银黄口服液含量测定方法的改进试验

为了建立同时测定银黄口服液中绿原酸和黄芩苷的高效液相色谱方法,采用Discovery C18柱(4.6×150 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量为10μL,检测波长327nm。结果目标峰分离度良好,绿原酸和黄芩苷的质量浓度与峰面积分别在1.00~20.05μg/mL(R~2=0.999 9)、10.07~201.55μg/mL(R~2=0.999 9)呈良好线性,平均加样回收率分别为99.90%和100.73%,标准偏差(RSD)均小于1.0%。表明此方法重复性好,专属性强,可准确、快速测定银黄口服液中的绿原酸和黄芩苷含量。     

HPLC法同时测定茵栀解毒颗粒中3种有效成分的研究

为了建立同时测定中兽药茵栀解毒颗粒中绿原酸、栀子苷和黄芩苷的方法，研究采用高效液相色谱法，选用C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),乙腈和0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相，流速1.0 mL/min,进样量10μL,柱温为30℃,检测波长为230 nm。结果表明，栀子苷在3.110～155.5μg/mL、黄芩苷在1.897～94.86μg/mL、绿原酸在2.478～123.9μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.999,平均加样回收率分别为97.1%、96.2%和95.3%。该试验操作简便、快捷、定性、定量准确，能满足中兽药茵栀解毒颗粒中3种有效成分同时检测的需要。     

高效液相色谱法测定清肺止咳散中黄芩苷含量

为了测定清肺止咳散中黄芩苷的含量,采用C18柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm),在室温下,以甲醇-0.3%磷酸溶液(55∶45)为流动相,以276 nm为检测波长,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温30℃,建立了高效液相色谱测定方法。黄芩苷在3.8～379μg/m L范围内线性良好,R~2=0.9998,平均回收率为94.3%(n=6),RSD为0.92%。该方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于控制清肺止咳散中黄芩苷的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定胆翘注射液中黄芩苷的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定胆翘注射液中黄芩苷的含量[1]。色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(5μm,250mm×4.6mm id),流动相为甲醇—水—冰乙酸(50∶50∶1),检测波长为274nm,流速1.0mL/min,柱温30℃。在相同的色谱条件下,探讨50%甲醇溶剂、流动相(50∶50∶1)对含量测定的影响,实验结果表明,不干扰黄芩苷含量结果测定(见图1、图2)。黄芩苷在0-100μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好R2=0.9999(n=6),回归方程为y=19.7840X+4.9103,回收率为97.6%~98.9%,相对标准偏差为0.5%。本方法简单、准确、可行,适用于胆翘注射液中黄芩苷含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定兽药龙胆泻肝散中龙胆苦苷、栀子苷和黄芩苷的含量

建立测定兽药龙胆泻肝散中龙胆苦苷、栀子苷和黄芩苷的高效液相色谱分析方法。样品经50%甲醇水溶液超声提取,C18色谱柱分离,254 nm波长下检测,外标法定量。龙胆苦苷在0.400～3.203μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9998,平均回收率为91.5%,RSD为0. 77%,栀子苷在0.252～2.012μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均回收率为90.2%,RSD为1. 58%,黄芩苷在0.500～3.981μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均回收率为94.6%,RSD为1.74%。该方法简单、快速、准确度高、重复性好,可以用于兽药龙胆泻肝散的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定复方银黄灌注液中黄芩苷的含量

采用RP-HPLC法测定复方银黄灌注液中黄芩苷的含量,以控制该制剂的质量.用C18烷基键合硅胶柱分离黄芩苷,以甲醇-水-冰醋酸(57:43:0.1)为流动相,检测波长280 nm.黄芩苷在16～81μG/mL浓度范围内呈线性关系(r=0.999 7,n=5);平均回收率为99.13%,RSD=1.03%(n=6).本法简便、快速,可用于该产品的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定仔猪饲料中黄芩苷的含量

目的:用高效液相色谱法测定仔猪饲料中黄芩苷的含量。方法:色谱柱为Hypersil ODS2-C18柱(4.6×150mm,5μm);柱温30℃;流动相:甲醇:水:磷酸=47:53:0.3(V:V),流速:1.2mL/min;紫外检测波长:280 nm;进样量:10μL。结果:黄芩苷在2.5~160μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.9998。平均回收率101.51%,仪器精密度RSD为0.96%。结论:该方法简便可行,系统适应性良好,可用于仔猪饲料中黄芩苷的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定温必佳注射液中黄芩苷的含量

采用HPLC法测定复方天然药物-温必佳注射液中黄芩苷的含量.色谱柱ZORBAX SB-C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(50∶ 50∶ 1),检测波长274 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,保留时间为5.5 min.黄芩苷进样量在0.103 2～2.064 μg范围内,峰面积与进样量之间呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.999 97).平均回收率99.3%,RSD为0.78%.该方法适用于检测中药新制剂--温必佳注射液中黄芩苷的含量.     

HPLC法测定黄芩苷-β-环糊精包合物中黄芩苷的含量

为了建立HPLC法测定黄芩苷-β-环糊精包合物中黄芩苷的含量方法,在CLC-ODSC18柱上,以甲醇-水-磷酸(47:53:0.2)为流动相,检测波长280 nm,以外标法定量测定了黄芩苷-β-环糊精包合物黄芩苷的含量.结果:线性范围为20.0～80.0μg/ml,回归方程为Y=9753.1X 1546,r=0.9993(n=5),平均加样回收率为99.37%(n=5),精密度试验RSD为0.30%(n=6).本方法准确、可靠、重现性好,可作为黄芩苷-β-环糊精包合物中黄芩苷的含量测定方法.     

HPLC法同时测定芩黄颗粒中黄芩苷和甘草酸的含量

建立了高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定芩黄颗粒中黄芩苷和甘草酸的含量。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为252 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min。结果显示,黄芩苷和甘草酸的进样浓度分别在61.84~618.4、8.256~82.56μg/mL(R 2=0.9999,0.9999)范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系;精密度、重复性和稳定性试验的RSD均小于2.0%;平均加样回收率分别为100.0%、99.2%,回收率的RSD分别为1.0%、0.6%(n=6)。本方法操作简便、准确,可用于芩黄颗粒中黄芩苷和甘草酸含量的同时测定。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -