论农林复合生态工程建设问题

环境与发展是当今国际社会的重大课题,环境与发展的协调统一,核心是维护陆地生态平衡。文章通过对农林复合生态系统的分析,提出了农林复合生态工程建设是国家环境建设的重要组成部分,必须以生态经济理论为指导,以系统工程原理为依据,进行系统诊断,全面规划;加强控制指标体系等基础性研究;修改和补充有关技术政策。把农林复合生态工程建设,尽快纳入科学化、法制化的轨道。     

城郊农林复合生态系统建设与管理

本文通过对城郊农林复合生态系统含义、原理、管理技术等方面的论述 ,提出建设农、林、牧、副协调发展 ,集高新技术、现代农林业技术、管理技术于一体的多功能城郊农林复合生态系统 ,成为城市森林生态工程的重要组成部分     

豫东黄河故道农林复合生态模式经济效益分析

以商丘市梁园区为例,对豫东黄河故道的农林复合生态模式进行了调查研究。结果表明在黄河故道发展农林复合生态系统可以为当地创造一定的经济与生态效益。根据研究地区的自然与社会环境条件,可以发展以下几种农林复合生态模式:①林农复合生态模式,在幼龄林中种植小麦、油菜等喜光作物;②林药复合生态模式,树龄达到4年以后在林下种植耐阴的药用植物;③林牧复合生态模式,林冠完全郁闭之后在林下养鸡等。     

林农复合经营的研究动态

林农复合经营是指同一土地经营单位上,以生态经济学原理,运用现代化生物和生态工程方法和技术,把林、农、牧、副、渔等多种产业结合起来,实行多物种共栖,多层次配置,多时序组会,物质多级循环利用高效生产体系。随着世界人口的增加,农林争地矛盾日趋突出。尤其是在发展中国家,森林资源急剧减少,滥垦、滥伐、乱牧的现象十分严重,导致土壤侵蚀,水源枯竭气候失调,环境恶化,阻碍了农牧业生产的进一步发展。推行林农复合经营,对于缓解生态危机,促进农林稳步、协调发展,有着十分重要的作用。     

湘南丘陵区防护林体系建设配套技术研究与示范综合报告(一)——背景、方法与趋势

研究了“湘南丘陵防护林体系建设配套技术研究与示范”的目的意义 ,论述了以县为单元的防护林体系中林种、树种、林分结构优化以及防蚀保土型农林复合经营研究的重要性和必要性 ;强调了示范在提高县级防护林体系建设中技术显示度的积极作用。在分析研究资源、环境、社会特点和防护林建设现状的基础上 ,制定了试验与示范 ,定量与定性相结合的技术路线 ;根据技术路线 ,布设试验示范林 ,并编制了项目分解与研究流程图。依据国内外文献和检索资料 ,从防护林的效益、林种结构、林分类型及作用、农林复合经营及其水土保持作用等方面概述了研究的动态和趋势。为防蚀保土型农林复合经营的研究及防护林配套技术研究方案的制定提供了依据     

农林复合治沙模式初探

针对沙漠治理模式的多样化和治理目标的多元化课题,在研究水分流动、分布规律的基础上,提出了农林复合治沙模式是干旱、半干旱地区生态工程建设中非常优化的模式,并根据不同的地类给出相应的治理模式。     

榆林沙区植被建设及生态工程优化模式研究

通过对榆林沙区植被恢复建设调查和大量文献资料的查阅,分析了近50年来榆林沙区植被建设所取得的成就以及适合该区发展的模式,即生态工程发展模式和农林复合经营模式;指出了植被建设过程中存在的主要问题,即土地利用类型复杂,沙漠化土地严重和资源分布不均,林业发展不平衡等;提出了相应的解决方法和主要应对措施,即积极引进和推广抗旱优良林草新品种,搞好抗旱节水造林新材料、新技术的示范推广。     

湘南丘陵区防护林体系建设配套技术研究与示范综合报告（一）：——背景、方法

研究了“湘南丘陵防护林体系建设配套技术研究与示范”的目的意义,论述了以县为单元的林体系中林种、树种、林分结构优化以及防蚀保土型农林复合经营研究的重要性和必要性;强调了示范在提高县级防护林体系建设中技术显示度的积极作用。在分析研究资源、环境、社会特点和防护林建设现状的基础上,制定了试验与示范,定量与定性相结合的技术路线;根据技术路线,布设试验示范林,并编制了基础上分解与研究流程图,依据国内外文献和检索资料,从防护林的效益、林种结构、林分类型及作用、农林复合经营及其水土保持作用等方面概述了研究的动态和趋势,为防蚀保土型农林复合经营的研究及防护林配套技术研究方案制定提供了依据。     

关于德州地区农林复合经营问题

本文探讨了农林复合经营的意义,分析了德州平原农区林业发展的历史和现状,认为在以生产粮、棉为主的平原农区发展林业,实行农林复合经营是必然趋势;目前已经营造起来的综合防护林体系,是典型的农林复合经营形式。笔者还认为农林复合经营将是地少人多的平原农区农林生产发展的主要方向。     

农林复合系统研究概述

文章从农林复合系统的结构选择、对生态环境的影响和系统内部作物与环境相互作用三个方面对农林复合系统研究现状进行分析,并指出要在把握农林系统整体性的基础上,采用多种方式开展复合结构模式研究,重点开展农林复合系统种间相互作用机理的研究。     

广东海岸带复合农林业综合配套技术研究

介绍亚热带沿海地区广东海岸带复合农林业概况及高效发展的综合配套技术 ,阐明复合农林业在沿海地区生态林业工程建设和经济建设中的地位和作用     

农林业系统工程与农桐间作的结构模式

国名{造林树种}一’造林方式及生长量}备注日·…::‘“馨双__…一煲忿童筹;嘿哼6万株’当‘产量…力口重物髻翼子矗羹羹、‘材二….按树.….2。竺鬓:;:,收获后萌.芽更‘,年均生长‘…生一 …·…·短轮伐期:伐期l。·,株行足巨3·3。,预计·… 卜、…、卿咖,树高‘sm,年均生长歇。一30ms/ha。{ }}超短轮伐期:伐期l一3年,株行距。.3xo.gm,}用于造纸工业,也适用于 加拿大}白杨{{ }…干物质年均生长量为15t/hao{能源。 {{中短轮伐期’伐翔5一6年,“固氮植物混植,} {{收获后萌芽更新。}一…鬓:羹攫、!方翼二熏轰氨“;!Zt/ha。开展栽植密度、育…     

建筑工程测量一体化课程教学改革探讨

指出了技工院校一体化课程体系建设重点是合理设置专业课程,逐步推进专业课程探索改革,有效地实现学校课程教学与企业工作实践的深度融合。以广州市公用事业技师学院建筑工程测量课程为例,通过组织专家委员会研讨以及行业企业调研,提取典型工作任务、编写一体化教材、完善一体化教学设施、加强一体化师资建设、不断地深化和推广一体化的内涵建设,摸索并提出了符合自身学校特点的教改方法与模式,以供参考。     

Global and European policies to foster agricultural sustainability: agroforestry

Agroforestry is a sustainable land management system recognized worldwide but not implemented in a extensive form in temperate and developed countries. Agroforestry has been promoted in the last decades at global level as it provides more efficient and sustainable farming systems. This review aims at summarizing the main research findings explaining why agroforestry is a sustainable land management that fulfils and is affected by different Global, Pan-European and European policies as well as how innovation is currently fostered in Europe, therefore linking research, policy and innovation. This review specially targets researchers and policy makers working in integrated land systems. There is a global and European recognition of the role that agroforestry can play to provide products but also to deliver highly important ecosystem services. However, the promotion of agroforestry practices at European level is still not well addressed by the Common Agricultural Policy. The clear identification of agroforestry practices, the link of management plans to establish agroforestry pursuing a final eligible tree density for the Pillar I payments should be addressed as initial steps to foster agroforestry in Europe. There is a lack of knowledge transfer that promotes agroforestry at field level, which should be approached by using stakeholder integration within the policy development as it is currently done by the EIP-Agri.

     

Root architecture of provenances, seedlings and cuttings of Melia volkensii: implications for crop yield in dryland agroforestry

Agroforestry, as one of integrated approaches to biodiversity conservation, has received attention. But the methods to evaluate this contribution are rare. The present study focuses on the method development for quantification of effects of agroforestry on biodiversity conservation. It includes identifying the functional groups of agroforestry components, defined as a set of species with similar impacts on a system process, and quantifying the distinctness of these groups, as related to wise use of resources and increasing well-being of local people. Combining with functional group-based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis, the present work gives a useful way for an integrated evaluation-planning of agroforestry management relative to biodiversity conservation. It also provides a means to improve our knowledge on the potential roles of agroforestry in biodiversity conservation of nature reserves. The analyses, using the distinctness index of functional groups, demonstrated the impacts of various land-use systems on biodiversity conservation. The analyses, using AHP, ranked the priorities of various agroforestry and plantations on the protection of nature forests, aiming at the long-term solution for the resource support. The present study suggests that agroforestry development for biodiversity conservation should take into account the impacts of functional groups in strategic planning.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

混农林业:一条发展林业的有效途径

本文将生态系统工程原理作为现代混农林业的理论基础,提出了规划设计现代混农林业生产体系的基本步骤和方法。作者分析了现代林业和传统林业的本质区别,认为把农、林和土地利用有机结合起来,因地制宜,建立生产力高、综合效益大、稳定持续的混农林业生产体系,是发展现代林业的一条有效途径。     

Coffee Agroforestry Systems for Conservation and Economic Development

Abstract

The agroforestry program of the AMISCONDE Initiative was implemented in 13 buffer zone communities of La Amistad Biosphere Reserve. This program introduced citrus (Citrus spp.) and promoted the widespread inclusion of poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) shade trees, ground story vegetation, and soil conservation techniques to the local cultivation of coffee (Coffea arabica var caturra). This program sought long-term socioeconomic and ecological health in these buffer zone communities through conservation and development projects such as coffee agroforestry systems. This paper examines the ecological and socioeconomic benefits of two introduced coffee agroforestry systems: coffee-poró and coffee-citrus. The project has decreased agrochemical inputs, integrated multi-strata vegetation, and implemented soil conservation techniques such as vetiver grass, cover crops, terraces, water channeling, and shade trees in an effort to sustainably manage coffee production on the steep buffer zone slopes. The agroforestry project of the AMISCONDE Initiative has likely improved the production of coffee ecologically and economically. However, new specialty markets should be explored to increase economic and ecological gains. Organic and fair trade coffee niche markets are suggested as alternatives for meeting the long-term AMISCONDE objectives of community development and conservation.     

现代遗传育种技术在农林复合系统中的应用

分子标记、辐射育种、基因工程等现代育种技术及其发展将对农林复合系统发挥重要作用.文中分析农林复合系统种间关系中存在的诸如林木品种选育周期长,冠幅影响林下作物光合效应,与林下作物争夺资源导致林下生物量减少等问题,从遗传育种对农林复合系统中林木的作用,生物技术限制林木高生长和冠幅长势,选育优质高产林下作物等方面阐述遗传育种...     

林农复合经营经济效益评价研究现状与展望

文中梳理和概述了当前国内外林农复合经营经济效益评价的研究内容、评价指标和评价方法,认为现阶段对林农复合经营经济效益评价的研究存在以下问题:定量分析的理论研究较少,评价内容不够全面;评价结果不够精确,且缺乏广泛适用性;缺乏区域的最优化模式研究;缺乏对林农复合经营长期系统的跟踪研究等。在此基础上对林农复合经营的经济效益评价进行了展望:林农复合经营的经济效益评价应建立在可持续发展的基础之上,充分考虑经济、社会和生态因素,实现系统全面的评估;大力开发计算机模型等;加强多学科之间深层次、实质性的合作与交流。     

Evolution of agroforestry based farming systems: a study of Dhanusha District, Nepal

This paper examines how agroforestry-based farming systems evolved in the Dhanusha district of Nepal following the conversion of forest into agriculture during the early 1950s. Some data are from two focus group discussions with agroforestry farmers and one meeting with agroforestry experts. The farmers?? discussion traced the development of farming practices from 1950 to 2010 to identify the drivers of land use change. The experts?? discussion resulted in a scale to differentiate the prevailing farming systems in the study area considering five key components of agroforestry: agricultural crops, livestock, forest tree crops, fruit tree crops and vegetable crops. Data related to the system components were collected from the randomly selected households. The study reveals that land use had generally changed from very simple agriculture to agroforestry, triggered by infrastructure development, technological innovations, institutional support (subsidies and buy-back guarantees) and extension programs. A range of farming systems with varying degrees of integration was evident in the study area: simple agriculture; less integrated agroforestry; semi-integrated agroforestry and highly integrated agroforestry. The three types of agroforestry systems, which are the focus of this study, varied significantly in terms of farm size, cropping intensity, use of farm inputs, tree species diversity, tree density, home to forest distance and agricultural labour force.