潮棕壤不同利用方式下植物线虫垂直分布研究(英文)

2003 年11 月,在中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤经过不同利用方式后对水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和林地开展了植物线虫垂直分布(0–15 cm 各土层)特征研究。研究结果表明:不同土地利用方式下的某些优势属线虫随着土壤深度增加而呈下降趋势。螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)线虫是4 种土地利用方式中最优势的属。水田丝尾属(Filenchus)、平滑属(Psilenchus)和垫刃属(Tylenchus)线虫主要分布在上层(0–20 cm),而撂荒地、林地中的针属(Paratylenchus)线虫及玉米地中的短体属(Pratylenchus)线虫能够分布在更深的土层(0–80 cm)。本研究揭示,植物线虫优势属数量与土壤化学特性指标存在显著相关关系。不同利用方式螺旋属线虫数量与土壤C/N 比、全碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及Olsen-P含量呈显著正相关;水田丝尾属和平滑属线虫、玉米地短体属线虫、撂荒地针属线虫与土壤pH 程显著负相关,与土壤全碳、全氮及碱解氮呈显著正相关。为了更正确地评价植物线虫种群数量,有必要根据植物线虫优势属的垂直分布特征来确定取样深度。图1 表1 参21。     

雅安和平小流域不同土地利用类型土壤养分的分布特征

为了探索不同土地利用类型土壤养分的分布特征,本试验对枇杷林地、蔬菜地和荒草地3种土地类型土壤养分进行了研究。结果表明:(1)0~10 cm和10 cm~20 cm土层土壤有机质含量分别表现为:荒草地枇杷林地菜地,枇杷林地菜地荒草地,3种土地利用方式间的土壤有机质差异不大。(2)0~10 cm土层,土壤全氮、碱解氮含量菜地荒地林地,全磷、有效磷含量荒草地菜地枇杷林地,土壤全钾含量菜地枇杷林地荒草地,速效钾含量菜地荒草地枇杷林地。(3)10 cm~20 cm土层,土壤全氮含量菜地枇杷林地荒草地,而碱解氮、土壤全磷、有效磷含量均为枇杷林地菜地荒草地;土壤全钾含量菜地枇杷林地荒草地,速效钾含量荒草地菜地林地。土地利用类型对土壤养分的分布具有显著影响。     

渭北黄土高原东部尧山林场主要人工林土壤肥力综合评价

为给陕西渭北黄土高原建设和管理提供依据,以尧山林场油松林、侧柏林、刺槐林等3种主要人工纯林为对象,利用常规测试方法和主成分分析法对林地土壤肥力进行了测定分析和综合评价。结果表明3种林分土壤有机质含量均随土层深度增加而逐渐下降,腐殖质层pH值显著高于其他土层;刺槐林碱解N含量随土层的增加而逐渐下降,腐殖质层有效P含量显著高于其他土层;油松林有机质含量显著高于侧柏和刺槐林;刺槐林土壤pH值和碱解N含量显著高于油松和侧柏林,速效K含量显著低于油松和侧柏林;土壤有效P含量油松林>侧柏>刺槐林;3种林分土壤综合肥力差异较大,肥力综合分值油松林(1.01)>侧柏林(-0.34)>刺槐林(-0.99);油松林有机质含量高、刺槐林碱解N含量高;油松和侧柏林地土壤碱解N亏缺,刺槐林地速效K缺乏。     

落叶松人工林、皆伐迹地及农田土壤碳及肥力的差异

采集东北地区落叶松人工林、皆伐迹地和农田不同深度土壤进行分析,以便确定森林皆伐、农田化过程中土壤碳及肥力变化及其垂直剖面差异。结果表明:1)4个地点林地0~20 cm土层有机碳储量平均为93.0 t·hm-2,显著高于农田57%和皆伐地24%,而深层(20~80 cm)农田土壤有碳储量均值大多高于林地和皆伐迹地(P<0.05),但是后二者差异大多不显著;无机碳较有机碳低3个数量级,且与有机碳变化趋势相反,但对土壤碳收支影响较小。2)农田0~20 cm土壤全氮和碱解氮储量分别较林地低52%和65%(P<0.05),较皆伐迹地低30%和86%(P<0.05),但深层呈农田高于林地与皆伐迹地的趋势;农田0~20 cm土壤全钾储量高于林地39%(P<0.05),深层差异呈变小趋势;不同土层及不同处理方式之间土壤全磷储量均未产生显著变化。3)农田0~20 cm土壤密度显著高于林地(27%)(P<0.05)和皆伐迹地(15%)(P<0.05),但是深层差异不显著;不同土层林地、皆伐迹地和农田土壤pH值和电导率差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。综合来看,不同处理对土壤的影响表层大于深层且差异明显,多数指标在农田、林地、皆伐迹地间变化趋势表层与深层不同甚至相反。     

土地利用方式变化对湘中丘陵区土壤碳氮含量的影响

对湘中丘陵区水田、旱地、农田、撂荒地和林地5种土地利用方式下土壤碳氮含量垂直分布特征进行比较分析。结果表明:5种土地利用方式下,土壤有机碳含量的空间垂直分布基本随着土层深度的增加而降低,水田的土壤全氮、有机碳平均含量、土壤容重均值均高于旱地土壤,水田土壤全氮含量、有机碳含量、土壤容重分别为2.03%、3.89 g/kg、1.20 g/cm~3;农田土壤的有机碳、全氮含量、碳氮比均高于撂荒地土壤的;水田转化为林地后,土壤全氮含量和有机碳含量分别比水田土壤低212.00%和80.80%,而土壤容重比水田的高7.69%,但林地土壤的容重高于农田;农田撂荒后,土壤的全氮含量变化规律呈现随土层深度增加而减少的趋势,最高值出现在0~5 cm土层,为0.314%,最低值出现在30~35 cm土层,为0.052%。     

海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林采伐经营初期土壤碳氮储量

测定了海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林不同择伐强度经营试验初期土壤 C、N含量及其储量 ,结果表明 :原始热带山地雨林土壤 C、N背景值分别为 10 8.91t· hm-2 、9.58t· hm-2 ,表层 50 cm土壤 C储量占深 10 0 cm土层 C储量的 77.6 % ,相应的 N储量占 73.8% ;30 %、50 %择伐强度经营 5个月后林地土壤 C储量分别比原始林降低 4 .5%和 5.3% ,但 30 %强度经营林地土壤 C/N接近未采伐的原始林。结果可作为对热带山地雨林选取持续经营模式的动态参考指标     

不同经营方式对杉木林采伐迹地土壤C储量的影响

多年定位观测的数据对比分析结果表明:湖南会同22年生杉木林采伐前,林地土壤(0～60 cm)层中的C储量为160.38 t·hm-2,100%皆伐后一年林地土壤(0～60 cm)层中的C储量损失率为35.00%,二年后损失率为44.65%,三年后损失率为43.93%;与对照林林地土壤相比,50%间伐和100%皆伐后三年,林地土壤(0～60 cm)层中的C储量损失率分别为16.14%和45.15%;4种不同经营方式的采伐迹地土壤(0～60 cm)层中的C储量有明显的差异,大小次序为:已郁闭杉木林林地(108.20 t·hm-2)＞农用后撂荒地(92.68 t·hm-2)＞经济林栽培地(85.80 t·hm-2)＞自然更新采伐迹地(80.29 t·hm-2).未烧地土壤(0～45 cm)层中C储量为73.36 t·hm-2,比火烧地高出了15.20 t·hm-2,火烧后40天内林地土壤(0～45 cm)层中C储量的损失率为20.7%;杉木林地土壤表层(0～15 cm)的C含量明显高于其它层次,其C储量占土壤(0～60 cm)层C储量的30.04%,土壤(0～30 cm)层中的C储量占53.52%.     

城市不同功能分区草坪绿地土壤有机碳与碱解氮垂直分布特征

为了解城市草坪绿地土壤有机碳与碱解氮垂直分布特征,以长春市为例,选取不同功能分区(公园、道路、居住区、校园)草坪土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤pH值、有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)的垂直分布特征及相关性。结果表明:草坪绿地类型与土壤剖面对土壤pH值、有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)含量影响显著(P<0.05)。其中,不同功能区0～30 cm土壤pH值为:校园绿地>道路绿地>居住区绿地>公园绿地;不同功能区0～30 cm土壤SOC含量为:公园绿地>居住区绿地>校园绿地>道路绿地;不同功能区0～30 cm土壤AN含量为:公园绿地>居住区绿地>校区绿地>道路绿地。相关性分析表明:土壤SOC与AN呈正相关,而绿地土壤的pH值与SOC含量呈负相关。由此结论我们可以通过增加土壤中碱解氮含量,调节土壤pH值,来使土壤得到优化,增加固碳能力,减弱温室效应,改善生态环境。     

杉木林采伐迹地连栽和撂荒对林地土壤养分与酶活性的影响

研究湖南会同连栽第2代杉木人工纯林和撂荒对第1代杉木人工林采伐迹地土壤养分与酶活性的影响.结果表明:0～30 cm和30～60 cm土层中,撂荒地土壤有机质、养分含量普遍高于连栽杉木人工林地,且腐殖质碳、有效磷含量的差异均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),全磷含量在0～30 cm土层中的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05).0～30 cm土层中,撂荒地过氧化氢酶活性极显著高于连栽杉木人工林地(P＜0.01),磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著高于连栽杉木人工林地(P＜0.05),30～60 cm土层中,撂荒地过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性也显著高于杉木人工林地(P＜0.05),磷酸酶和脲酶活性也高于连栽杉木人工林地,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).林地土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机质、养分含量之间均呈较好的正相关,而且与水解氮、速效磷、腐殖质碳的相关性高于其与有机质的相关性.主成分分析表明,土壤酶活性在林地土壤质量体系中扮演着重要角色,其中脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶可作为林地土壤质量评价的指标.撂荒具有更好地恢复土壤养分含量和酶活性的能力,对维持杉木人工林地持续生产力有着重要作用.     

东莞市国营大岭山林场典型桉树过熟林土壤有机碳与养分特征

研究以广东东莞市国营大岭山林场23年生桉树过熟人工林为研究对象,探究该典型桉树人工林土壤C、N、P、K含量与储量及其化学计量特征。该桉树人工林土壤整体呈强酸性(pH:4.13±0.02)。土壤有机碳与全氮含量呈明显的表聚现象,0-20 cm土壤有机碳与全氮含量分别为:12.85±1.21 g·kg^-1和0.98±0.08 g·kg^-1。速效养分碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾含量均随土层的增加而下降。土壤化学计量特征除C:N(12.83±0.29)达到全国陆地土壤C:N的平均值水平外,C:P、N:P均未达到全国的相应平均水平。0-100 cm土层C与各养分储量大小表现为:C>K>N>P,其值分别为143.28 t·hm^-2、85.81 t·hm^-2、10.90t·hm^-2和3.54 t·hm^-2,其中0～40 cm土壤碳储量占整体的57.6%。土壤C、N储量均随土壤深度的增加而下降,0～40 cm N储量占土壤整个剖面储量的55.3%。研究表明了桉...     

Vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in an aquic brown soil under different land uses

The vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in the depth of 0–150 cm of an aquic brown soil were studied under 14 years of four land use patterns, i.e., paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland in Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in November of 2003. The results showed that different land uses had different profile distributions of soil total nitrogen (STN), alkali N, ammonium (NH₄ ⁺-N) and nitrate (NO₃ ⁻-N). The sequence of STN storage was woodland>maize field>fallow field>paddy field, while that of NO₃ ⁻-N content was maize field>paddy field>woodland>fallow field, suggesting the different root biomass and biological N cycling under various land uses. The STN storage in the depth of 0–100 cm of woodland averaged to 11.41 t·hm⁻¹, being 1.65 and 1.25 times as much as that in paddy and maize fields, respectively, while there was no significant difference between maize and fallow fields. The comparatively higher amount NO₃ ⁻-N in maize and paddy fields may be due to nitrogen fertilization and anthropogenic disturbance. Soil alkali N was significantly related with STN, and the correlation could be expressed by a linear regression model under each land use (R ²≥0.929,p<0.001). Such a correlation was slightly closer in nature (woodland and fallow field) than in agro ecosystems (paddy and maize fields). Heavy N fertilization induced an excess of crop need, and led to a comparatively higher amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N in cultivated fields than in fallow field and woodland. It is suggested that agroforestry practices have the potential to make a significant contribution to both crop production and environment protection. Foundation item: The project was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-413-9) and Fund of Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, CAS (STZ0204) Biography: ZHANG Yu-ge, (1968-), female, Ph.D. candidate, associate research fellow in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

不同利用方式对紫色土理化性质的影响

以三峡库区紫色土为对象,研究了稻田、果园、菜田和人工林地等4种不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质及土壤总团聚体和水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明,稻田土壤的土壤容重最低、孔隙度最大、田间持水量最大;而林地土壤的孔隙性和持水性最差。>0.25mm总团聚体以菜田最高,稻田最低;>0.25mm水稳性团聚体数量表现为:菜田>林地=稻田>果园(P<0.05);稻田土壤pH值、有机质和全氮含量最高,明显高于果园、菜田和人工林地,稻田土壤碱解氮含量明显高于果园和人工林地(P<0.05),土壤全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量以果园最高,林地最低。     

Water balance and maize yield following improved sesbania fallow in eastern Zambia

Sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] fallows are being promoted as a means for replenishing soil fertility in N-depleted soils of small-scale, resource-poor farmers in southern Africa. Knowledge of soil water distribution in the soil profile and water balance under proposed systems is important for knowing the long-term implications of the systems at plot, field and watershed levels. Soil water balance was quantified for maize (Zea mays L.) following 2-year sesbania fallow and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer during 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 at Chipata in eastern Zambia. Sesbania fallow increased grain yield and dry matter production of subsequent maize per unit amount of water used. Average maize grain yields following sesbania fallow, and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer were 3, 6 and 1 Mg ha⁻¹ with corresponding water use efficiencies of 4.3, 8.8 and 1.7 kg mm⁻¹ ha⁻¹, respectively. Sesbania fallow increased the soil-water storage in the soil profile and drainage below the maximum crop root zone compared with the conventionally tilled non-fertilized maize. However, sesbania fallow did not significantly affect the seasonal crop water use, mainly because rainfall during both the years of the study was above the normal seasonal water requirements of maize (400 to 600 mm). Besides improving grain yields of maize in rotation, sesbania fallows have the potential to recharge the subsoil water through increased subsurface drainage and increase nitrate leaching below the crop root zone in excess rainfall seasons. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

肯尼亚西部印度田菁改良休耕地对玉米生产力和黄独脚金寄生杂草(Sesbania sesban)侵扰的作用

在撒哈拉以南的非洲地区,黄独脚金寄生杂草（Strigahermonthica）侵扰是限制小农产自给性农业生产的主要因素之一。土壤肥力低加之总体环境退化是寄生杂草侵扰产生的重要原因。引入改良的耕作制度来解决寄生杂草侵扰和土壤肥力下降的问题势在必行。本文对肯尼亚西部双峰高原地区内,用豆科植物--印度田菁改良的休耕地对玉米产量和农田寄生杂草侵扰的作用进行了研究。实验处理分阶段进行,处理包括田菁改良6和18个月的休耕地、未经耕作自然植物再生6和18个月的休耕地、连续种植玉米未施肥的耕地和连续种植玉米同时施加氮和磷肥的耕地。结果表明,与未施肥玉米地相比,田菁改良休耕地明显（p〈0.5）增加玉米产量.除草管理降低了第一季度（428000&#177;63000株&#183;hm-2）、第二季度（51000&#177;1500株&#183;hm-2）玉米地寄生杂草植株种群。实验周期内,除草管理降低玉米地土壤中寄生杂草种子种群数。短期田菁改良休耕地对玉米产量的促进作用明显好于未施肥的玉米地,但是短期杂草休耕地对玉米产量无显著影响。种植玉米和除草控制寄生杂草效果要好于休耕。     

Effect of six years of nitrogen additions on soil chemistry in a subtropical Pleioblastus amarus forest,Southwest China

Soil chemistry influences plant health and carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Increasing nitrogen(N) deposition has potential effect on soil chemistry. We studied N deposition effects on soil chemistry in subtropical Pleioblastus amarus bamboo forest ecosystems. An experiment with four N treatment levels(0, 50, 150,and300 kg N ha~(-1)a~(-1),applied monthly, expressed as CK,LN,MN, HN,respectively) in three replicates. After6 years of N additions, soil base cations, acid-forming cations, exchangeable acidity(EA), organic carbon fractions and nitrogen components were measured in all four seasons. The mean soil pH values in CK,LN,MN and HN were 4.71, 4.62, 4.71, and 4.40, respectively, with a significant difference between CK and HN. Nitrogen additions significantly increased soil exchangeable Al3+,EA, and Al/Ca,and exchangeable Al3+ in HN increased by 70%compared to CK. Soil base cations(Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), K+, and Na+) did not respond to N additions. Nitrogen treatments significantly increased soil NO3--N but had little effect on soil total nitrogen, particulate organic nitrogen, or NH4~+-N. Nitrogen additions did not affect soil total organic carbon, extractable dissolved organic carbon,incorporated organic carbon, or particulate organic carbon.This study suggests that increasing N deposition could increase soil NO3--N, reduce soil pH, and increase mobilization of Al~(3+). These changes induced by N deposition can impede root grow and function, further may influence soil carbon storage and nutrient cycles in the future.     

A theoretical study for North Vietnam of alternative agroforestry systems to pure cassava

Cassava is recognized in the region as the second most important crop after paddy rice. In Vinh Phu province of Vietnam, it is usually grown on highly erodible slopes of the small hills surrounding paddy fields. Cassava crop land is generally in annual use until the yield is less than 3–4 t fresh tubers/ha. This constant cropping system rapidly depletes the soil as fertilizers are infrequently used and crop residues are usually removed from the fields. Erosion is a major problem as the soil is exposed through hand cultivation and regular weeding during a cropping season which coincides with the wet season. Sustainable and productive cropping systems are needed.In order to take a first step towards sustainability, this paper presents several possible agroforestry systems in which cassava could be intercropped with a number of nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs. Several theoretical combinations have been examined assuming a critical lower production limit of 3–4 t fresh tubers/ha. Those with sustained high potential yields are recommended for future field experimentation.     

Modelling of planted legume fallows in Western Kenya. (II) Productivity and sustainability of simulated management strategies

Improved fallow is a technology that can help to raise agricultural productivity in systems of poor soil fertility and low financial capital. Models, once calibrated, can be used to investigate a range of improved fallow systems relatively quickly and at relatively low cost, helping to direct experimental research towards promising areas of interest. Six fallow crop rotations were simulated using the WaNuLCAS model in a bimodal rainfall setting in Kenya over a 10 year period: (A) alternating fallow and crop seasons, (B) one season fallow followed by three seasons crop, (C) one season fallow followed by four seasons crop, (D–F) 1–3 seasons fallow periods followed by 3–5 seasons crop. The strategies were tested using a number of fallow growth rates, soil clay contents, and rainfall amounts to determine the interaction of fallow rotation and biophysical variables on maize (Zea mays (L.)) yield and sustainability (organic matter, N₂ fixation, leaching). The best simulated fallow strategies doubled maize yield compared to continuous maize over a 10 year period. Across all biophysical treatments strategy A and B of no more than three consecutive cropping seasons and of one consecutive fallow season yielded the most maize. This was because fallow benefits were largely due to the immediate fallow soil fertility benefit (IFB) rather than the cumulative benefit (CFB). The difference in yield between the two strategies was through a balance between (1) their interaction with the biophysical variables affecting accumulation of organic matter, hence increasing soil fertility and (2) the extra intrinsic soil fertility used for maize productivity by the inclusion of more cropping seasons within the rotation. We propose the following conceptual framework to manage fallows for maximum maize yield: when environmental factors are strongly limiting to fallow and crop growth then fallow strategy A would be the best strategy to employ (less risk but more labour) and when factors are less limiting then strategy B would be the best to employ.     

Crop damage by nematodes in improved-fallow fields in western Kenya

The rotation of leguminous shrubs and crops is being tested on farms and recommended as a means of improving soil fertility and increasing crop yield in eastern and southern Africa, including western Kenya. However, this improved fallow practice may also increase the nematode population in the soil. An experiment was conducted to monitor the effects of plant-parasitic nematodes on crops after improved fallow. Soil was collected from a maize (Zea mays L.)/bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) field, a natural fallow, a Crotalaria (Crotalaria grahamiana Wight & Arn.) fallow, a Tephrosia (Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f.) fallow and a Crotalaria — Tephrosia mixed fallow and used to fill plastic pots placed in a shade. Three successive crop cycles of 2 months were tested in these pots using maize and beans, the most important staple foods in western Kenya. In the first cycle, beans grew poorly on the Tephrosia and Crotalaria — Tephrosia soil due to the high incidence of root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., while maize did not suffer any loss. Although the populations of root knot nematodes reduced drastically in the second and third cycles, both maize and beans experienced heavy losses on the soil under improved fallow probably due to the spiral nematodes, Scutellonema spp., which became dominant in the nematode communities. Despite the use of fertilisers (N, P, K), both crops became highly sensitive to spiral nematodes in the third cycle because of the degradation of the soil physical properties. The study showed that the benefits of improved fallows in terms of crop production may be limited by the high number of plant-parasitic nematodes they help develop in the process.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Short fallows of Tithonia diversifolia and Crotalaria grahamiana for soil fertility improvement in western Kenya

Managed short-duration fallows may have the potential to replace longer fallows in regions where population density no longer permits slow natural fallow successions. The purpose of fallows is not only to improve subsequent crop performance but also to restore soil fertility and organic matter content for the long term. We therefore evaluated the soil organic matter and nutrient flows and fractions in a short fallow experiment managed in the western Kenya highlands, and also compared the experimental area with a 9–12-yr-oldadjacent natural bush fallow. The factorial agroforestry field experiment with four land-use and two P fertilizer treatments on a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox showed that 31-wk managed fallows with Tithonia diversifolia(Hemsley) A. Gray and Crotalaria grahamiana Wight &Arn. improved soil fertility and organic matter content above those of a natural weed fallow and continuous maize (Zea mays L.). Post-fallow maize yields were also improved, although cumulative three-season increases in yield were small (0–1.2 Mg ha⁻¹) when the yield foregone during the fallow season was accounted for. Improvements in yield and soil quality could be traced to quantity or quality of biomass recycled by the managed fallows. The non-woody recycled biomass produced by the continuous maize, weed fallow, and tithonia treatments was near 2Mg ha⁻¹, whereas crotalaria produced three times more recyclable biomass and associated N and P. Increases in topsoil N due to the fallows may have been attributable in part to deep acquisition and recycling of N by the fallows. Particulate macro-organic matter produced by the fallows contained sufficient N(30–50 kg ha⁻¹) to contribute substantially to maize production. Organic Paccumulation (29 kg ha⁻¹) similarly may play a significant role in crop nutrition upon subsequent mineralization. The effect of the P fertilizer application on soil properties and maize yield was constant for all land-use systems (i.e., no land-use system × P fertilizer interactions occurred). There was an indication that tithonia may have stimulated infestation of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth., and care must be taken to evaluate the full effects of managed fallows over several seasons. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.