling and polishing methods. Contamination levels ranged from 356 to 818 microg/kg and from 244 to 645 microg/kg in medium and long grain rice, respectively. After physical processing, four different milled fractions were obtained (hull, bran, polished broken grains, and polished whole kernels). The fractions were analyzed for total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Aflatoxins were removed in fractions intended for human consumption (polished broken grains and polished whole kernels) at rates up to 97%. They were found throughout all fractions, but higher contamination levels were detected in hull and bran fractions than in unprocessed kernels and polished fractions. Regardless of the rice variety, the aflatoxin distribution pattern depended on the initial contamination level and type of milled fraction but not on the duration of polishing.     

不同绿肥对土壤肥力及后茬水稻养分吸收的影响

为了探究不同绿肥品种之间的生长差异及其翻压后对后茬水稻养分的影响，通过选取7种不同绿肥（紫云英、白三叶草、金花菜、光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆、油菜、二月兰），以冬闲田（CK）为对照，进行大田试验，分析不同绿肥品种的生长性状、土壤肥力和水稻的产量、养分、养分累积量等指标。结果表明：不同的绿肥作物品种存在着不同的生长差异，综合来看以光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆的生物量最高，分别为46.07 t/hm2、38.74t/hm2，二者养分含量及养分累积量显著高于其他绿肥品种，适合作为苏北地区种植的绿肥品种；种植绿肥具有提高土壤肥力的潜力，促进土壤养分累积，同时对改良土壤肥力具有积极的作用。箭筈豌豆翻压后的土壤pH比CK 高出0.71%，光叶苕子翻压后有机质含量、全氮含量比CK高出1.56%、8.86%；绿肥翻压后对水稻秸秆和籽粒的氮、磷、钾含量及其累积量有了显著的增加，其中以箭筈豌豆的综合效果最好，与CK相比，箭筈豌豆翻压后水稻秸秆全氮累积量、全磷累积量分别提高15.18%、14.98%，水稻籽粒全氮累积量、全钾累积量分别提高9.98%、15.02%，水稻地上部全氮总累积量、全磷总累积量分别提高14.75%、20.42%。综上，光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆的生物量、养分累积量较高，推荐作为该地区种植的绿肥品种；光叶苕子能够对土壤肥力有一定的提高，箭筈豌豆能够促进水稻养分含量及养分累积量。研究结果可为苏北地区绿肥的利用与推广提供理论依据。     

移栽秧龄对机插杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响

为探明中、迟熟型杂交稻品种在不同机插秧龄条件下的适应性及品种间生长发育及产量的差异,研究了不同移栽秧龄对机插中、迟熟杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响。结果表明,21 d适龄移栽杂交稻的产量、各生育时期的群体茎蘖数、分蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、抽穗后剑叶光合、群体透光、抽穗期的有效叶面积、高效叶面积、有效叶面积率以及高效叶面积率显著大于迟栽处理。品种选择上,迟熟杂交稻品种无论在产量还是在各群体指标方面均优于中熟品种,尤其是迟熟型中F优498分蘖力中等,株型好,这些特征改善了机插条件下杂交稻群体光合生产和通风透光状况,穗型大且穗粒数较多,茎蘖成穗率较高,秧龄弹性较大,可适当延长秧龄到28 d也能保持较高产量。中熟型中辐优838虽然穗数多,但其穗粒数限制了产量的增加,且其分蘖力过强,导致无效分蘖过多,对机插产量的发挥造成一定影响。研究结果为生产中选择机插适栽秧龄及高产杂交稻品种提供参考。     

A note on distribution and potential of Japanese wild adzuki bean [Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (Ohwi) Ohwi and H. Ohashi] in India

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - The present paper deals with the report on the potential of Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (Ohwi) Ohwi and H. Ohashi assembled from Northeastern hill region...     

Evaluation of isoflavone aglycon and glycoside distribution in soy plants and soybeans by fast column high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array detector

An ultrafast HPLC/UV-vis DAD method working at 254 nm was applied for the determination of isoflavone aglycons and glycosides (genistin, genistein, daidzein, daidzin, glycitin, glycitein, ononin, formononetin, sissotrin, and biochanin A) in roots, stems, leaves, and soy pods of soy plants and in soybeans of five varieties (Korada, Quito, Rita, OAC Erin, and OAC Vison). An Atlantis dC18 ultrafast RP chromatographic column (20 mm x 2.1 mm, 3 microm particle size) was applied for separation of the isoflavone aglycons and glycosides. A flow rate of the mobile phase (0.1% (v/v) acetic acid, pH 3.75-solvent A and methanol-solvent B) was 0.35 mL min(-1), and the column temperature was 36 degrees C. A linear gradient profile from 13 up to 22% B (v/v) from zero to 2.5 min, up to 30% B to 3.21 min, up to 35% B to 4 min, up to 40% B to 4.5 min, up to 50% B to 5.14 min, and followed by negative gradient up to 13% B to 7.71 min was used. The absolute limits of detection per sample injection (5 microL) were the highest for biochanin A (166.2 fmol) and the lowest for genistin (17.0 fmol), respectively. An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) in combination with sonication was applied for isolation of biologically active compounds. A solid-phase extraction procedure was used to purify the extracts in the case of analysis of soy plants parts. The recoveries of 96-106% were obtained for the different concentrations of the isoflavone aglycons and glycosides and the different matrixes (overall RSDs 2-9%). The highest isoflavone concentrations were found in roots (12.5 microg g(-1) dry weight), while the amounts were about 3-1100 microg g(-1) fresh weight in different varieties of soybeans.     

Relationship Between Hydrolytic Rancidity,Oil Concentration,and Esterase Activity in Rice Bran

Hydrolytic rancidity restricts the utilization of rice bran, reducing its potential value. In the present study, three groups of eight rice cultivars each displaying different levels of oil concentration (high, medium, and low) were cultivated in 1999 and 2000 under field conditions and evaluated for oil content, hydrolytic rancidity, and esterase activity in the bran fraction. Genotype effects were statistically significant for all measured traits (P < 0.05), whereas environment (year) was nonsignificant. Hydrolytic rancidity was strongly correlated with esterase activity (r = 0.89***), but not with oil concentration (r = ‐0.01). A wide variation was found for both hydrolytic rancidity and esterase activity, which ranged from 6.8 to 56.0 mg of C8:0/g of bran (CV = 49.1%) and from 4.3 to 22.8 mg of C8:0/g of bran (CV = 34.3%), respectively. Red bran displayed the lowest values for both hydrolytic rancidity (mean = 10.2 mg of C8:0/g of bran) and esterase activity (mean = 5.4 mg of C8:0/g of bran). Apparently, the low values for hydrolytic rancidity were related to the inhibition effect of bran tannins on lipase activity. In conclusion, cultivar variation was detected for both hydrolytic rancidity and esterase activity in the studied genotypes, esterase activity being the principal factor explaining the variation found for the former trait. Therefore, it may be possible to create new cultivars with increased stability against hydrolytic rancidity by selecting for lower esterase activity.     

Determination of selenium concentration of rice in china and effect of fertilization of selenite and selenate on selenium content of rice

A method of hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry was applied to the determination of the selenium concentration of regular polished rice in China and selenium-enriched polished rice obtained by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer in the forms of selenite and selenate. The average selenium content of regular rice was 0.025 +/- 0.011 microg g(-)(1). On the basis of a daily dietary rice intake of 300-500 g suggested by the China Nutrition Society, the total selenium intake from regular rice was calculated to be 7.5-12.5 microg per person per day for an adult. The selenium contents of rice were significantly increased to 0.471-0.640 microg g(-)(1) by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer at rate of 20 g of Se ha(-)(1) in the forms of sodium selenite and sodium selenate. The selenium content of rice by application of a fertilizer of selenate was 35.9% higher than that by a fertilizer of selenite, which showed that Se-enriched fertilizer in selenate exhibited greater efficiency in increasing Se content in rice products. The Se-enriched rice products can increase daily Se intake on average by 100-200 microg of Se per day by the consumption of 400 g of rice products if the Se level of rice products is controlled at 0.3-0.5 microg of Se g(-)(1). Because rice is a staple food in China, selenium-enriched rice obtained by bioenrichment of selenium to increase the Se content of rice could be a good selenium source for the population in selenium-deficient regions.     

Quantification of the polyphenols and triterpene acids in chinese hawthorn fruit by high-performance liquid chromatography

The levels of seven polyphenols (epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B5, procyanidin C1, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and chlorogenic acid) and two triterpene acids (oleanolic acid and ursolic acid) in the matured fruits of Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N.E.Br.) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography methods. The average contents of those constituents in 37 representative cultivars were 1405, 1505, 339, 684, 56, 41, 234, 952, and 147 microg/g fresh weight (FW), respectively. A significant inverse correlation between the procyanidin contents and the latitude of the geographical origin of the cultivars was observed (r = 0.3851, P < 0.02). Correlation analysis of the levels of the nine compounds in the 37 cultivars yielded a strong correlation (P < 0.001) between the individual levels of the four procyanidins and the sum of the procyanidins level (r = 0.7413-0.9898) and between the flavonoids and the chlorogenic acid (r = 0.5383-0.9212). The changes in level of the nine compounds in the hawthorn fruit were evaluated during maturation using the Hebei Dajinxing cultivar. Sixty-one days after blossom, the polyphenol level reached the highest point and the sum of the contents was 1.36 g/100 g FW.     

禾本科植物富甲硫氨酸蛋白基因的克隆及其进化分析

甲硫氨酸(Met)是豆科植物的第一限制性氨基酸。为了获取富Met贮藏蛋白基因,通过比对禾本科富Met贮藏蛋白基因序列来设计引物,以千金子、芦苇、稗、光头稗、东乡野生稻、茶陵野生稻和湖南野生稻等几种常见禾本科植物种子RNA为模板,经RT-PCR扩增获得c DNA片段,并进行序列比对、Motif预测和进化分析。测序结果显示,禾本科植物富Met贮藏蛋白基因序列存在保守程度不同的区域,在同一个属内的植物间,富Met贮藏蛋白基因的序列高度保守。Motif预测显示,富Met贮藏蛋白可能与植物抗病性等功能有关。进化分析表明,不同科的植物种子富Met贮藏蛋白基因存在较大差异,禾本科植物则较为保守,尤其是稻属中富Met贮藏蛋白基因高度保守,玉米中则存在不同类型的富Met贮藏蛋白。本研究丰富了富Met贮藏蛋白基因库,为豆科植物富Met基因工程提供了更多选择,为进一步理解富Met贮藏蛋白在植物发育代谢中的作用机理提供了参考。     

Collection, classification, and conservation of cultivatedand wild rices of the Lao PDR

The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) lieswithin the center of domestication of Asian rice(Oryza sativa L.). Many traditionalvarieties are grown in the rainfed lowland and rainfed uplandecosystems, but there is a danger of genetic erosion, particularly inthe lowlands, as farmers adopt improved varieties. The Lao Ministryof Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) and the InternationalRice Research Institute (IRRI) jointly explored most of therice growing areas between October 1995 and April 2000 and collected13192 samples of cultivated rice, and 237 samples of six wild ricespecies. Cultivated samples were classified according to ecosystem,endosperm type and maturity. The numbers of samples collected fromthe northern, central and southern regions were 5915(44.8%), 4625 (35.1%) and 2652(20.1%) respectively. More samples(55.9%) were collected from the uplands than fromlowland sites. Most samples (85.5%) had glutinousendosperm. Almost half the samples were medium maturing(47.1%), with approximately an equal number of earlyand late maturing forms. Apart from some localized areas whereaccessibility was restricted, the collection is representative of therice genetic resources of the whole country. A genebank formedium-term storage was established near Vientiane. Forlong-term conservation, duplicate samples were sent to theInternational Rice Genebank at IRRI in the Philippines.     

Chemical characterization of red wine grape (Vitis vinifera and Vitis interspecific hybrids) and pomace phenolic extracts and their biological activity against Streptococcus mutans

Grapes are rich sources of potentially bioactive polyphenols. However, the phenolic content is variable depending on grape variety, and may be modified during vinification. In this study, we examined the chemical composition and biological activity of phenolic extracts prepared from several red wine grape varieties and their fermented byproduct of winemaking (pomace) on some of the virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans a well-known dental pathogen. Grape phenolic extracts were obtained from Vitis vinifera varieties Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir and Vitis interspecific hybrid varieties Baco Noir and Noiret. The anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols content were highly variable depending on grape variety and type of extract (whole fruit vs fermented pomace). Nevertheless, all grape phenolic extracts remarkably inhibited glucosyltransferases B and C (70-85% inhibition) at concentrations as low as 62.5 microg/mL (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the glycolytic pH-drop by S. mutans cells was inhibited by the grape extracts without affecting the bacterial viability; an effect that can be attributed to partial inhibition of F-ATPase activity (30-65% inhibition at 125 microg/mL; P < 0.01). The biological activity of fermented pomace was either as effective as or significantly better than whole fruit grape extracts. The results showed that grape phenolic extracts, especially from pomace, are highly effective against specific virulence traits of S. mutans despite major differences in their phenolic content.     

Antioxidative, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic activities of rice bran extracts in chemical and cell assays

Ethanol-water (70:30 v/v) extracts from rice brans removed from seeds of two blackish-purple pigmented (Sanhaehyanghyulla and Suwon 415) and one nonpigmented (Chuchung) brown rice cultivars were evaluated for antioxidative, anti-tumor-promoting, and anticarcinogenic activities in chemical assays and in mammalian cells (human leukemia HL-60, marmoset B lymphoblastoid B95-8, and Chinese hamster V79 lung cells) by the following tests: inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity; chelation of ferrous ions; reduction of potassium ferricyanide; scavenging of superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and intracellular peroxides; inhibition of 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide-induced mutagenesis; and inhibition of phorbol ester-induced tumor promotion. The extracts from the pigmented rice seeds had generally higher activities in all tests than did the extract from the nonpigmented variety. The results suggest that brans from pigmented rice varieties may provide a source of new natural antioxidants and anticarcinogens and that such rice cultivars with high antioxidative potential also provide a genetic resource for the development of new, improved rice cultivars that may make it possible to enhance both the nutritional and medical value of rice-based diets.     

Determination of the phytoalexin resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) in peanuts and pistachios by high-performance liquid chromatographic diode array (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

The phytoalexin resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) in edible peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) varieties grown in Turkey was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatographic diode array and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection. trans-Resveratrol in six peanut varieties, five pistachio varieties, and four market samples ranged between 0.03 and 1.92 microg/g. The Cerezlik 5025 peanut (1.92 +/- 0.01 microg/g) and Ohadi pistachio genotype (1.67 +/- 0.01 microg/g) had significantly higher trans-resveratrol contents. Peanuts contained 0.03-1.92 microg/g (av = 0.84 microg/g) of trans-resveratrol, whereas pistachio contained 0.09-1.67 microg/g (av = 1.15 microg/g). With exposure to UV light for 1 min, trans-resveratrol concentrations of samples ranged from 0.02 to 1.47 microg/g and those of cis-resveratrol from 0.008 to 0.32 microg/g. The occurrence of resveratrol in peanut and pistachio was confirmed by total ion chromatograms (TIC) of bis[trimethylsilyl]trifluoroacetamide derivatives of resveratrol isomers and comparison of the mass spectral fragmentation data with those of a resveratrol standard. Formation of the cis-isomer in pistachios was higher than in peanuts.