潮棕壤不同利用方式下植物线虫垂直分布研究(英文)

2003 年11 月,在中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤经过不同利用方式后对水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和林地开展了植物线虫垂直分布(0–15 cm 各土层)特征研究。研究结果表明:不同土地利用方式下的某些优势属线虫随着土壤深度增加而呈下降趋势。螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)线虫是4 种土地利用方式中最优势的属。水田丝尾属(Filenchus)、平滑属(Psilenchus)和垫刃属(Tylenchus)线虫主要分布在上层(0–20 cm),而撂荒地、林地中的针属(Paratylenchus)线虫及玉米地中的短体属(Pratylenchus)线虫能够分布在更深的土层(0–80 cm)。本研究揭示,植物线虫优势属数量与土壤化学特性指标存在显著相关关系。不同利用方式螺旋属线虫数量与土壤C/N 比、全碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及Olsen-P含量呈显著正相关;水田丝尾属和平滑属线虫、玉米地短体属线虫、撂荒地针属线虫与土壤pH 程显著负相关,与土壤全碳、全氮及碱解氮呈显著正相关。为了更正确地评价植物线虫种群数量,有必要根据植物线虫优势属的垂直分布特征来确定取样深度。图1 表1 参21。     

湘中丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤碳氮含量的特征

对湘中丘陵区杉木人工林、油茶经济林、苗圃地、坡耕地、采伐迹地、弃耕地6种土地利用方式下土壤碳氮含量垂直分布特征进行比较分析.结果表明:6种土地利用方式下,土壤有机碳含量的空间垂直分布大体随着土层的深入而降低,按分异程度(变异系数)由大到小的次序为:弃耕地(80.09%)>经济林地(67.21%)>坡耕地(62.41%)>杉木人工林(58.03%)>苗圃地(35.58%)>采伐迹地(25.32%);6种土地利用方式的土壤有机碳加权平均含量(g/kg)从高到低依次为:采伐迹地(9.87)>经济林(9.78)>弃耕地(7.35)>杉木人工林(6.84)>坡耕地(5.48)>苗圃地(5.36);6种土地利用方式的土壤有机碳含量在空间分布上呈极显著差异(F=5.43,p<0.01);土壤全氮含量的空间垂直分布与有机碳相似,按分异程度(变异系数)由大到小的次序为:弃耕地(55.71%)>坡耕地(48.43%)>经济林地(46.22%)>杉木人工林(33.75%)>采伐迹地(20.56%)>苗圃地(19.65%);6种土地利用方式的土壤全氮加权平均含量(g/kg)从高到低依次为:采伐迹地(0.84)>弃耕地(0.80)>坡耕地(0.78)>经济林(0.75)>苗圃地(0.71)>杉木人工林(0.62),且6种土地利用方式的土壤全氮含量在空间水平分布上呈极显著差异(F=4.63,p<0.01);不同土地利用方式下,土壤铵态氮、硝态氮空间垂直分布没有明显的规律性,水解氮空间垂直分布表现为表层较其它土层高;6种土地利用方式的土壤铵态氮含量在空间分布上呈显著差异(F=2.30,p<0.05),硝态氮含量呈极显著差异(F=3.34,p<0.01),水解氮含量无显著性差异(F=1.21,p>0.05);土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮含量之间均存在极显著线性正相关(R2≥0.84,p<0.01).     

梅州市林地土壤氮储量及空间分布特征

基于土壤样点调查数据,估算了梅州市林地土壤全氮、氮密度和氮储量,分析了土壤全氮含量的空间分布格局。结果表明:梅州市各区(县)土壤全氮含量在0.61～1.04 g/kg之间,均值为0.78 g/kg,土壤肥力Ⅳ级,变异系数为54.81%,属中等变异程度。梅州市各区(县)土壤氮密度大小在8.75～14.92kg/m²的范围,土壤平均氮密度约为11.13 kg/m²,梅州市林地土壤总氮储量约为1 311.24万t,各区(县)林地土壤氮储量依次为丰顺县>大埔县>五华县>梅县区>兴宁市>平远县>蕉岭县>梅江区。梅州市林地土壤全氮含量总体呈现东高西低的分布格局,且随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低。     

云南河口不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分变化

选取云南河口橡胶园、油梨园和香蕉园的3种热带作物作为研究对象,通过研究其土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾等指标,分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分变化状况。结果显示:3种热带作物中橡胶园有机质、解碱氮最高,pH、有效磷最低,速效钾居中;油梨园土壤pH、有机质、解碱氮、有效磷均为中间水平,速效钾最低;香蕉园土壤pH、有效磷、速效钾含量最高,有机质最低。总体来看,香蕉园土壤养分水平相对较高,橡胶园中等,油梨园中等偏下,这些养分指标中仅有橡胶园和油梨园土壤pH、有效磷之间存在极显著差异,各土壤养分之间为一般正相关关系,差异不显著。     

不同土地利用类型土壤有机质与全氮供应研究

选取了我国西南部抚仙湖流域典型流域尖山河小流域为试验区,以不同土地利用类型的径流小区作为试验对象,对径流小区内土壤不同土层有机质和全氮含量进行了测定分析。结果表明:土壤剖面有机质及全氮含量均随着土层深度的增加而降低,即0~20cm20~40cm40~60cm,且随深度增加含量差距减小;在同种土地利用类型中,土壤全氮含量随有机质含量的增加而增加;在4种土地利用类型中,土壤有机质含量表现为次生林人工林灌草丛坡耕地,全氮含量表现为灌草丛坡耕地人工林次生林,说明在土地利用类型不同且人为干扰严重的情况下,土壤全氮含量随有机质含量变化的程度不同。     

望天树天然林土壤微生物生物量碳氮垂直分布及相关性分析

选取广西田阳县望天树Parashorea chinensis 天然林、油茶Camellia oleifera 人工林及桉树Eucalyptus robusta 人工林为研究对象,通过氯仿熏蒸浸提法对微生物生物量C、N 以及诸因素的垂直变化进行了研究。研究结果表明：3 种林分土壤微生物生物量C、N 均随着土层深度显著下降(P<0.05),其中不同林地0~10 cm 土壤微生物生物量C 差异最大,20~40 cm 土壤微生物生物量N 差异最大;0~10 cm 望天树天然林微生物生物量C 分别比油茶人工林、桉树人工林高1.41 倍、1.63 倍,20~40 cm 微生物生物量N分别比油茶人工林、桉树人工林高1.54 倍、2.87 倍。相关性分析表明,3 种林分微生物生物量C、N 均与土壤全氮、速效钾呈极显著(P<0.01) 的正相关。综上所述,目前,望天树天然林各土层土壤微生物生物量C、N 均保持在良好水平,土壤深度、土壤养分、林分组成等能对土壤微生物生物量碳氮产生显著影响。     

不同林地土壤微生物生物量垂直分布及相关性分析

对福建三明格氏栲自然保护区内的格氏栲天然林和格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的土壤微生物生物量C、N及诸因素的垂直变化进行了研究.结果表明:3种森林土壤微生物生物量C、N均随土层深度的增加明显下降,其中不同林地0~10 cm土层土壤微生物生物量的差异最大,格氏栲天然林和格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的土壤微生物生物量C分别为1.502±0.16、1.035±0.103、0.82±0.076 g/kg,生物量N为别为0.27±0.031、0.172±0.018、0.147±0.016 g/kg;该层格氏栲天然林微生物生物量C分别是格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的1.46和1.83倍,生物量N分别是格氏栲人工林、杉木人工林的1.57和1.84倍.相关分析表明:微生物生物量与土壤pH和土壤密度呈负相关,而与全N、全P、水解N和速效P含量呈正相关;与土壤有机C、轻组有机C、颗粒有机C含量及细根生物量之间呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的相关性,与土壤可溶性有机C含量的相关性未达显著水平(P>0.05).     

土地利用方式变化对湘中丘陵区土壤碳氮含量的影响

对湘中丘陵区水田、旱地、农田、撂荒地和林地5种土地利用方式下土壤碳氮含量垂直分布特征进行比较分析。结果表明:5种土地利用方式下,土壤有机碳含量的空间垂直分布基本随着土层深度的增加而降低,水田的土壤全氮、有机碳平均含量、土壤容重均值均高于旱地土壤,水田土壤全氮含量、有机碳含量、土壤容重分别为2.03%、3.89 g/kg、1.20 g/cm~3;农田土壤的有机碳、全氮含量、碳氮比均高于撂荒地土壤的;水田转化为林地后,土壤全氮含量和有机碳含量分别比水田土壤低212.00%和80.80%,而土壤容重比水田的高7.69%,但林地土壤的容重高于农田;农田撂荒后,土壤的全氮含量变化规律呈现随土层深度增加而减少的趋势,最高值出现在0~5 cm土层,为0.314%,最低值出现在30~35 cm土层,为0.052%。     

烟台市土地利用与碳储量的时空变化及预测

土地利用变化是碳储量的直接影响因素,碳储量的变化会直接影响到城市气候、社会经济以及生态系统的服务功能。因此合理的土地利用规划和管理对于维持和增加碳储量有着重要的战略意义。以烟台市为例,选取3期土地利用数据,利用GIS等软件分析土地利用变化特征,运用FLUS-InVEST耦合模型分析烟台市2035年的土地利用变化以及碳储量的分布规律。结果表明：2000—2020年间烟台市耕地、草地和其他用地持续减少,林地、水域和建设用地持续增加,碳储量持续减少,总体减少18.01×10⁶ t,耕地是碳储量减少的主要用地类型。不同的情景模拟对比下,生态保护情景下的林地、草地得到增加,耕地、建设用地、其他用地减少,其他用地的利用程度降低。生态保护情景与自然演变情景下碳储量均有所减少,分别减少了10.06×10⁶ t和11.37×10⁶ t,两种情景下的碳储量发展区别不大。     

云南松不同部位氮、磷、钾储量分配及异速生长研究

为更好进行云南松苗木培育,提升云南松苗木质量,通过对2年生云南松苗木生长性状及不同部位氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）储量进行统计以及相关性、异速生长分析,研究云南松氮、磷、钾储量。结果表明,云南松幼苗生长2年后,其地下部位氮、磷、钾分配大小依次为钾储量＞氮储量＞磷储量;氮、磷、钾在土壤中的分配比例为氮储量＞磷储量＞钾储量;地上部位氮、磷、钾储量占单株氮、磷、钾储量的比例为钾储量＞磷储量＞氮储量;磷和钾在地下部位的累积速率大于地上部位的累积速率。以期为云南松苗木培育提供理论参考,为实际生产提供一定理论依据。     

Vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in an aquic brown soil under different land uses

The vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in the depth of 0–150 cm of an aquic brown soil were studied under 14 years of four land use patterns, i.e., paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland in Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in November of 2003. The results showed that different land uses had different profile distributions of soil total nitrogen (STN), alkali N, ammonium (NH₄ ⁺-N) and nitrate (NO₃ ⁻-N). The sequence of STN storage was woodland>maize field>fallow field>paddy field, while that of NO₃ ⁻-N content was maize field>paddy field>woodland>fallow field, suggesting the different root biomass and biological N cycling under various land uses. The STN storage in the depth of 0–100 cm of woodland averaged to 11.41 t·hm⁻¹, being 1.65 and 1.25 times as much as that in paddy and maize fields, respectively, while there was no significant difference between maize and fallow fields. The comparatively higher amount NO₃ ⁻-N in maize and paddy fields may be due to nitrogen fertilization and anthropogenic disturbance. Soil alkali N was significantly related with STN, and the correlation could be expressed by a linear regression model under each land use (R ²≥0.929,p<0.001). Such a correlation was slightly closer in nature (woodland and fallow field) than in agro ecosystems (paddy and maize fields). Heavy N fertilization induced an excess of crop need, and led to a comparatively higher amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N in cultivated fields than in fallow field and woodland. It is suggested that agroforestry practices have the potential to make a significant contribution to both crop production and environment protection. Foundation item: The project was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-413-9) and Fund of Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, CAS (STZ0204) Biography: ZHANG Yu-ge, (1968-), female, Ph.D. candidate, associate research fellow in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Effect of soil air volume change on CH4 consumption in brown forest soil

The relationship between soil air volume and CH₄ consumption in brown forest soils was investigated. The CH₄ consumption was negatively affected when the soil air volume decreased in experiments carried out bothin situ and in the laboratory. A strong dependence of the CH₄ consumption on the soil air volume was found in the laboratory experiment. These results indicate the possibility that the soil air volume is the primary rate-limiting factor for the CH₄ consumption in forest soil. Thus our work suggests that the other factors by which CH₄ consumption might be affected should be examined under the same air volume condition in the soil. To obtain accurate data, we need to be careful not to change the air volume by trampling or disturbing during the measurement of the natural methane fluxin situ.     

Indices of soil nitrogen availability for an ecological site classification of British forests

An adequate supply of nitrogen (N) is essential for the successful establishment and sustainable productivity of forest stands. N deficits may necessitate the use of artificial fertilisers. Availability of N in the inorganic forms, and the relative abundance of the NO₃-N and NH₄-N components, influences the species composition of natural forest vegetation. Hence it is essential to use reliable measures of soil N supply that fully reflect its ecological significance. The new Ecological Site Classification (ESC) used in British forestry employs a multi-factorial definition of soil nutrient regime (SNR), including soil N. To develop this, a soil and vegetation study was made at 89 forest sites throughout Great Britain covering the major soil types used for forestry. “Total N” levels were compared with separate pre- and post-incubation measures of the two inorganic N components as potential indices of soil N supply. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the major discriminant chemical variables for the sampled soils were pH, calcium and NO₃-N and that these were also the main variables influencing the species composition of the ground vegetation. Total N and NH₄-N were less effective discriminant variables for these sites. In some infertile soils the levels of NH₄-N or total N may be of greater importance, as NO₃-N is usually in very limited supply. A multivariate gradient of SNR, which incorporates the NO₃-N measures, has been adopted for use within the ESC system. The position of a site on this gradient can be estimated quantitatively from soil type, ground vegetation species composition and humus type. This enables soil N supply and overall SNR to be assessed in a simple but effective way that guides the operational management of British forest soils for sustainable productivity. It will also be possible to use these techniques to monitor the nutritional status of forest sites over time.     

Effects of soil fauna on leaf litter decomposition under different land uses in eastern coast of China

Soil fauna decompose litter, whereas land use changes may significantly alter the composition and structure of soil fauna assemblages. However, little is known of the effects of land-use on the contribution of soil fauna to litter decomposition. We studied the impacts of soil fauna on the decomposition of litter from poplar trees under three different land uses (i.e. poplar-crop integrated system, poplar plantation, and cropland), from December 2013 to December 2014, in a coastal area of Northern Jiangsu Province. We collected litter samples in litterbags with three mesh sizes (5, 1 and 0. 01 mm, respectively) to quantify the contribution of various soil fauna to the decomposition of poplar leaf litter. Litter decomposition rates differed significantly by land use and were highest in the cropland, intermediate in the poplar-crop integrated system, and lowest in the poplar plantation. Soil fauna in the poplar-crop integrated system was characterized by the highest numbers of taxa and individuals, and highest Margalef’s diversity, which suggested that agro-forestry ecosystems may support a greater quantity, distribution, and biodiversity of soil fauna than can single-species agriculture or plantation forestry. The individuals and groups of soil fauna in the macro-mesh litterbags were higher than in the meso-mesh litterbags under the same land use types. The average contribution rate of meso- and micro-fauna to litter decomposition was 18.46%, which was higher than the contribution rate of macro-fauna (3.31%). The percentage of remaining litter mass was inversely related to the density of the soil fauna (P < 0.05) in poplar plantations; however, was unrelated in the poplar-crop integrated system and cropland. This may have been the result of anthropogenic interference in poplar-crop integrated systems and croplands. Our study suggested that when land-use change alters vegetation types, it can affect species composition and the structure of soil fauna assemblages, which, in turn, affects litter decomposition.     

The effect of land use type on net nitrogen mineralization on abandoned agricultural land: Silver birch stand versus grassland

The effect of land use type on the dynamics and annual rate of net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) in a naturally generated silver birch stand and in a grassland, both on abandoned agricultural land, was assessed in situ in the upper 0–20 cm soil layer using the method of buried polyethylene bags. Annual NNM rate in the birch stand (156 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) was higher than in the grassland (102 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹); in both cases NNM covered a major part of the plants annual nitrogen demand. The rate of NNM in the upper 0–10 cm soil layer in the birch stand (99 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) exceeded the respective rate of NNM in the grassland (51 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) roughly two times. In the grassland the rates of NNM in the 0–10 and 10–20 cm layers were equal; in the birch stand NNM in the 0–10 cm layer was 1.7 times higher than in deeper 10–20 cm layer. The intensity of daily NNM in the upper 0–10 cm soil layer in the birch stand was the highest in June and in the grassland in May, 776 and 528 mg kg⁻¹ N day⁻¹, respectively. In our study no significant correlation was found between NNM and the environmental factors monthly mean soil temperature, soil moisture content and pH.     

Comparison of soil nitrogen dynamics under beech,Norway spruce and Scots pine in central Germany

To investigate the effect of tree species on soil N dynamics in temperate forest ecosystems, total N (Nt), microbial N (Nmic), net N mineralization, net nitrification, and other soil chemical properties were comparatively examined in beech (64–68 years old) and Norway spruce (53–55 years old) on sites 1 and 2, and beech and Scots pine (45 years old) on site 3. The initial soil conditions of the two corresponding stands at each site were similar; soil types were dystric Planosol (site 1), stagnic Gleysols (site 2), and Podzols (site 3). In organic layers (LOf₁, Of₂, Oh), Nmic and Nmic/Nt, averaged over three sampling times (Aug., Nov., Apr.), were higher under the beech stands than under the corresponding coniferous ones. However, the Nmic in the organic layers under beech had a greater temporal variation. Incubation (10 weeks, 22 °C, samples from November) results showed that the net N mineralization rates in organic layers were relatively high with values of 8.1 to 24.8 mg N kg^–1 d^–1. Between the two corresponding stands, the differences in net N mineralization rates in most of the organic layers were very small. In contrast, initial net nitrification rates (0.2–17.1 mg N kg^–1 day^–1) were considerably lower in most of the organic layers under the conifer than under the beech. In the mineral soil (0–10 cm), Nmic values ranged from 4.1–72.7 mg kg^–1, following a clear sequence: August>November>April. Nmic values under the beech stands were significantly higher than those under the corresponding coniferous stands for samples from August and April, but not from November. The net N mineralization rates were very low in all the mineral soils studied (0.05–0.33 mg N kg^–1 day^–1), and no significant difference appeared between the two contrasting tree species.     

不同土壤水分条件下模拟氮沉降对文冠果结实的影响

文章研究了土壤不同水分条件下200、400kg/(株.a),不同氮沉降0、45和135g/(株.a)对文冠果结实(包括果实产量、种子千粒重、种仁含油率、果实纵横径及其比值等)的影响。结果表明:文冠果结实具有明显的变化特征。氮沉降在一定程度上提高了果实产量和果实横径。氮沉降对种子千粒重、种仁含油率的影响与土壤水分条件有关。低水分条件下,前者随着氮沉降的增加而增加,后者变化不明显。高水分条件下,前者变化不明显,后者则升高。2种水分条件下,果实的纵径、纵横径比均随着氮沉降的增加而降低。     

Effects of adding water on seasonal variation of soil nitrogen availability under sandy grasslands in semi-arid region

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water （80 mm） was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition （W） treatment and control （CK） treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots （4 m×4 m for each） with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net ni- trogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5μg·g^-1,month^-1 to 4 μg.g^-1.month^-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited ＂V＂ shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N （ascending trend） and nitrate-N transformation （descending trend）.     

添加水对半干旱区沙质草地土壤氮有效性季节变化的影响(英文)

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water (80 mm) was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition (W) treatment and control (CK) treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots (4 m×4 m for each) with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net nitrogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5 μg·g-1·month-1 to 4 μg·g-1·month-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited "V" shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N (ascending trend) and nitrate-N transformation (descending trend).