改性尿素追施对冬小麦和夏玉米季氮素挥发和淋溶的影响

以NBPT(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺)和DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)为复合抑制剂,利用转鼓喷涂工艺,开发出新型复合型抑制剂涂覆尿素肥料,采用扫描电镜和能谱仪分析其涂覆效果。通过田间试验系统对比评价了追施不同氮肥对调控氮素的特征效果。试验设置5个处理:(1)不施氮肥(CK);(2)农民习惯追施尿素(CU);(3)优化追施尿素(CUU);(4)优化追施抑制剂涂覆尿素(CUY1);(5)优化追施抑制剂涂覆尿素(CUY2)。在夏玉米喇叭口期、冬小麦拔节期追施氮肥后的15天内进行田间原位连续动态观测。电镜和能谱结果表明,复合抑制剂均匀涂覆于尿素表面,形成薄而致密、光滑的涂覆层,该涂覆层均匀分布有磷和硫2种元素,表明复合抑制剂与尿素已有效结合。田间试验结果表明,在同等优化施氮量下与普通尿素相比,夏玉米和冬小麦季追肥后CUY1和CUY2处理氨挥发分别降低55.19%,32.15%和52.46%,39.43%。夏玉米季追肥后,0-20 cm土层CU、CUU处理土壤硝态氮含量于第5天达到峰值,到后期已显著低于CUY1、CUY2处理,CUY2处理稳定硝态氮的效果更好。冬小麦季追肥后,0-20 cm土壤硝态氮含量CU、CUU处理分别在第5,3天达到峰值,CUY1、CUY2处理于第11天达到峰值后,硝态氮含量已显著高于相同施氮量的CUU处理。在保证产量和净收益的同时,抑制剂涂覆尿素显著降低了追施氮素的氨挥发和淋溶损失浓度,其中冬小麦季CUY1处济效益较好,夏玉米季CUY2调控氮素的效果最佳,减少向下淋溶的效果明显。     

控/缓释肥料减少氨挥发和氮淋溶的效果研究

采用“静态吸收法”和“土柱淋溶法”室内模拟实验，分别研究了6种控／缓释肥料施入土壤中的氨挥发和氮淋溶情况。结果表明：6种控／缓释肥料处理都不同程度的降低了氨挥发量和N素淋溶量。与尿素比较，6种控／缓释肥料氨挥发量分别较普通尿素减少16．62％，23．78％，32．15％，0．11％，16．59％和37、78％，氮淋溶量分别较普通尿素减少15．84％，38．27％，68．87％，46．17％，52．51%和62．01％。试验还表明控／缓释氮肥氨挥发量与不同氮肥引起的土壤脲酶活性、pH值有密切关系。     

含DMPP抑制剂尿素的氨挥发特性及阻控对策研究

采用原状土柱模拟方法,探讨了施肥水平、添加不同碳氮比（C／N）有机物、不同类型土壤、土壤水分含量及温度对含3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（3,4－dimethyl pyrazole phosphate,DMPP）硝化抑制剂的尿素（DMPP尿素）氨挥发损失的影响。结果表明,施肥水平对DMPP尿素的氨挥发损失有显著影响,随着DMPP尿素施用量的增加,土壤氨挥发损失量呈显著上升的趋势;DMPP尿素配施低C／N比的有机物鸡粪,氨挥发损失增加6．0％;而配施高C／N比的生物秸秆,则表现为可抑制78．2％的氨挥发损失;DMPP尿素的氨挥发损失受土壤理化性质影响很大,在肥力高的碱性土壤中氨挥发损失严重,而在酸性红壤和阳离子交换量高的青紫泥中挥发损失量较低;在土壤含水量为田间饱和持水量时,氨挥发损失表现为急剧增加;随着土壤温度的升高,氨挥发损失的量快速递增。合理控制施肥量、选择配施高C／N比的生物秸秆和适宜的水分管理方式是减少农田氨挥发损失的重要对策。     

改性尿素施用对氨挥发量及无机氮变化的影响

采用室内土壤培养和玉米幼苗盆栽试验的方法,研究了改性尿素施用后的氨挥发量及其对土壤无机氮和pH值的影响。结果表明:(1)表施改性尿素比表施普通尿素的氨挥发量显著减少,从而降低氮素的损失;在一定范围内,土壤含水量越大,氨挥发量越低。(2)硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)能够抑制土壤硝化作用,使NH+4-N能较长时间存在土壤中,从而减少NO-3-N的损失;在一定范围内,DCD施用浓度越大,抑制效果越好。(3)土壤pH值与铵态氮呈极显著指数正相关,与硝态氮呈极显著线性负相关,与无机氮呈多项式相关。因此,改性尿素能够显著减少氨挥发量,抑制土壤硝化作用,从而降低尿素的氮素损失。     

缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对氨挥发和土壤氮素动态变化过程的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用静态吸收法和土壤培养法,研究了缓释尿素与普通尿素混施条件下,氨挥发和土壤中氮素的动态变化特征。结果表明:缓释掺混肥处理能减少氨挥发损失氮量;与普通尿素处理(SRU0)相比,25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(SRU25)、45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素(SRU45)、65%缓释尿素+35%普通尿素(SRU65)、100%缓释尿素(SRU100)处理的氨挥发量分别降低19.88%、25.94%、42.84%和46.13%。在培养前期,普通尿素处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于缓释尿素处理,随着培养时间延长,普通尿素处理降低幅度最大,缓释掺混肥处理的全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于普通尿素处理;而硝态氮含量随培养时间延长逐渐升高。其中,以45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素配比最佳,既能满足植物全生育期对养分的需求,又能减少氨挥发损失,节省经济成本。     

不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发影响的原位研究

运用排水采集器法和通气法结合田间原位试验,研究了不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发的影响。结果表明,在夏玉米生长季节,田间土壤水分淋溶体积达63.49～7.L/hm2,且表现与灌溉水量和降雨量正相关。与单施氮肥相比,有机肥配施氮肥在夏玉米生长发育前期易加剧水分的淋溶;氮素淋溶损失量明显高于氨挥发损失量,且二者均随施氮量的增加而升高;与单施氮肥相比,有机肥配施氮肥极显著地增大了氮素淋失量,减少氮素的氨挥发损失量,总体分析显示,有机肥配施氮肥极显著增大了氮素净损失量和氮素损失率;在夏玉米生长期内,施肥运筹的田间土壤淋溶水硝态氮浓度均呈现双峰趋势,以硝态氮形式淋失是田间土壤氮素淋失的主要形式,铵态氮浓度则呈现先升后降的趋势,铵态氮的累计淋失量很少。同时发现,大口期夏玉米生长旺盛,对氮素的需求强烈可以减少氮素的淋失和氨挥发损失,适量增加夏玉米大口期的追肥量,是提高氮肥利用效率的有效途径。     

控释与稳定尿素配施对土壤氮素迁移及冬小麦-夏玉米产量的影响

控释与稳定尿素配施,可通过双重调控作用增强对氮素的高效管理。本文以聚氨酯包膜控释尿素和新型复合型抑制剂涂覆尿素为试材,研究了二者配施条件下,调控冬小麦-夏玉米季施肥后氮素的动态迁移转化的效果,为开发高效专用肥和农业面源污染治理提供新的思路和技术手段。试验设置不施氮肥(CK)、农民习惯施用尿素[CV,冬小麦和夏玉米习惯施氮量分别为285 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和225 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]、优化施用尿素(OPT,冬小麦和夏玉米优化施氮量分别为199.50 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和157.50 kg(N)·hm~(-2))、优化施氮量下控释尿素+普通尿素(CRF1,冬小麦和夏玉米控释氮分别占40%和30%)和2个优化施氮量下控释尿素+抑制剂涂覆尿素(CRF2,冬小麦季和夏玉米季控释氮分别占30%和20%; CRF3,冬小麦季和夏玉米季控释氮分别占50%和30%)。试验测定了氨挥发和土壤硝态氮及作物产量。结果表明:在同等施氮量条件下,与OPT相比,CRF1、CRF2和CRF3在夏玉米、冬小麦季分别显著降低累积氨挥发量24.90%～57.00%和10.20%～27.80%,CRF2、CRF3比CRF1分别显著降低33.30%～42.80%和12.20%～19.60%。施肥后土壤表层硝态氮含量升高和降低速率由快至慢依次为CV、OPT、CRF1、CRF2和CRF3。夏玉米收获期土壤剖面残留硝态氮淋失风险由大到小依次是CV、OPT、CRF1、CRF2和CRF3,而冬小麦则为CV、OPT、CRF2、CRF1和CRF3。与CV和OPT处理相比,一次性优化施氮CRF1、CRF2和CRF3处理冬小麦、夏玉米产量没有显著差异。CRF2和CRF3净收入与其他施氮处理相比略有增加,与CRF1相比在夏玉米季增加639元·hm~(-2)和859元·hm~(-2),在冬小麦季降低1 196元·hm~(-2)和增加61元·hm~(-2)。控释氮和稳定氮为5︰5(冬小麦)和3︰7(夏玉米)表现效果最佳。     

改性尿素的肥效及淋溶特性研究初探

在普遍尿素的生产工艺中分别加入一定比例的无机矿物改性剂,研制出３种改性尿素。盆栽结果显示,在等质量及等Ｎ施肥条件下,３种改性尿素均有较大幅度的增产,淋溶实验表明,改性尿素与德国缓释尿素的淋溶曲线相似。     

典型双季稻田基施碳酸氢铵和尿素的氨挥发损失研究

采用密闭室连续抽气法研究了湖南典型双季稻田,尿素和碳酸氢铵基施后的氨挥发特征。结果表明,基施碳酸氢铵(NC)稻田初始氨挥发强度和氨挥发总量大于基施尿素(UR)稻田。早稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为45.19 kg·hm-2,损失率达30.12%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为32.93 kg·hm-2,损失率达21.95%;晚稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为70.91 kg·hm-2,损失率达31.93%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为61.78 kg·hm-2,损失率达27.04%。基施尿素能够显著降低稻田氨挥发排放,减少氮素损失。     

红壤不同含水量对尿素氨挥发的影响

根据第四纪红壤水分特征设计160、200、240、280、320、360g/kg6个土壤含水量处理,通过温室模拟,研究了红壤不同含水量对尿素氨挥发的影响。结果表明,等量尿素施入红壤后,氨挥发通量与土壤含水量之间无显著相关性,而高含水量(280、320、360g/kg)处理氨挥发通量峰值较低含水量(160、200g/kg)处理提前10天。氨挥发过程可分为快速-慢速2个阶段,氨累积挥发量(y)与对应时间(t)符合Elovish动力学方程(y=a blnt)。第1～10天,氨挥发累积量随红壤含水量的增加而递增;第11天后,以含水量为240g/kg处理的氨挥发累积N量最低。试验期间,氨挥发累积总N量,以含水量240g/kg时最低(0.90gN),含水量320g/kg时最高(1.16gN),分别占尿素施入N量的9.0%和11.6%。     

Effect of urease inhibitors on urea hydrolysis and ammonia volatilization

Summary Two laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of the urease inhibitors hydroquinone (HQ), phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPDA), and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) in retarding the hydrolysis of urea, in the evolution of mineral N, and in reducing NH₃ loss through volatilization, under aerobic and waterlogged conditions, both at 25°C. NBPT generally exceeded PPDA and HQ in the ability to delay urea hydrolysis and NH _inf4 ^sup+ accumulation under aerobic conditions, whereas PPDA retarded these activities more effectively under anaerobic conditions. HQ was less effective than the other two urease inhibitors. Under aerobic conditions, 20% of the applied urea was lost through NH₃ volatilization after 5 days in the system without an inhibitor. With the addition of HQ and PPDA, the volatilization was delayed by 1 day but not eliminated. NBPT effectively decreased the NH₃ loss, from 20 to 3% of the applied urea. A more severe N loss (40%) occurred in the waterlogged system. HQ had little effect on NH₃ volatilization. PPDA decreased the NH₃ loss from 40 to less than 20% of the applied urea. The effectiveness of NBPT decreased under anaerobic conditions. It was concluded that urease inhibitors can reduce NH₃ volatilization following the application of urea. However, environmental conditions might have an important influence on the effectiveness of these inhibitors.     

追施猪粪沼液对菜地氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是肥料氮素损失的主要途径之一。以厌氧发酵后的猪粪沼液为研究对象,通过蔬菜大棚小区试验,分析其作为追肥表施于冬季菜地(水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens L.)和扬花萝卜(Raphanus sativusL.Var.Radiculus pers.);追施氮量分别为72 kg hm-2和54 kg hm-2)及夏季菜地(小白菜(Brassica chinensisL.)和大叶茼蒿(Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb.);追施氮量分别为42 kg hm-2和63 kg hm-2)后的氨排放特征及其影响因子。研究结果表明:(1)施用猪粪沼液后菜地氨挥发激增,沼液中氮素以氨挥发形态损失较快,通常发生在施入后48 h内;(2)冬季芹菜地和萝卜地施用沼液后的累积氨排放量分别为8.68 kg hm-2和9.90 kg hm-2,显著高于化肥处理(4.06 kg hm-2和5.59 kg hm-2);而夏季白菜地和茼蒿地则分别为10.40kg hm-2和11.61 kg hm-2,与化肥处理间差异不显著(9.81 kg hm-2和10.09 kg hm-2);(3)冬季菜地施用沼液后氨挥发损失率分别达到11.7%和17.7%,显著低于夏季菜地(23.3%和26.8%);(4)0～10 cm土层土壤温度、水分含量、可溶性有机碳含量、氮素水平及形态、微生物生物量及活性,均与菜地氨挥发有较高的关联度。沼液作为追肥施入农田后会因其自身氨挥发和激发效应而使氨排放增加,在施用过程中应特别注意温度的影响,同时应选择合适的施用方式。     

Effect of blending urea with pyrite or coating urea with polymer on ammonia volatilization loss from surface-applied prilled urea

Laboratory studies on a sandy clay loam (Typic Ustochrept) alkaline soil showed that NH₃ volatilization loss from surface-applied prilled urea during an 8-dya incubation under aerobic conditions was 27.5% of applied N (400 kg N ha^-1) and was reduced to 8.9% when the urea was blended physically with pyrite in a 1:2 ratio; under anaerobic conditions the values for urea and pyrite-urea were 19.3 and 16.9%, respectively. Other treatments tested were urea-gypsum, neemcake-coated urea and polymer-coated urea. A 6% polymer coating showed the least NH₃ volatilization under anaerobic conditions and was next best to pyrite-urea under aerobic conditions. A 3% polymer coating was slightly inferior to the 6% coating. Urea-gypsum and neemcake-coated urea did not differ very much from urea alone under anaerobic conditions, but under aerobic conditions neemcake-urea showed a significantly lower total NH₃ loss compared to prilled urea alone and urea-gypsum.     

控释复合肥对冷季型草坪氨挥发和硝态氮淋洗的影响

通过田间试验,研究了控释复合肥、常规施肥、市售草坪专用肥对冷季型草坪氨挥发和硝态氮淋洗的影响。氨挥发采用通气密闭法收集测定,硝态氮利用土壤溶液提取器收集淋洗液然后进行测定。结果表明,常规施肥处理的氨挥发量为47.7 kg/hm2(占年施氮量的18.3%),显著高于控释复合肥处理(氨挥发损失为2.9 kg/hm2,占年施氮量的1.1%)和市售草坪专用肥处理(氨挥发损失为4.1 kg/hm2,占年施氮量的1.6%)。施氮不同程度增加了淋洗液中硝态氮的浓度,3种氮肥的硝态氮淋洗程度不同。0—50 cm土层,淋洗液的硝态氮浓度范围分别是:控释复合肥处理1.16~.7 mg/L,常规施肥处理1.21~0.1 mg/L,市售草坪专用肥处理1.51~6.7 mg/L;0—100 cm土层,淋洗液的硝态氮浓度范围分别是:控释复合肥处理1.15~.7 mg/L,常规施肥处理1.11~2.5 mg/L,市售草坪专用肥处理1.16~.2 mg/L。综上所述,控释复合肥降低了冷季型草坪氨挥发损失和硝态氮的淋洗,表现出明显的环境效益,是一种有应用前景的新型肥料。     

Effects of phosphoroamides on ammonia volatilization and nitrite accumulation in soils treated with urea

Summary We compared the effects of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), N-(diaminophosphinyl)-cyclohexylamine (DPCA), phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD), and hydroquinone on transformations of urea N in soils. The ability of these urease inhibitors to retard urea hydrolysis, ammonia volatilization, and nitrite accumulation in soils treated with urea-decreased in the order NBPT > DPCA PPD > HQ. When five soils were incubated at 30°C for 14 days after treatment with urea (1 mg urea N g^–1 soil), on average, the gaseous loss of urea N as ammonia and the accumulation of urea N as nitrite were decreased from 52 to 5 % and from 11 to 1%, respectively, by addition of NBPT at the rate of 10 g g^–1 soil (0.47 parts of NBPT per 100 parts of urea). The data obtained support previous evidence that NBPT is more effective than PPD for reduction of the problems encountered in using urea as a fertilizer and deserves consideration as a fertilizer amendment for retarding hydrolysis of urea fertilizer in soil.     

华北农田土壤氨挥发原位测定研究

通过系数矫正后的双层海绵吸收法对不同N肥处理和NPK配施下氨气挥发损失特征研究结果表明,N肥施用方式、土壤温度以及灌溉是影响氨挥发的重要因素。施肥后氨挥发损失量为0.67~9.91kg/hm2,占施N量的0.41%~5.0%。玉米季氨挥发量占全年挥发损失的80%以上。尿素与过磷酸钙配施可显著降低氨挥发,在此基础上施用KCl,尿素氨挥发损失变化不明显。     

Effect of amending urea fertilizer with chemical additives on ammonia volatilization loss and nitrogen-use efficiency

 Effects of amending urea with pyrite (Py) or potassium chloride (KCl) alone and in combination with copper sulphate (CuSO₄) on NH₃ volatilization and N-use efficiency in an Alfisol were evaluated. NH₃ volatilization from surface-applied urea fertilizers was measured using a closed dynamic air flow system. Kinetics of NH₃ volatilization over a 10-day period showed that the peak rate of NH₃ loss was on day 3 with the unamended urea, whilst it occurred on day 4 with all amended urea fertilizers. Total NH₃ loss from the unamended urea was 48% of the applied N, which was reduced to 38 and 40% with U+Py and U+KCl, respectively. A further reduction in N loss was recorded with U+Py+CuSO₄ (34%) and U+KCl+CuSO₄ (36%). The inhibition of NH₃ with U+Py+CuSO₄ and U+KCl+CuSO₄ was markedly high, at 30 and 25%, respectively. As compared to urea, all amended urea fertilizers resulted in a significantly higher dry matter yield, N uptake and apparent N recovery (ANR) efficiency by sunflower. An increase of 28 and 24% units in ANR over urea could be obtained with U+Py+CuSO₄ and U+KCl+CuSO₄, respectively. Since the chemical additives also have a fertilizer value besides being effective in controlling NH₃ loss from urea and improving N-use efficiency, their use as amendment to urea could be a viable option. Received: 5 August 1999     

Effects of some environmental factors on ammonia volatilization from simulated livestock urine applied to soil

Summary The proportion of the N that was volatilized as ammonia during 8 days, following the application of simulated livestock urine to soil, increased from 25 to 38% as the temperature of incubation was increased from 4° to 20°C in a system with a continuous flow of air at 70% relative humidity. However, volatilization was reduced if the application was followed by simulated rain; the reduction was greater as the amount of rain increased (up to at least 16 mm) and became less with an increasing length of time (up to 2–3 days) after the application of the urine. The effects of the soil water content before application of the urine, and of the relative humidity of the air, were generally small but volatilization was reduced by a combination of air-dry soil with a low relative humidity. Volatilization was slight (7%) when the flow of air was restricted to 0.5 h in every 12 h but, with an air flow for 12 h in every 24 h, the volatilization was much closer to that with a continuous flow for the whole 8-day period. When cool or dry conditions were imposed for 8 days and then more favourable conditions were instituted for a second period of 8 days, there was a substantial increase in volatilization following the change.     

Reducing ammonia loss from urea and improving soil-exchangeable ammonium retention through mixing triple superphosphate, humic acid and zeolite

Ammonia losses from soil following fertilization with urea may be large. This laboratory study compared the effect of four different, urea–triple superphosphate (TSP)–humic acid–zeolite, mixtures on NH₃ loss, and soil ammonium and nitrate contents, with loss from surface‐applied urea without additives. The soil was a sandy clay loam Typic Kandiudult (Bungor Series). The mixtures significantly reduced NH₃ loss by between 32 and 61% compared with straight urea (46% N) with larger reductions with higher rates of humic acid (0.75 and 1 g kg^?1 of soil) and zeolite (0.75 and 1 g kg^?1 of soil). All the mixtures of acidic P fertilizer, humic acid and zeolite with urea significantly increased soil NH₄ and NO₃ contents, increased soil‐exchangeable Ca, K and Mg, and benefited the formation of NH₄ over NH₃ compared with urea without additives. The increase in soil‐exchangeable cations, and temporary reduction of soil pH may have retarded urea hydrolysis in the microsite immediately around the fertilizer. It may be possible to improve the efficiency of urea surface‐applied to high value crops by the addition of TSP, humic acid and zeolite.