信州落叶松人工林生长模型及其系统收获表的研究

系统收获表能预测现实林分在各种经营体系下的生长过程和收获量。本文根据信州落叶松人工林固定标准地观测数据，从林分和单木两个水平分析和建立了生长模型，在此基础上编制了信州落叶松人工林系统收获表，提出系统收获表的一般编制方法。本研究的特点是以现实林分为研究对象，建立全林分生长模型和林分径阶生长模型，将前者的总生长量通过后者分配给各直径阶和树高阶，以保证林分水平的预测结果和单木水平的生长是相容的。     

同令纯林林分收获表的编制方法

一、前言同令纯林收获表的编制方法,国内研究的並不少。编制了较多的收获表,特别在我国从1952年到现在,对国有林用新的方法,编制了柳杉、扁柏、赤松、落叶松等四个树种的四十余种收获表。关于收获表的适应地区、资料收集方法、编制方法在我国也渐渐定型。     

系统收获表研究的概念和功能(英文)

传统收获表是指某一树种在特定地区和管理体系下，以立地条件和年龄为变量描述林分平均生长过程的数表．林分密度管理图是根据林分密度效果编制的可预测林分平均收获的图．通过与传统收获表和林分密度管理图的概观比较和探讨，该文系统地阐述了系统收获表的概念和功能．系统收获表的基本特点是为预测现实林分在不同立地条件和管理体系下生长过程的计算机程序．因此，系统收获表能描述在多维变量（如年龄、立地条件、林分密度、胸径和树高）条件下的现实林分和单木的无数生长过程     

长白落叶松林分材种收获预测

长白落叶松林分材种收获预测高雅贤，仲秋维，黄金凤（黑龙江省林科所）（东北林业大学）（黑龙江省林科院）林分收获预测是确定人工林经营模式的重要依据。对林分收获预测的研究多采用建立收获模型或编制收获表的方法。但所建立的收获模型或编制的收获表所提供的信息均为...     

森林资源动态预测方法的研究Ⅱ．编制可变密度收获表的收获预估模型

本文在多型地位指数曲线基础上确定各地位指数级林木长到胸高位置的年龄，以Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ生长方程扩展式为基础推导出密度指数、地位指数与断面积的数学模型，并由此提出系统、完整的编制人工林可变密度收获表的收获预估模型。以福建省杉木人工林为例，证明这些模型的拟合结果相关指数大，回归剩余残差小，对各种不同树种可变密度收获表的编制具有指导意义。     

蕉城区马尾松人工林经验收获表的编制及应用研究

选择理查德方程描述平均胸径和平均高的生长过程,采用平均胸径和平均高二个因子控制各龄阶的株数,并用逐步回归技术建立林分蓄积量预估模型,在此基础上,结合有关方程和公式编制了蕉城区马尾松人工林经验收获表,该表经检验证明适用。最后,给出了应用经验收获表进行生长收获预估的实例。     

卫闽林场杉木人工林经验收获表的研制

采用理查德方程建立杉木人工林平均胸径、平均树高、单位面积蓄积量和株数的生长模型,结合有关公式编制了杉木人工林经验收获表,该表经检验证明适用,可用于林分生长收获预估和小班资源数据更新。     

思茅松人工林生长过程分析

本文对思茅松人工林生长过程进行了初步分析,建立了其林分各主要调查因子生长模型,在此基础上编制了思茅松人工林生长过程表,同时还探讨了其数量成熟龄和收获级问题。     

林木资产评估中亟需完善编制的林业数表研讨——以安徽省休宁县为例

以休宁县最重要的用材树种---杉木为例,从该县林木资产评估中对林业数表的应用情况入手,对杉木出材率、杉木林分收获表和地位级表发生偏差时对林木资产评估价带来的影响以及因林业数表不全而采用替代方法的缺点进行了分析,提出了完善休宁县杉木出材率表、杉木林分收获表及地位级表编制的建议。     

太行山区油松人工林收获表的编制

本表是在地位指数表和林分密度控制图的基础上，利用地位指数曲线和林分密度控制图中的等树高线，等直径线数学模型进行编制的。其理论上是可行的，编制方法简便、实用。由于上两表（图）都是经过严格检验，且精度较高，因此编出的收获表的精度也能满足要求。     

Comparing an individual tree growth model for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus halepensis</Emphasis> Mill. in the Spanish region of Murcia with yield tables gained from the same area

To support forest management decisions on converting stands from even-aged to uneven-aged management, tree models are needed that can simulate both options. Therefore, an individual tree model for Pinus halepensis Mill. is compared with the respective yield table. The individual tree model is built from data of two Spanish forest inventories in this province and evaluated with published yield tables, which have been built from permanent observational plots. The individual tree model consists of a basal area increment model and a height increment model, both based on two measurements of about 4,000 trees from single species stands of Aleppo pine. The R2 values of 0.362 and 0.107 for the basal area increment model and the height increment model, respectively, are within the range of other published models of this type. Comparing the model with the yield tables for different site indices, we find that our model matches the yield table well. Only in higher ages where the database for the yield table was poor, our model indicates higher basal area growth rates than the yield table.     

Integrating pine honeydew honey production into forest management optimization

Pine honeydew honey is an economically important non-wood forest product from eastern Mediterranean Pinus brutia forests, which are also important for timber production. Pine honey is produced by bees that feed on the honeydew secretions of Marchalina hellenica, a scale insect that infests pine stands and feeds on pine sap. The aim of this study was to optimize the joint production of pine honeydew honey and timber by maximizing the soil expectation value of pine stands. The simulation of P. brutia stand dynamics and timber production in healthy and infested stands is based on individual-tree growth and yield models that account for the effect of M. hellenica on tree- and stand-level growth and mortality. The optimization procedure uses a direct search method based on nonlinear programming. The results suggest that pine stands growing on good sites should be managed using rather short rotations and mainly aiming at timber production. In contrast, forest management in medium- and poor-quality sites should aim at longer rotations by taking advantage of the joint production of pine honey and timber assortments. Honey-oriented forest management can be much more profitable than timber production in stands growing on medium and poor sites. Pine honey represents an opportunity to increase the value and economic profitability of P. brutia forests.     

基于系统收获表和地理信息系统的森林预测图──空间检索和预测(英文)

基于系统收获表和地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ），该文提出能为森林资源管理提供实用有效森林空间信息的一种方法．该方法能结合系统收获表的生长预测功能和地理信息系统的空间信息处理功能，检索、表示和绘制将来的森林预测图，并且明确了森林预测图的制作过程．该研究成果有助于扩大系统收获表的作用，使系统收获表成为森林资源管理的实用工具     

Forest management conditioning ground ant community structure and composition in temperate conifer forests in the Pyrenees Mountains

The search for indicators to monitor management impact on biodiversity is a crucial question because management practices promote changes in community structure and composition of different animal groups. This study explores the effect of widely conducted management practices (forest logging and livestock) in Pinus uncinata forests in the Pyrenees range (NE Spain) on the structure and composition of ground ant communities compared to those of old-growth stands. Forest structure clearly differed in stands with different forest managements. These stands managed for different uses also showed marked differences in structure and composition of ground ant communities. There was a great dominance of a single species, Formica lugubris, which accounted for 99% of ants collected in pitfall traps. Rarefaction curves indicated that species richness was highest in old-growth stands and lowest in even-aged ones, with woodland pasture stands showing an intermediate value. Classification methods allowed us to identify two groups of species: six species related to old-growth plots and three species (including F. lugubris) associated to managed stands. Habitat structure played an important role in determining the structure of ant communities: forests with high tree density but low basal area were the most favourable forest type for F. lugubris, while the abundance of the remaining ant species was negatively affected by the abundance of F. lugubris and by tree cover.     

Growth and yield models for uneven-sized forest stands in Finland

Uneven-sized forestry is gradually gaining popularity and acceptability also in the Nordic countries. This is because of the willingness of the public and some forest owners to avoid clear-fellings and pursue more near-nature forest structures. It has also been realized that the profitability of uneven-sized forestry may be competitive with even-aged forestry. In Finland, management of uneven-sized stands is hampered by the lack of information about the dynamics of such stands, and about the yield and profitability of uneven-sized forestry. This study developed models which allow managers to simulate the growth and yield of uneven-sized stands in Finland, making it possible to predict the yield and analyze the sustainability of different management options. The model set consists of individual-tree diameter increment, height and survival models, and a model for ingrowth. The modeling data consisted of two long-term field experiments of uneven-sized forest management, a set of temporary sample plots measured earlier for growth modeling purposes, and the sample plots of the third National Forest Inventory of Finland. The application area of the models covers all growing sites, all main tree species, and the whole surface area of Finland. According to the models, the sustainable harvest of a fertile (Oxalis-Myrtillus site) uneven-sized Norway spruce forest varies between 5.5 and 7 m³ ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in Central Finland, depending on the length of the cutting cycle, stand density, and shape of the diameter distribution. It is profitable to harvest large diameter classes more heavily than small ones. Due to the large amount of data the models for diameter increment are highly significant and reliably show the growth level of trees in uneven-sized stands. The weakest models are the ingrowth models, which are based on a clearly smaller data set than the other models.     

ROTATION

The computer model ROTATION was developed to calculate and compare optimal rotation ages for even-aged forest stands according to mean annual increment, money yield table, forest rent, land expectation value, present net worth, internal rate of return, and financial maturity criteria. The program was written in Microsoft QuickBasic and h e input variables consist of volume yield data, stumpage price, land cost, stand establishment cost, stand management cost, and the rate of interest. Results are displayed in tabular format and values indicating the optimal rotation age based on each of the seven criteria are presented. A representative example is included which incorporates normal yield data for ponderosa pine (Pinus oonderosa Doual. ex Laws.) and commercial timber management revenues and expenditures approximating those currently countered in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascades, USA. Potential users of ROTATION include forest managers and natural resource educators.     

How to quantify forest management intensity in Central European forests

Existing approaches for the assessment of forest management intensity lack a widely accepted, purely quantitative measure for ranking a set of forest stands along a gradient of management intensity. We have developed a silvicultural management intensity indicator (SMI) which combines three main characteristics of a given stand: tree species, stand age and aboveground, living and dead wooden biomass. Data on these three factors are used as input to represent the risk of stand loss, which is a function of tree species and stand age, and stand density, which is a function of the silvicultural regime, stand age and tree species. Consequently, the indicator consists of a risk component (SMI_r) and a density component (SMI_d). We used SMI to rank traditional management of the main Central European tree species: Norway spruce (Picea abies [Karst.] L.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and oak (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea L.). By analysing SMI over their whole rotation period, we found the following ranking of management intensity: oak<beech<pine?spruce. Additionally, we quantified the SMI of actual research plots of the German Biodiversity exploratories, which represent unmanaged and managed forest stands including conifer forests cultivated outside their natural range. SMI not only successfully separate managed from unmanaged forests, but also reflected the variability of forest management and stand properties across the entire sample and within the different management groups. We suggest using SMI to quantify silvicultual management intensity of stands differing in species composition, age, silvicultural system (even-aged vs. uneven-aged), thinning grade and stages of stand conversion from one stand type into another. Using SMI may facilitate the assessment of the impact of forest management intensity on biodiversity in temperate forests.     

Timber management with variable retention in Nothofagus pumilio forests of Southern Patagonia

Forestry practices integrating ecological and social criteria have been replacing those based only on economic values. Traditional silviculture, such as shelterwood cuts (SC), transforms uneven-aged original stands to an even-aged managed forest. Recently, other methods have proposed to conserve some of the original heterogeneity of the old-growth forests. One proposal leaves 30% of the timber quality forest area as aggregated retention and 20% basal area as dispersed retention. The aim of this study was to analyze the feasibility of timber management with aggregated and dispersed retention in Nothofagus pumilio old-growth forests by analyzing timber and harvesting yield potential compared with traditional regeneration systems. Also, remnant tree stability of aggregated retention was analyzed.     

Epiphytic lichen diversity in late-successional Pinus sylvestris forests along local and regional forest utilization gradients in eastern boreal Fennoscandia

Pinus sylvestris-dominated forests have been heavily utilized across all of boreal Fennoscandia and the remaining natural forests are generally highly fragmented. However, there are considerable local and regional differences in the intensity and duration of past forest utilization. We studied the impact of human forest use on the diversity of epiphytic and epixylic lichens in late-successional Pinus sylvestris-dominated forests by assessing species richness and composition along both local and regional gradients in forest utilization. The effects of local logging intensity were analysed by comparing three types of stands: (i) near-natural, (ii) selectively logged (in the early 20th century) and (iii) managed stands. The effects of regional differences in duration and intensity of past forest use were analysed by comparing stands in two contrasting regions (Häme and Kuhmo–Viena). The species richness of selectively logged stands was as high as that of near-natural stands and significantly higher in these two stand categories than in managed stands. Species richness increased with the density of small understorey Picea, which correlated strongly with decreasing intensity of local forest use and increasing structural complexity of selectively logged and near-natural stands. Stands in the Häme region hosted a lower number of species, and were less likely to host many old-growth indicator species than the Kuhmo–Viena region, suggesting that species have been lost from stands in the Häme region due to a longer history of intensive forest use. We conclude that selectively logged stands, along with near-natural stands, are valuable lichen habitats particularly for species confined to old-growth structures such as coarse trees and deadwood. In landscapes where natural forests have become fragmented, the management or restoration of the remaining late-successional Pinus-dominated forests, e.g. through the use of fire, should be carefully planned to avoid adverse effects on lichen species richness.