氮肥用量对苏中冬小麦地上部主要矿质元素含量的影响

为了明确施氮量对苏中地区冬小麦主要矿质元素含量的影响,以扬麦11和扬麦13为材料,在江苏丹阳设置3个氮素水平(0、150、300kg.hm-2),研究不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒、茎鞘和叶片中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Ca、Mg和P等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高冬小麦籽粒、茎鞘、叶片、面粉和麸皮中的Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu和Ca含量,但P含量明显下降。与对照(N0)相比,施氮量达300kg.hm-2时,扬麦11籽粒中的Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu和Ca含量分别增加了11.74%、32.20%、31.78%、66.87%和53.75%,P含量降低23.06%,茎鞘中Zn、Cu和Ca含量增加106.34%、136.97%和51.15%,P含量降低46.46%;扬麦13籽粒中Zn、Cu和Ca含量分别比对照(N0)增加33.03%、59.67%和56.63%,Mg和P含量分别降低14.10%和25.41%,叶片中Mn、Cu、Ca和Mg分别增加174.54%、27.15%、41.66%和29.95%。随着氮肥用量增加,籽粒中Mg含量呈下降趋势,但茎鞘和叶片中Mg含量呈递增趋势。籽粒、茎鞘和叶片中不同矿质元素含量对氮肥的响应存在品种间差异。在本试验条件下,适量施氮可以提高冬小麦籽粒中微量元素的含量。但是,氮肥用量过高可能降低籽粒中P和Mg的含量,不利于籽粒矿质营养品质的提高。     

粳稻“龙锦1号/香软米1578” F3家系群糙米矿质元素含量变异及相关性分析

 利用粳稻品种间杂交组合“龙锦1号/香软米1578”的196份F3家系,对糙米中Fe、Se、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na和P等10种矿质元素含量的变异及其相关性进行了分析。 10种矿质元素在F3家系间均有较大的变异,其中Na含量变异最大,Zn含量变异最小,变异系数分别为77.69％和12.04％。各矿质元素含量的变异系数大小顺序为Na>Se>Cu>Fe>Mg>Mn>Ca>P>K>Zn。不同矿质元素含量也有较大的差异,F3家系群各矿质元素含量平均值高低排序为P>K>Mg>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Na>Cu>Se。糙米中10种矿质元素含量在F3家系群中均表现为正态分布,为由多基因控制的数量性状。Zn与Fe、Cu,Mn与Mg、Ca、K、P,Ca与Mg、K、Na、P,Mg与K、P,P与K、Na含量呈显著或极显著正相关,而Fe与Se、Mn与Na、Mg与Na含量呈显著或极显著负相关。Mn、Ca、Mg、K、P含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系较Fe、Se、Cu、Zn含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系更为密切。     

小麦籽粒灌浆期铁、锌、锰、铜积累动态的研究

为了解小麦籽粒灌浆期Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu四种微量矿质营养元素的积累规律,以黄淮麦区的小麦品种长5864、郑麦366、济麦20、新麦18为试验材料,选取同一天抽穗及开花的植株进行标记,于花后10～35 d每5 d取各品种籽粒用原子吸收分光光度计法测定了籽粒中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量,分析其含量和积累量的动态变化.结果表明,四种矿质元素在小麦籽粒中的含量和积累量均表现为Fe＞Zn＞Mn＞Cu.随籽粒灌浆的进行,各元素的含量呈下降趋势.籽粒Fe、Zn含量在花后10～30 d下降,其中花后10～20 d下降迅速,花后20～30 d下降平缓,花后30～35 d含量有所增加;籽粒Mn含量在花后10～35 d持续下降,其中花后10～25 d下降迅速,花后25～35 d下降缓慢;籽粒Cu含量在花后10～20 d下降迅速,花后20～30 d稳中略升,花后30～35 d含量下降.灌浆期籽粒各元素的积累量呈递增趋势,其日积累量在灌浆初期较高.籽粒Fe日积累量最高值出现在花后30～35 d,Zn、Mn、Cu日积累量最高值出现在花后10～15 d.在供试的四个品种中,长5864和郑麦366籽粒Fe、Cu的积累量较高,新麦18籽粒Mn、Zn的积累量较高.     

不同锌效率基因型水稻籽粒中矿质元素的原位微区分布研究

 采用同步辐射（SRXRF）结合ICP MS研究了足Zn条件下不同锌效率水稻籽粒中Zn及其他矿质元素的微区分布特征。结果表明SRXRF技术可高效分析水稻籽粒锌等矿质元素的微区分布特征。水稻籽粒中K和Ca元素的分布特征与其余4种元素相关不显著,而Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn元素的含量分布相互间则显著相关;水稻籽粒中K含量最高,移动性也最强,精米中K含量可达颖壳的52.6%~90.6%,而Ca在颖壳中含量最高。其余矿质元素含量最高值均出现在糊粉层;Zn、Fe等元素主要集中在水稻籽粒的胚及糊粉层等外层功能组织,在胚乳中由外向里呈递减趋势。此外,锌高效基因型IR8192在水稻籽粒各部位的Zn含量均低于锌低效基因型二九丰。可见,与锌低效品种相比,锌高效品种仅在低Zn水平下表现出更高的锌吸能力及利用效率,在足Zn条件下并无籽粒富锌特征。     

云南稻核心种质矿质元素含量及其变种类型

用等离子体原子发射光谱法测定了在云南省新平县同时繁殖的653份云南稻种核心种质糙米中的P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn共8种矿质元素的含量,比较了云南稻种核心种质8种矿质元素含量与变种分类性状间的差异。结果表明高产多抗育种、多样性降低与矿质元素含量的变化密切相关;高产和多抗水稻品种的K、Ca、Mg、Mn含量明显增加,P、Fe、Zn、Cu含量则明显降低,这与水稻矿质营养的遗传和生理机制密切相关。云南稻种核心矿质元素含量存在地带性分布, P、Fe、Zn、Cu含量高低可能与多样性中心有一定联系。核心种质矿质元素高低及其多样性与籼粳关系不大,但在水陆、粘糯、光壳与否、米色、米味、软米与否之间差异明显。这些结果间接支持了“亚洲栽培稻种—籼粳亚种—生态群—生态变种群—品种类型”五级分类系统的生态变种群。     

锌、硒种肥配施对裸燕麦产量及矿质元素含量的影响

为了明确锌、硒种肥配施对裸燕麦产量及矿质元素含量的影响,以裸燕麦品种燕科1号为材料,田间试验设置锌肥、硒肥、锌肥和硒肥配施及对照4个处理,分析了燕麦籽粒产量及其构成因素、籽粒中矿质元素Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Se的含量以及Zn、Se的累积量。结果表明,与对照相比,种施锌肥、硒肥以及锌肥和硒肥配施可以显著提高燕麦生物学产量。锌肥和硒肥配施时,燕麦籽粒比对照增产2.8%,但不同处理间差异不显著。随着生育进程的推进,不同处理Zn、Se累积量均呈现逐渐增加的变化趋势。与对照相比,单独施用锌肥、锌硒肥配施可以显著提高燕麦全株Zn的积累量,分别提高了30.2%和37.1%;单独施用硒肥、锌硒肥配施可以显著提高全株Se的积累量,分别提高了95.3%和110.6%。不同施肥处理均可提高成熟期籽粒中Zn、Se含量,锌肥、硒肥、锌肥和硒肥配施时籽粒中Zn含量分别比对照提高了30.5%、13.9%和31.5%,Se含量分别提高了41.7%、175.6%和239.4%。不同处理间成熟期籽粒中Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu含量的差异不显著。说明通过种施锌肥、硒肥、以及锌肥和硒配施在不影响产量的条件下可以达到提高燕麦籽粒中Zn、Se含量的目的。     

北京地区不同年代冬小麦品种籽粒微量元素含量的变化及其对水分的响应

为探讨北京地区小麦品种更替过程中籽粒微量元素含量的演变规律,选用20世纪60年代以来小麦品种更替过程中的7个主要推广品种,分别种植在春不浇水和春浇二水条件下,测定了小麦籽粒中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、蛋白质含量以及籽粒产量.结果表明,北京地区小麦品种更替过程中,随着产量的提高,籽粒微量元素含量并没有出现明显的稀释效应,而且有些营养成分含量(如Fe、Mn)随着年代更替出现明显提高的趋势;春不浇水降低了籽粒Fe、Zn、Cu和蛋白质含量,但提高了籽粒Mn含量.相关分析表明,小麦籽粒Fe、Zn、Cu含量与蛋白质含量呈正相关,Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、蛋白质含量与籽粒产量、穗粒数和千粒重以及年代之间也呈正相关,说明在产量改良的过程中有望同步提高籽粒微量元素和蛋白质含量.     

澳洲坚果不同种质果皮内含物含量的研究

对28份澳洲坚果种质果皮的粗蛋白、可溶性总糖、单宁以及8种矿质元素(P、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn)等内含物的含量进行了测定与研究。结果表明:澳洲坚果果皮内含物含量在不同种质之间变化较大,变异系数在15.75%~48.33%之间,变异幅度以可溶性总糖含量最大、Ca含量最小;除Fe、Cu元素外,其它6种矿质元素之间存在显著的正相关或负相关关系;聚类分析将28份种质分成4个具不同内含物含量特点的类群。     

三种不同颜色稻米的营养品质分析

对17个黑米品种、16个红米品种和30个白米品种进行了8种矿质元素、多酚以及直链淀粉含量的测定,结果发现,大量元素磷(P)的含量在有色稻米中的含量明显高于白米,其中在黑米中的含量最高;微量元素铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)的含量在有色大米中也明显高于白米。元素间的积累具有一定相关性,如钙(Ca)与钾(K),镁(Mg)与P,Fe与Mg、Ca、Cu、P,Mg与Mn、Ca,Mn与P都具有一定的相关性。有色米的多酚含量显著高于白米,且在红米中的含量最高。供试材料的直链淀粉含量都处于中低等水平,且白米和红米品种的平均直链淀粉含量均显著高于黑米。直链淀粉含量与多酚含量的相关性不显著。     

花后叶面喷施氮肥和锌肥对小麦粒重及营养品质的影响

为了解小麦花后叶面喷施氮、锌肥对粒重及营养品质的改善作用及品种间的响应差异,以黄淮麦区20个小麦品种为材料,分析了花后喷施氮肥或锌肥后小麦粒重、植酸含量、Fe、Zn、Mg元素含量及其生物有效性的变化.结果表明,花后喷锌、氮均可增加小麦千粒重和籽粒蛋白质含量,其中喷氮对籽粒蛋白质含量的提高效果大于锌肥.喷锌可使小麦籽粒植酸含量下降,其中品种955159降幅达27.95％;而喷氮对籽粒植酸含量影响较小.喷锌显著提高籽粒中Zn含量,平均增幅54.38％;喷氮则可以显著提高籽粒中Fe和Zn含量,平均增幅分别为36.88％和11.25％,但降低了籽粒中Mg含量.喷锌可提高籽粒Zn的生物有效性,而喷氮可提高籽粒Fe的生物有效性.说明在小麦生育后期合理喷施氮肥和锌肥可以同时提高粒重及矿质元素含量和有效性,从而改善籽粒营养品质.     

椰子果皮中营养元素的测定及其种间差异分析

采用原子吸收光谱法对不同品种椰子果皮中8种营养元素进行测定,并分析不同品种间果皮中营养元素含量的差异。对果皮中大量元素的测定结果表明,所选4个品种椰子果皮中K含量最高,Ca含量最低;果皮中Ca含量品种间差异不显著,而K、Na、Mg含量品种间有明显的差异,且有的品种间差异达显著水平。对果皮中微量元素的测定结果表明,4种椰子果皮中Fe含量最高,Mn含量最低;果皮中Mn、Cu、Zn含量品种间有明显的差异,且有的品种间差异达显著水平,而Fe含量品种间差异不显著。本地高种椰子果皮中Mn、Cu、Zn含量均显著低于其他3种椰子。     

Phytate and mineral elements concentration in a collection of Italian durum wheat cultivars

Mineral deficiencies are prevalent in human populations and the improvement of the mineral content in cereal products represents a possible strategy to increase the human mineral intake. Nevertheless, most of the inorganic phosphorus (P_i) present in mature cereal seeds (40–80%) is stored as phytate, an anti-nutritional factor that forms complexes with minerals such as Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe reducing their bioavailability. The present study was undertaken: (i) to determine the variation in phytate and mineral concentrations in the whole grains of 84 Italian durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars representative of old and modern germplasm; (ii) to estimate the magnitude of genotype × environment interaction effects; and (iii) to examine the interrelationships among mineral concentrations in durum wheat with the final aim to identify superior durum wheat cultivars that possess low phytate content and high concentration of mineral elements in their whole-wheat flour. The cultivars were grown in field trials during 2004–2005 at Foggia, Italy and during 2005–2006 at Foggia and Fiorenzuola d’Arda—Southern and Northern Italy. The phytate content was estimated indirectly by using a microtitre plate assay evaluating the P_i absorbance at 820 nm, while the Cu, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, Mg, Na and Zn mineral contents were determined by ICP/OES. The contents of Zn and Fe across years and locations ranged from 28.5 to 46.3 mg/kg for Zn with an average of 37.4 mg/kg and from 33.6 to 65.6 mg/kg for Fe with an average of 49.6 mg/kg. P_i grain content was between 0.46 and 0.76 mg/g showing a positive correlation with all minerals except Cu and Zn. Although breeding activity for Fe and Zn would be difficult because G × E interaction is prevalent, multi-location evaluation of germplasm collection help to identify superior genotypes to achieve this objective. The results here reported open the possibility of designing a specific breeding program for improving the nutritional value of durum wheat through the identification of parental lines with low-P_i and high minerals concentration in whole grains.     

果蔗矿质养分含量及品质指标差异稳定性分析

果蔗含有丰富的糖分、纤维分、水分、矿质元素、氨基酸等,这些成分指标受环境条件与品种因素的影响.本文分析了我国主栽的2个果蔗品种的矿质养分含量及品质指标在不同蔗区之间的差异.于果蔗成熟期,分别在广东、广西、云南、海南4个甘蔗主产区,选取在我国具有代表性的2个果蔗品种('Badila'和'粤糖54-474')为材料,对其主...     

Genetic Diversity for Seed Mineral Composition in the Wild Legume <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teramnus labialis</Emphasis>

Teramnus labialis (L.) Spreng. is a wild, tropical legume whose seeds are collected and used as a food source by tribal populations. In order to assess the potential of this legume to provide dietary minerals for humans, fourteen diverse accessions were grown under controlled, nutrient-replete conditions and seeds were harvested for mineral analysis. The germplasm originated from Indonesia, Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were found to fall within the range of published values for several cultivated grain legumes, while calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were higher in T. labialis seeds. Mineral concentrations across the diverse accessions showed ranges of 1.3- to 2.3-fold for the macronutrient minerals (Ca, Mg, P, K) and 1.8- to 15.9-fold for the micronutrient minerals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Na). The existing genetic diversity in this wild legume, especially for the essential minerals Ca and Mg, could be exploited to develop T. labialis as a new cultivated legume for tropical regions of the world.     

Environmental and genotypic influences on trace element and mineral concentrations in whole meal flour of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum)

Trace elements (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) and minerals (Ca, Mg, P and K) concentrations were determined in whole meal flour of five einkorn accessions and one bread wheat cultivar, cropped in four different locations for two years. The major factors influencing mineral levels were year and genotype, as well as their interaction. Einkorn varieties exhibited higher Zn (7.18 ± 0.76 mg/100 g DM), Fe (5.23 ± 0.47), Mn (4.65 ± 0.23), Cu (0.90 ± 0.08), Mg (151.2 ± 9.00) and P (541.1 ± 35.37) concentration than bread wheat. Mg concentration correlated positively with that of other bivalent cations (Zn and Ca). The relevant amount of trace elements consistently found in einkorn further confirms the potential of this cereal in human nutrition, either by direct consumption or by introgression of superior alleles into enhanced polyploid wheat cultivars.     

Accumulation of mineral elements in tuber periderm of potato cultivars differing in susceptibility to common scab

Summary Concentrations of Ca, P, K, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were determined in healthy tuber peelings of cultivars less (Karin, Santé and Symfonia) and more (Agria, Désirée and Tomensa) susceptible to common scab when grown at two sites that differed in the level of scab incidence. The accumulation of some elements was significantly influenced by site, year, cultivar, maturity and the age of tuber periderm. At both sites, Ca and P in periderm tissue declined but Mg increased during the growing season. The Ca/P ratios in tuber periderm of all cultivars greatly decreased 83 days after planting. Concentrations of mineral elements measured at harvest may not reflect conditions present during the infection period, and consequently may not be related to scab incidence or severity.     

Distribution of phytic acid and mineral elements in three indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Three indica rice cultivars with different grain shapes were selected to determine the milling characteristics and distribution of phytic acid (PA) and six mineral elements including magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se). Milling characteristics were quite different among the rice cultivars with different physical dimensions. Similar milling times did not necessarily result in the same degree of milling (DOM) for different rice cultivars. The concentrations of phytic acid and minerals decreased with an increased DOM. These results also showed that phytic acid and minerals except for Zn and Se were not evenly distributed and highly concentrated in the outer layer (0% < DOM < 15%) of the rice kernel. In contrast, Zn and Se seem to be relatively evenly distributed in the grain. Optimum DOM of about 14% was detected for Zhenong 7 (long and slender grain); 10% was found for Zhenong 60 (medium-grain) and 9% for Zhenong 34 (short and round grain). The information generated in this experiment could be useful to optimize milling procedures for maximum removal of phytic acid, minimum mineral losses and weight loss in indica rice cultivars with different grain shapes.     

Copper and other minerals in herbage species and varieties on copper-deficient soils

The mineral composition of Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus and six non-leguminous broadleaved herbs was determined at two sites on copper-deficient soils with and without soil-applied copper sulphate at 2 kg Cu ha^-1. D. glomerata was richer than Lolium perenne in P, Mn and Cu, and T. repens was richer than either grass species in Ca, P, Mg and Cu. D. glomerata cultivars differed in Ca, P, Na and Mg concentrations, and L. perenne cultivars in Ca concentration. Lotus corniculatus contained less Ca, P, Na and Mn but more Zn than T. repens. Achillea millefolium was rich in K, Cichorium intybus in K, Mg and Zn, Petroselinum crispum in Na and Zn, Rumex acetosa in K, P, Mg and Zn and Taraxacum officinale in Na, Mg and Zn. Rumex was low in Na and Plantago lanceolata in Na and Mn. None of these herbs was richer than T. repens in Cu. Copper sulphate application raised the Cu concentration of the herbage only slightly, species or varieties differing little in their response to applied Cu. It is concluded that adjustment of botanical composition, with or without copper sulphate application, will not help to prevent hypocupraemia in grazing stock.     

不同木薯种质资源主要矿物质元素差异性分析

为了解不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量,优选含量丰富的品种,为木薯的综合利用提供数据支撑,本文采用马弗炉法、原子吸收和原子荧光法分别对113份木薯种质资源灰分与矿物质元素含量进行测定,结果表明：矿物质元素Cr、Cu、Se含量均低于1 mg/kg（干重）,Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Zn含量分别为66.39~1609.81 mg/kg、4.35~ 38.93 mg/kg、1954.56~8762.78 mg/kg、149.04~1143.73 mg/kg、4.48~37.40 mg/kg、36.80~530.40 mg/kg、6.35~24.83 mg/kg。利用概率分级法将113份木薯种质资源灰分及矿物质元素含量分为5级,即极高、高、中、低和极低,并推荐极高品系作为基础亲本材料。在相关性分析中,灰分与Fe、Mg、Na、Zn含量具有较为显著的相关性,Ca含量与K、Mn含量呈极显著正相关,Ca含量与Mg、Na含量呈极显著负相关,Fe含量与Mg、Na、Zn含量成极显著正相关,K含量与Mn含量呈极显著正相关,与Na含量呈极显著负相关,Mg含量与Na、Zn含量呈极显著正相关,Zn含量与Mn、Na含量呈极显著正相关。Zn与各矿物质元素的吸收有较强的相互促进作用,Fe含量与Mg、Na含量有较强的相互促进作用,Ca含量与K、Mn的吸收有较强的促进作用,而Ca、K、Mn与Fe、Mg、Na的吸收可能存在一定的拮抗作用。结合主成分分析、聚类分析对不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量进行综合评价,得到特征值大于1的主成分2个,累计方差贡献率达61.707%。聚类分析可将113个木薯种质资源分为3类,根据矿物质元素含量差异可将不同木薯品种分为Na、Mg、Zn、Fe含量较高和Mn、Ca、K、Zn含量较高两大类,主成分综合评价中‘274'‘50'‘571'‘521'‘417'等木薯种质资源得分较高。