夏玉米日蒸发蒸腾量计算方法的试验研究

根据实测资料，对波文比计算的蒸发蒸腾量和蒸渗仪实测的蒸发蒸腾量日变化进行比较及分析。结果表明，波文比所测蒸发蒸腾量与太阳净辐射的相关性比较好，薰渗仪所测值与太阳净辐射的相关性不明显。蒸发蒸腾量的日变化曲线呈单峰型，早晚小，中午大，夜间为负值。蒸渗仪受自身因素影响，变化比较敏感。两种方法计算平均值比较接近。波文比的计算值比蒸渗仪的测量值更能精确地反应短时段作物的蒸发蒸腾规律。     

极端干旱区滴灌条件下葡萄茎流变化规律研究

为探究极端干旱区滴灌葡萄植株茎流变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Flow4-DL包裹式茎流计监测滴灌和沟灌条件下葡萄植株的茎流变化规律,研究了茎流速率的变化规律与气象因子的相互关系,以及日茎流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量之间的关系.研究结果表明:在晴天,葡萄植株茎流速率的日变化呈现双峰曲线;在阴天,葡萄植株茎流变化曲线呈现多峰型;通过对各环境因子与葡萄植株茎流进行偏相关分析,得到茎流与光合有效辐射、风速极显著相关,与饱和水汽压显著相关,与温度、湿度不显著相关,相关程度依次为:光合有效辐射＞风速＞饱和水汽压＞空气湿度＞空气温度;采用逐步删除法进行多元回归分析,得到茎流与光合有效辐射、风速、饱和水汽压具有较强的线性相关关系,回归方程达到极显著水平;滴灌和沟灌情况下日茎流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量呈显著线性相关关系,且沟灌的相关性高于滴灌.     

不同灌水方式下温室青椒的耗水规律

通过盆栽试验,研究了膜下滴灌、无膜滴灌和漫灌条件下温室青椒耗水规律。结果表明．不同条件下青椒生育期总耗水量、生育阶段耗水量及生育期内蒸腾蒸发比有明显差异。三种条件下生育期内日平均耗水量分别为1．78mm．2．64mm．3．09mm．总耗水量分别为162mm．240mm,281mm。无膜滴灌和漫灌条件下蒸腾量与蒸发量之比分别为1．53：1．0．92：1。通过对温室青椒耗水量与水面蒸发量进行回归分析．得出不同条件下以水面蒸发量为参数的青椒耗水模型,其中无膜滴灌情况下相关性最好．相关系数为0．834。     

呼伦湖水面蒸发量计算及变化特征分析

针对呼伦湖区小型蒸发器水面蒸发量折算系数难以确定及观测资料系统性较差的问题,选择penman公式及其简化式计算水面蒸发量,并对结果进行比较验证。两种方法的精度均较高,且简化式计算量小,不易出错。经过统计相关分析,将新巴尔虎右旗、新巴尔虎左旗、满洲里的计算蒸发量的平均值作为呼伦湖水面蒸发量。在此基础上,通过敏感性分析,确定水面蒸发的主控因子。结果表明:不同时间、地点,气象因子的敏感性不同,但相同的是,5、10月风速决定蒸发的大小,9月则为相对湿度,其他月份为最高温度和日照时数。借助累积距平值分析1960～2008年湖面蒸发量及各气象因子年均值的变化,发现1982年后湖面蒸发的降低的原因是气候条件发生了变化,即温度、日照时数、风速降低,相对湿度增加。     

植物水分运转影响因子的研究进展

影响植物水分运转的主要因子有气象因子(包括太阳辐射、大气温度、大气湿度、风速、CO2浓度等)、土壤的水分状况、气孔导度、植物叶面积、水分在植物体内的传输阻力等。大量研究表明:植物蒸腾的日变化主要是由气象因子的日变化引起的,而蒸腾的年变化主要与土壤的水分状况、叶面积动态和气候条件有关。此外,组织贮存水和导管的空穴对植物的水分运转也有一定的影响。     

喷灌农田小气候变化及其对作物生长影响的研究进展

喷灌对田间小气候和作物生长的研究综述与分析认为：喷灌水滴蒸发和冠层截留蒸发是喷灌能够调节农田小气候的主要原因，喷灌水滴蒸发量一般小于25％，冠层截留一般在1％－42％的范围内，喷灌农田冠层温度降低，湿度增大，在寒冷季节，通过喷灌可改善作物冠层的热量状况，喷灌后田间作物光合速度提高，蒸腾强度降低，最终表现为喷灌条件作物耗水量较小，产量和水分利用效率较高，作物冠层的截留水量是喷灌能够长时间调节田间小气候的主要原因之一，进一步研究冠层截留水量在冠层内的分配，存储，冠层内的水汽交换，温湿度变化，冠层内水分的消散过程，喷灌后温湿度的空间分布等，将会更加清楚的解释喷灌条件下的作物耗水量和水分利用效率。     

科尔沁沙地青贮玉米蒸散量的估算与分析

为准确估算科尔沁沙地青贮玉米实际蒸散量的变化规律,选用ASCE Penman-Monteith(ASCE-PM)模型计算参考作物蒸散发(ET0);利用双作物系数模型模拟土壤含水率与对应实测值进行统计分析,根据均方根误差、一致性指数、平均绝对误差和Nash-Sutcliffe效率指数4个指标以及回归系数和决定性系数对双作物系数模型进行率定和验证,然后模拟青贮玉米的作物系数,与ASCE-PM模型结合后模拟青贮玉米的蒸散发、棵间土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾规律,并分析其影响因素。结果表明:双作物系数模型准确地模拟土壤含水率和棵间土壤蒸发的变化过程,率定各阶段基础作物系数为0.25、0.9和0.5。棵间土壤蒸发先由播种时峰值下降到较低水平,于收割前有所回升;蒸腾速率除刚出苗和收割前呈单峰变化外大部分时段呈双峰变化,日内变化规律大体为中午高,早晚低,自出苗之日起生长中期后半段处于较高水平,之后逐渐减弱。青贮玉米蒸散量与太阳辐射线性关系最为显著(R=0.643),与气温、空气湿度和风速的相关性依次次之。ASCE-PM模型空气动力项5 d尺度贡献率为27.94%~77.66%,且随风速同增减。综上所述,ASCE-PM模型结合双作物系数可较好估算科尔沁沙地青贮玉米的实际蒸散量,以及棵间土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾量。     

高寒草甸植被耗水量及生物量积累与气象因子的关系

分析高寒草甸植被生育期耗水量及植被生物量积累与气象因子的关系,结果表明植被生育期耗水量呈单峰型变化过程,7月耗水量最大。初期营养生长阶段的5月耗水量、植被生物量均较低,水分影响着植物的初期营养生长但不甚显著;植物旺盛生长的6～7月,耗水量高,而生物量波动明显,温度和水分均影响到生物量的提高,且水分是影响植被生长的关键因素;植物生长末期的8～9月,耗水量及植被阶段累积生物量均较低,水分条件充足,并非是植物生长的限制因素。海北高寒草甸地区植被年地上净初级生产量、地下净初级生产量、净初级生产量与植被耗水量关系不明显。而与相应的温度具有较显著的正相关关系。表明高寒草甸地区植被净初级生产量受温度条件限制的影响比水分条件更为明显。     

南疆水面蒸发量研究

南疆位于新疆南部,降水稀少、蒸发强烈,水面蒸发是河川径流水量损失的主要组成部分。农业是经济的主要支柱和优势产业,而南疆的农业是灌溉农业,渠系众多,水面蒸发量损失较大,合理地预测水面蒸发量是有效利用水资源和促进农业发展的基础。利用南疆近30年来的气象资料,分析了南疆的月平均气温、湿度、水汽压等与月水面蒸发量的关系,结果表明气温和月水面蒸发量相关性均较好,可建立用气温资料预测水面蒸发量的模型。通过随机选取的测站月气温资料对模型进行了验证,计算结果表明模型误差小,模型有实用价值。     

水热耦合下的水汽蒸发动力学

应用培养箱试验方法,研究了4种温度5种湿度下黄绵土的水汽蒸发状况。结果表明:温度和湿度升高,水汽蒸发量均随之增高。在水汽蒸发时,温度与湿度存在正的交互效应。水汽蒸发量(W)与土壤初始含水量(θ)、温度(T)、时间(t)的关系为:W=11.028-0.491θ-0.078T 0.042θT (-0.668 0.204θ-0.797T 0.023θT)lnt     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.