食用型向日葵亲本系抗列当水平的评价

为了进一步获得向日葵抗列当种质资源,为向日葵列当田间防除提供新思路,本研究在温室大棚环境中,对30份食用型向日葵材料进行抗列当鉴定研究,结果表明,13份恢复系材料中编号为‘13’的列当寄生率为0,产量为232.61 kg/hm²,中抗材料共7份、中感材料1份、高感材料5份,利用相对抗寄生方法鉴定为免疫材料,位居30份供试材料第3位;16份保持系材料中编号为‘24’的列当寄生率为10,产量为217.68 kg/hm²,中抗材料有2份、中感材料4份、高感材料10份,相关性分析结果表明,田间列当寄生率高导致向日葵产量明显降低,在今后的育种过程中应优先选择抗性较高的材料进行组配。     

黑龙江省向日葵列当发生与危害初报

列当是寄生性杂草,对向日葵危害极大。每株向日葵寄生5株,株高降低10.6%,茎粗降低39.26%,单株产量降低62.87%。每株向日葵寄生10~20株,花盘直径降低21.7%,百粒重降低18.0%,结实率降低8.8%。严格执行植物检疫,实行合理轮作,化学药剂防治向日葵列当。     

向日葵杂草列当综合防治技术

福海县是新疆食用向日葵的主要生产基地之一，近些年大量生产食用向日葵，给农户带来丰厚的经济收入。但是，由于不同粮食作物和糖料作物倒茬，采取不合理的连作，使土壤内含有大量对向日葵直接产生为害的寄生杂草列当种子，给当地经济作物向日葵的生产带来较大影响。为了防治向日葵列当，福海县公安农场采取了以下几项技术措施：     

鸡西市向日葵高产种植技术

<正>大田栽培向日葵主要分为干果食用型、油用型、中间型(食用、榨油均可)3类,另外向日葵还有大田复播油葵作绿肥,或作为观赏植物等用途。1.播前准备选地与整地:向日葵对前茬作物有所选择。因向日葵需肥多,特别是钾肥的需要量大,同时若连作会造成菌核病和灰象甲、列当寄生草为害加重。因此,要做好轮作倒茬,如小麦、油菜、甜菜、草木樨等前茬最佳。     

马铃薯栽培技术要点

1选地,整地马铃薯不宜连作,也不要与茄科作物进行轮种。旱地栽培可与玉米、大豆、甘薯、小麦、油菜等作物换茬轮作。应选择土质肥沃、土层深厚疏松、富含有机质、排灌方便、稍偏酸性的田块。耕作层最浅不低于33cm,土垡细碎(直径<2cm),整地要求:播种前深耕、耙细、整匀、平整,然后开槽起沟。马铃薯是不耐连作的作物,要选择3年内没有种过马铃薯和其他茄科作物的地块。马铃薯对连作反应很敏感,生产上一定要避免连作。如果一块地上连续种马铃薯,不但导致病害严重,     

不同向日葵品种根系分泌物对向日葵列当萌发的刺激作用

以不同列当抗性向日葵根系分泌物作为萌发刺激物,研究其对向日葵列当种子萌发的影响,探究不同向日葵品种对列当抗性差异响应的机制,为向日葵列当抗性品种的选育和应用提供理论依据。研究表明：根系分泌物的稀释倍数对向日葵列当的萌发具有显著影响,其中TP-3313和SH363-M根系分泌物在稀释50倍时达到最大萌发率,而3638C根系分泌物在稀释75倍时达到最大萌发率,整体表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的特点;不同列当抗性的向日葵根系分泌物诱导向日葵列当萌发的效果不同,向日葵列当萌发率表现为TP-3313相似文献   

日本新培育的春播小麦品种春丰

前言北海道东部的旱作地带,主要种植秋播小麦、甜菜、马铃薯和豆类作物。秋播小麦有40%面积实行连作,其它作物也因短期轮作或连作而在生产上带来一系列障害问题。为了改善轮     

高冷地养麦创高产栽培技术要点

1轮作倒茬 荞麦对茬口要求不严,但不宜重茬。因为连作易造成土壤肥力下降、养分比例失调、病虫害加重,可选择与豆类、糜谷、马铃薯、小麦、胡麻、向日葵等作物轮作,轮作周期3年以上。     

警惕向日葵列当的危害和蔓延

正向日葵是我国的主要油料作物之一,向日葵列当是为害我国向日葵最严重的杂草。为明确我国向日葵田列当的发生为害情况及防治现状,2018年,中国农科院植保所杂草学科研团队采用对角线5点取样法对新疆、内蒙古、吉林和河北等主要向日葵种植区进行了调查,对向日葵列当的寄生率和寄生强度等数据进行了分析。结果表明,向日葵列当在向日葵产区广泛分布,严重为害向日葵的生产,     

列当生理小种和向日葵抗列当种质选育进展

向日葵列当(Orobanche cumana)是一种寄生性杂草,给世界各地向日葵生产造成严重威胁。过去几十年向日葵育种家已经成功培育出部分杭列当品种,但随着新的向日葵列当生理小种的产生,育成种质杭性也会随之逐步减弱或丧失。本综述在归纳总结向日葵杭列当已有研究成果的基础上,对列当生理小种遗传毒性发展动态、种质杭性鉴定及其杭性基因遗传规律、杭列当育种趋势、向日葵转基因等方面的国内外最新研究进展及最新动态进行了概述;针对当前基因遗传及分子生物技术、杭咪哑琳酮类(IMI)除草剂作物等热点问题的研究现状进行了重点分析,提出目前向日葵杭列当育种工程中存在的问题,并就发展前景进行了展望,以期为培育和改良向日葵杭列当新品种提供便捷和实用途径。     

科尔沁沙地4种作物根茬抗风蚀效果风洞试验研究

摘 要：利用野外风洞设备,以翻耕地为对照,对科尔沁沙地东部农田的4种不同作物茬地抗风蚀效果进行了测试,对风蚀主要影响因子进行了分析。试验结果表明：作物留茬可显著提高地表抗风蚀能力;在相同风速条件下,抗风蚀能力大小依次为燕麦茬地>玉米茬地>向日葵茬地>绿豆茬地>翻耕地;与翻耕地相比,燕麦茬地、玉米茬地、向日葵茬地和绿豆茬地的起动风速分别抬高了53.3% 、17.8% 、11.1%、 8.9%。本试验表明,风蚀量与土壤地表覆盖度、土壤0～5cm表层含水量、地表粗糙度、土壤容重、土壤坚实度呈负相关关系,其中与前三者呈显著高度负相关关系。采用免耕留茬措施可以有效地抑制农田土壤风蚀,有利于防治农田荒漠化。     

华北寒旱区作物轮作的生产效应

To understand mechanisms of crop adaptability to various previous crop croppings, evaluate crop performance on the croppings, and identify suitable crop combinations for rotation of major crops in the cold and arid region of Northern China. A five-year field experiment was conducted using five crops from 2015 to 2019, including potato (Solanum tuberosum), faba bean (Vicia faba), forage maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), and beet (Beta vulgarwas). Yields of potato, oat, and beet in rotation were 1.30-1.68, 1.28-1.48, and 1.25-1.48 times of those in continuous cropping of single crops, respectively. Yield of faba bean on beet cropping was 10.58% lower than that of continuous faba bean while yield of forage maize on oat or beet stubble was 9.10%-15.42% lower than that of continuous forage maize. The LERr of 10 crop combinations was 1.09-1.68, indicating positive effects of rotation. Combinations of oat → potato, beet → potato, forage maize → potato and faba bean → potato had higher LERr, indicating faba bean and forage maize might be more durable of continuous cropping. In terms of productivity, suitable crop combinations for rotation in the area were oat → potato, beet → potato, forage maize → potato, faba bean → potato and oat → beet.     

不同轮作模式对马铃薯干物质积累、病害发生及产量的影响

在内蒙古阴山北麓地区开展定点试验,对比分析不同轮作模式对马铃薯干物质积累、病害发生和产量的影响。结果表明,绿肥春翻→绿肥夏翻→马铃薯轮作模式（LcLxM）的马铃薯各器官干物质积累量、全株最大干物质积累速率、全株最大干物质积累量和产量最大,叶片、茎和块茎干物质积累量较向日葵→向日葵→马铃薯的轮作模式分别增加了22.57%、24.83%和23.42%,全株最大干物质积累速率增加28.09%,全株最大干物质积累量增加33.07%,产量增加15.46%。其次是绿肥春翻→绿肥春翻→马铃薯（LcLcM）的轮作模式较好;马铃薯几种病害病情指数和发病率以向日葵→向日葵→马铃薯的轮作模式最低,其中早疫病病情指数和植株枯萎病发病率较LcLxM轮作模式分别降低了39.99%和76.40%,块茎黑痣病和疮痂病病情指数较LcLcM的轮作模式分别降低了93.38%和87.98%。燕麦→向日葵→马铃薯轮作模式病害发生程度居中,LcLcM和LcLxM两种轮作模式的病害发生程度最高。综合分析各方面性状得出:在内蒙古阴山北麓的气候和土壤条件下,马铃薯生产中比较适宜的轮作模式是绿肥春翻→绿肥夏翻→马铃薯,其次是绿肥春翻→绿肥春翻→马铃薯。     

田普除草剂对燕麦的胁迫及燕麦除草剂胁迫下的修复

为探索燕麦在不同田普除草剂浓度胁迫下的生理反应和不同燕麦品种对于除草剂胁迫的反应,试验采用不同浓度的田普处理燕麦根尖,观察根尖有丝分裂状态;并通过田间播种6个品种燕麦,观测除草剂对于植株生长的影响;在此基础上对抗氧化酶活性进行了测定。结果显示：在田普除草剂处理下,燕麦分生组织细胞会出现染色质凝集、染色体移动滞后、染色体加倍、出现双核细胞几种不正常分裂现象;当处理浓度高于0.01μg/mL时,不正常分裂细胞的比例会急剧增加。2250mL/hm2田普除草剂对坝莜6号、坝莜9号两个品种株高没有影响,对坝莜1号、坝莜3号、白燕2号、坝燕4号四个品种的株高有影响,且不同品种的产量变化也不一致;1650mL/hm2、3000mL/hm2两个处理4种抗氧化酶活性与对照相比均有一定程度的升高。燕麦在田普除草剂的胁迫下,根尖分生组织会出现不正常分裂现象,不同燕麦品种对于田普除草剂的应答程度不同,在田普除草剂胁迫下,燕麦的抗氧化酶活性有不同程度的变化,燕麦通过这些变化来降低、组织田普除草剂对于燕麦自身的损伤。     

轮作对稻米品质的影响

通过采用连作与轮作对比试验的方法,研究了轮作对稻米品质的影响。结果表明：从外观品质上看,轮作与连作的早晚稻粒长、粒型无明显差异,轮作普遍增加了早稻的垩白粒率和垩白度。轮作对早稻的加工品质有一定改善作用,处理D表现最好。但晚稻加工品质则是连作普遍优于轮作。不同轮作方式对透明度级没有影响。早晚稻的水分含量和早稻碱消值级连作与轮作各处理无显著差异。连作处理的早稻直链淀粉含量低于轮作处理,胶稠度高于轮作处理。连作处理的晚稻直链淀粉亦含量低于轮作处理,而轮作处理C的晚稻碱消值级和胶稠度远高于连作处理A,均高出20%,且与连作差异显著。由此可见,轮作对水稻的蒸煮品质并没有改善作用,而连作的蒸煮品质反而好于轮作。     

向日葵菌核病田间接种方法及品种抗病性研究

建立有效的向日葵菌核病盘腐田间接种鉴定方法,对向日葵抗性资源筛选和抗病育种具有重要意义。试验以菌核病菌PDA菌丝体悬浮液、高粱粒菌丝体和子囊孢子悬浮液作为接种物,分别对不同抗感向日葵品种在R5.1（始花期）、R5.5（半开花期）和R6（盛花期）进行人工接种,从而筛选出最佳接菌物类型、浓度及接种时期,并用此方法对18个品种连续2年进行了抗性评价。试验结果表明：3种接种物均可使不同向日葵抗感品种产生盘腐症状。PDA菌丝体为30.0 g/L、高梁粒菌丝体为0.4 g/盘和子囊孢子为1×10³个/mL浓度即可区分出向日葵品种间抗感性差异。R5.1~R5.5接种较R6可获得更高的发病率及病情指数。正交试验结果表明,田间盘腐接种的最佳条件为：接种物为子囊孢子悬浮液,浓度为1×10³个/mL,接种时期为R5.1,保湿时间为48 h。同时筛选出4个对盘腐型菌核病表现抗病的向日葵品种。本研究所建立的向日葵田间接种方法能够有效地对向日葵进行抗菌核病筛选和鉴定。     

Global impact of mutation-derived varieties

During the past seventy years, worldwide more than 2250 varieties have been released that have been derived either as direct mutants or from their progenies. Induction of mutations with radiation has been the most frequently used method for directly developed mutant varieties. The prime strategy in mutation-based breeding has been to upgrade the well-adapted plant varieties by altering one or two major traits, which limit their productivity or enhance their quality value. In this paper, the global impact of mutation-derived varieties on food production and quality enhancement is presented. In addition, the economic contribution of the selected mutant varieties of rice, barley, cotton, groundnut, pulses, sunflower, rapeseed and Japanese pear is discussed. In several mutation-derived varieties, the changed traits have resulted in synergistic effect on increasing the yield and quality of the crop, improving agronomic inputs, crop rotation, and consumer acceptance. In contrast to the currently protected plant varieties or germplasm and increasing restrictions on their use, the induced mutants have been freely available for plant breeding. Many mutants have made transnational impact on increasing yield and quality of several seed-propagated crops. Induced mutations will continue to have an increasing role in creating crop varieties with traits such as modified oil, protein and starch quality, enhanced uptake of specific metals, deeper rooting system, and resistance to drought, diseases and salinity as a major component of the environmentally sustainable agriculture. Future research on induced mutations would also be important in the functional genomics of many food crops. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Cropping System, Seed Bed Management and Fertility Interactions on Biomass of Crops Grown on a Vertisol in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia

In the Ethiopian highlands, where integrated crop and livestock production takes place, the inadequate supply, in both quantity and quality, of feeds during the year is a major constraint. Native pastures and crop residues are the major feed sources, but their quality is often poor. Integration of forage legumes in the cropping system is one alternative to improve the fodder quality. Results of field work conducted over two seasons in order to assess and evaluate the potential yields of crops, crop/forage combinations and rotation systems on a Vertisol under two seed bed preparation systems showed that intercropping wheat with clover or sequential cropping of an oat/vetch mixture followed by chickpea provided high-quality fodder; the effect was greater under fertilized conditions. In addition, where monocropping treatment was tested, legume–cereal rotation resulted in higher grain and fodder yield when compared to cereal–cereal rotation. The study also showed that two short-duration crops could be produced in sequence per year. It is therefore suggested that the Vertisols in the Ethiopian highlands could provide a good opportunity for longer period cropping using improved food and forage crops, thereby improving the availability and quality of animal feed and protecting the land against erosion.     

White lupine as a beneficial crop in Southern Europe. II. Nitrogen recovery in a legume–oat rotation and a continuous oat–oat

One experiment lasting for two years was carried out at Pegões (central Portugal) to estimate the impact of mature white lupine residue (Lupinus albus L.) on yield of fodder oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Sta. Eulalia) as the next crop in rotation, comparing with the continuous cultivation of cereal, under two tillage practices (conventional tillage and no-till) and fertilized with five mineral nitrogen (N) rates, with three replicates. Oat as a first crop in the rotation provided more N to the agro-ecosystem (63 kg N ha⁻¹) than did lupine (30–59 kg N ha⁻¹). This was at a cost of 100 kg of mineral N ha⁻¹, whereas lupine was grown without addition of N. A positive response of oat as a second crop was obtained per kg of lupine-N added to the system when compared with the continuous oat–oat. The cereal also responded positively to mineral N in the legume amended soil in contrast with the oat–oat sequence where no response was observed, partly due to the fast mineralization rate of lupine residue and a greater soil N immobilization in the continuous oat system. Each kg N ha⁻¹ added to the soil through the application of 73 kg DM ha⁻¹ mature lupine residue (above- and belowground material) increased by 72 kg DM ha⁻¹ the oat biomass produced as the second crop in rotation when 150 kg mineral N ha⁻¹ were split in the season, independent of tillage practice. Mature legume residue conserved in the no-tilled soil depressed the yield of succeeding cereal but less than the continuous oat–oat for both tillage practices, where the application of mineral N did not improve the crop response.