Rapeseed meals in broiler diets: Effect on performance and sensory evaluation of carcasses

1. The effect of including rapeseed meal (RSM) in lieu of soyabean meal in broiler diets was determined.

2. Live‐weight gains, from 8 to 63 d, were depressed when the diet contained 150 g RSM/kg and there was a highly significant negative correlation between weight gain and inclusion rate of RSM over this period.

3. The efficiency of food utilisation was worse when the diet included 150 g solvent RSM/kg than when it contained no RSM: food efficiency was consistently poorer whenever RSM was included in the diet but the difference was significant only when the diet contained 10 g tallow/kg.

4. Carcasses from birds fed on diets containing 10 g tallow/kg had a better appearance than those from birds on diets containing 30 g tallow/kg, while the flavour of meat from birds fed on a diet containing 150 g solvent RSM/kg treatment was adversely affected. However, up to 100 g solvent RSM/kg may be included in broiler diets without affecting appearance, taste, texture or acceptability of the meat.

5. Inclusion of 50 g or more, solvent RSM/kg reduced growth rate and worsened food efficiency.     

Effects of menhaden oil and flaxseed in broiler diets on sensory quality and lipid composition of poultry meat

1. Three hundred and thirty 1-d-old male broiler chicks from a commercial strain were allocated to 11 dietary treatments comprising combinations of flaxseed at 100 g/kg and menhaden oil (MO) at 7.5 or 15 g/kg. Birds were given the experimental diets 7 or 14 d prior to slaughter. Carcase omega-3 fatty acid profiles and sensory evaluations of different cooked meat portions were carried out. 2. Linolenic acid was preferentially deposited in dark meat and long chain omega-3 fatty acids in white meat. Breast meat sensory quality was not affected in birds given 100 g/kg flaxseed for 14 d (treatment 3), 7.5 g/kg MO for 14 d (treatment 5) or 100 g/kg flaxseed +0.75 g/kg MO for 7 d (treatment 6). In contrast, thigh meat sensory quality decreased in treatments 5 and 6. 3. Feeding flaxseed and MO to birds for just 7 d prior to slaughter resulted in significant omega-3 meat enrichment depending on their dietary concentrations. The linolenic acid and long chain omega-3 fatty acids showed preferential deposition in dark and white meat, respectively, which may affect the sensory quality of various portions differently.     

Effects of enzyme addition on the nutritive value of broiler diets containing hulled or dehulled Chinese double-low rapeseed meals

An in vitro and a feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of fibre-degrading enzymes A (xylanase + β-glucanase), B (xylanase) and C (xylanase + cellulase) on the nutritive value of broiler diets containing either hulled (22.5% and 23.5% for 4–21 days and 22–42 days of age, respectively) or dehulled (20% and 21.5%) Chinese double-low rapeseed meals (DLRM). Overall, in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) or neutral digestibility fibre (NDF) did not differ (p > 0.05) because of meal types; both crude protein (CP) and NDF digestibility was improved (p < 0.05) because of addition of enzymes B or C either to hulled or dehulled DLRM diets. Birds fed dehulled DLRM diets had a higher (p < 0.05) growth rate, feed efficiency and lower (p < 0.05) feed intake than those fed hulled DLRM diets during the overall phase. Enzyme C addition to dehulled DLRM diets resulted in improved (p < 0.05) growth rate and feed efficiency during 4–21 days of age. Enzymes A and B addition elicited a positive response in feed intake and weight gain (p < 0.05), respectively, but did not affect (p > 0.05) feed efficiency. It would appear that the nutritive value of broiler diets containing Chinese DLRM could be improved by appropriate xylanase-based enzymes. Responses of broilers to fibre-degrading enzymes could be highlighted by hull removal of fed DLRM.     

双低菜籽粕和专用预混料对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

选取288羽健康的136日龄伊莎褐青年蛋鸡,随机分为3组,每组96羽,设3个重复,每重复32羽。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验1组在对照组日粮中以13%双低菜籽粕代替50%的豆粕,试验2组在试验1组基础上添加双低菜籽粕专用预混料,各组间营养水平基本一致。试验结果表明,各组采食量、产蛋率、产蛋量、产蛋重和饲料报酬均无明显差异(P>0.05),以双低菜籽粕替代豆粕并添加专用预混料后产蛋率有提高的趋势(分别比对照组和试验1组高0.97和2.01个百分点);试验组蛋壳重、蛋壳厚度和蛋哈夫单位均与对照组无差异显著(P>0.05);生鸡蛋及煮熟后均无特殊气味。试验表明:产蛋鸡日粮中以13%双低菜籽粕代替50%的豆粕并添加专用预混料有改善蛋鸡产蛋性能的作用,经济效益提高,而对鸡蛋品质无明显影响。     

双低菜籽粕在樱桃谷肉鸭日粮中的应用研究

将480只21日龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭随机分为4组,每组设6个重复,各重复20只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加8%、11%、14%双低菜籽粕代替部分豆粕,测定各组肉鸭的生产性能、胴体指标、靶器官比重及血清中三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)含量,以探求3~5周龄肉鸭日粮中双低菜籽粕适宜添加比例。结果,3种添加比例对肉鸭体增重、料重比和胴体指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。8%、11%添加量对肉鸭靶器官比重及T3、T4含量无显著影响(P>0.05);添加14%菜籽粕组甲状腺重量显著增加(P<0.05),但对肝脏重及血清中T3、T4含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。以添加11%双低菜籽粕组肉鸭生产性能最理想,单位增重饲料成本比基础日粮组低6.42%,胴体品质也有一定改善,且对靶器官及血清中T3、T4含量无明显影响。     

菜籽饼品质分析及其在肉鸡日粮中的应用

试验旨在评估高温加工过程对菜籽饼品质的影响及其在肉鸡日粮中的应用价值,首先对菜籽饼的品质进行了检测分析,然后采用单因子随机分组设计,选取30日龄矮脚黄公鸡270只,随机分为3组(对照组和试验1、2组),每组3个重复,每个重复30只鸡,各试验组分别在基础日粮中添加0%、4%、8%的菜籽饼,试验为期4周。结果表明,菜籽饼由于经过高温热榨处理,颜色呈深褐色,蛋白质溶解度降低至17.09%,中性洗涤纤维含量升高至42.98%,赖氨酸、精氨酸等氨基酸含量均不同程度降低。试验期末,试验1组、试验2组与对照组相比,肉鸡的体重、日采食量、平均日增重、料重比差异均不显著(P>0.05),但试验1组料肉比有所降低,且鸡饲料成本最低,表现出较好的经济效益。由此可见,菜籽饼品质虽有一定程度下降,但在肉鸡日粮中添加适宜用量可一定程度提高经济效益。     

The influence of three rapeseed meals and a mustard seed meal on egg and broiler production

A mustard seed meal free of oxazolidinethione and three rapeseed meals of low (C), medium (D) and high (E) oxazolidinethione contents were included at a rate of 12% in the diets of laying birds and of broilers. The control diets contained a similar quantity of protein as soyabean meal. In each experiment a further control group was given a suitable commercial diet.

The mustard seed meal and rapeseed meals D and E caused large and significant mortalities among laying birds. Macroscopic observations suggested that the main cause of death was probably liver haemorrhage.

Egg production, after correction for mortality, was significantly decreased by rapeseed meals D and E, and egg weight by the mustard seed meal. There were no significant treatment effects on food intake and therefore the weight of food needed for each egg produced followed fairly closely the pattern of egg production.

Overall egg production was depressed by mustard seed meal and by rapeseed meals D and E. Rapeseed meal C decreased production but not significantly.

Liver weights were not influenced by treatment, but thyroid weights of groups given rapeseed meals were significantly increased.

Broiler production was not significantly influenced either by mustard seed meal or by any of the rapeseed meals.     

Peel meals as feed ingredients in poultry diets: Chemical composition,dietary recommendations and prospects

The increase demand for poultry products has had direct effect on the supply and price of feed. This has increased research interest into the potential of locally available, less competed and low cost materials as feed ingredients. Several peels from roots/tubers and fruits have been evaluated in poultry diets but recommendations have not been consistent. High fibre, low nutrient density and likely presence of antinutritional factors limit the efficient utilisation of peel meal by poultry. Plant cultivar, age, agronomic practices, method of peel processing, breed and age of poultry all affect the inclusion level of peel meal in poultry diets. The increase interest in breeding crops for low antinutrients, knowledge in processing technologies and availability of several additives such as enzyme products, amino acids and antinutrients binding agents in the feed market could improve the usefulness of peel meal in on‐farm poultry rations. This study reviews the potential of selected root/tuber and fruit peels as feed ingredients for poultry with regards their composition, dietary recommendation and prospects.     

饲粮中小麦比例与复合酶添加量对肉鸭生产性能的影响

小麦具有营养价值高、制粒品质好、易于储存和价格偏低的优点,但因含有抗营养因子可溶性非淀粉多糖(SNSP) ,限制了其在配合饲料中的用量(Choct,1 990 ;Bedford ,1 995、1 999;Hew -Lap -Im ,1 999;Krzysztof,1 999)。复合酶制剂在畜禽饲料中的应用,为解决小麦等日粮中的抗营养因子提供了有效途径,但对鸭的研究仅局限在单因素的对照试验。本试验选用含纤维素酶、β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和果胶酶的复合酶与日粮中含小麦比例两因素,采用2×3试验设计,探讨小麦与复合酶的互作对肉鸭生产性能的影响。1　材料与方法1 1　试验日粮　本试验根据…     

Effect of cooled and chlorinated chiller water on Campylobacter and coliform counts on broiler carcasses during chilling at a middle-size poultry processing plant

To evaluate the effect of cooled and chlorinated chill water for Campylobacter and coliforms at a middle-size processing plant which was considered to be difficult for eliminate pathogenic bacteria on carcasses, following three conditions were examined; keeping temperature at < 20, < 10 and < 10°C, and chlorine concentration at < 50, < 50 and 50 to 70 ppm during processing in experiment 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Fifteen prechill and 15 postchill carcasses were examined in each experiment. In lower temperature of experiment 2, decreasing rate (%) of coliforms was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that in experiment 1. In higher chlorination of experiment 3, no Campylobacter was detected from all postchill carcasses.     

Effect of dietary levels of rapeseed meal and polyethylene glycol on the performance of male broiler chickens

1. In a 5 × 2 factorial experiment, the performance of male broiler chickens given starter (1 to 21 d) and finisher (21 to 42 d) diets containing five concentrations (0, 74.5, 149.0, 223.5 and 298.0 g/kg) of rapeseed meal (RSM) and two concentrations (0 and 15 g/kg) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was measured.

2. Bodyweight gain and food intake decreased (P<0.01) with increasing dietary RSM both in the starter and finisher phases.

3. The relative weights of thyroid glands, liver, heart and the ratio of water to food intake increased (P<0.01) while the dressing percentage, abdominal fat‐pad weight and the feather condition score decreased (P<0.01) with increasing dietary RSM.

4. The mortality rate was increased (P<0.05) on diets containing 149 g/kg or more of RSM. The main causes of deaths and culling on the high RSM diets were enlarged livers and hearts, liver haemorrhage and leg disorders.

5. The inclusion of 15 g/kg PEG in the starter diets increased (P<0.01) bodyweight gains and food intake. It also increased (P<0.05) water consumption between 37–39 d, faecal moisture content at 40 d and the haemoglobin content in blood.

6. There were no interactions between the dietary concentrations of RSM and PEG on growth and other variables measured.     

Food intake, growth rate, food conversion and food choice in broilers fed on diets high in rapeseed meal and pea meal, with observations on sensory evaluation of the resulting poultry meat

1. Experiments were done to measure the effects of 100 and 200 g/kg of either pea meal or low glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal on food intake and growth, food choice and meat organoleptic quality in broiler chickens. 2. The test diets were formulated to be iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous with a soy-wheat control diet. In all diets, lysine was fixed at 11.0 g/kg and all other indispensable amino acids were present in excess of requirements. 3. Food intake was little affected by the inclusion of 100 g/kg of pea meal in the diet but 200 g/kg of peas caused a decrease. Rapeseed produced a decrease in food intake at both dietary concentrations. 4. Weight gain was similarly affected, but food conversion from d 0 to d 42 was little affected by the inclusion of either peas or rapeseed. 5. Absolute breast muscle weight was affected by diet but there was no significant difference in breast weight as a proportion of total body weight. 6. From d 7 onwards, selection against the pea-containing diet approached statistical significance. Between d 7 and d 14, birds ate almost twice as much of the control as of the pea-containing diet. Birds offered a rapeseed meal diet ate similar amounts of that and the control diet. 7. The breast meat from birds given 200 g rapeseed/kg was the only meat identified as different but no strong aversion was expressed by the tasting panel.     

The evaluation of soybean meals from 3 major soybean-producing countries on productive performance and feeding value of pig diets

This study was conducted to evaluate 1) the effects of soybean meal (SBM) from 3 major SBM-producing countries (United States, Brazil, and India) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs and 2) the feeding value of the evaluated SBM as a feedstuff for growing-finishing pigs. Soybean meal representative of each country was purchased on the open market. A total of 144 barrows with the average BW of 23.77 (SD = 1.52 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 12 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. The US SBM used in this trial had greater CP and total AA contents, greater KOH protein solubility, and less crude fiber than SBM from either Brazil or India. Diets were formulated to be isolysinic and isocaloric. Pigs fed diets containing US SBM were heavier (P < 0.05) than pigs fed diets containing Brazilian or Indian SBM at 12 and 18 wk. Pigs fed diets containing US SBM had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F throughout the overall period when compared with pigs fed SBM produced in Brazil or India. The DM and N digestibility were greater for US SBM (P < 0.05) than Brazilian and India SBM at 6, 12, and 18 wk. Pigs were slaughtered at the end of 18 wk, and no differences were observed on meat quality (backfat thickness, LM area, pH, meat color, water holding capacity, and drip loss) among the treatments, except lean percentages were less and backfat thickness was greater in pigs fed Brazilian and Indian SBM than US SBM. The cost per kilogram of BW gain of the experimental diet containing US SBM was less than that of diets containing Brazilian or Indian SBM, but it would depend on the relative prices of each SBM. Based on the results of the current experiment, the productivity and feeding value of US SBM seems to be greater than the SBM produced in Brazil and India.     

评估3个主要大豆生产国豆粕对猪生产性能和日粮饲喂价值的影响

本试验评估(1):3个主要大豆生产国(美国、巴西、印度)的豆粕对生长猪生产性能、营养物质消化率和肉品质的影响。(2):评估豆粕作为一种饲料原料对生长育肥猪的饲喂价值。每个国家代表性豆粕样品在公开市场购买。144头阉割公猪,平均体重(23.77±1.52)kg被分配到3个试验日粮组中,每组12个重复栏,每栏4头猪。本试验使用的美国豆粕具有较高的粗蛋白和总氨基酸含量,较高的蛋白质溶解度,粗纤维的含量也低于巴西和印度的豆粕。日粮配制的氨基酸和能量水平完全相同。在12周和18周,饲喂美国豆粕日粮组猪的体重是显著高于巴西组或印度组(P0.05)。饲喂美国豆粕组猪全期日增重和饲料转化率显著高于巴西豆粕组和印度豆粕组(P0.05)。在第6,12和18周,美国豆粕组猪的DM(干物质)和N(氮)的消化率是显著高于巴西豆粕和印度豆粕组。在第18周末,猪被屠宰,除了巴西豆粕组和印度豆粕组瘦肉率低,背膘厚度高于美国豆粕组外,各个试验组的肉品质(背膘厚度、肌肉颜色、p H、持水力和滴水损失)没有观察到不同。包含美国豆粕日粮的每千克体重增重成本是低于巴西豆粕组和印度豆粕组,但它依靠于每种豆粕的相对价格。依据本试验的试验结果,美国豆粕的生产效率和饲喂价值高于巴西和印度来源的豆粕。     

The incidence of clostridia in poultry carcasses and poultry processing plants

An investigation of the incidence and types of clostridia was carried out as part of a bacteriological examination of poultry carcasses and plant swabs. From 19 per cent to 35 per cent of chicken carcasses from four processing plants were contaminated with clostridia in the “total” differential reinforced clostridial medium count whereas 27–5 per cent to 83–5 per cent were contaminated with clostridial spores. Swabs of equipment and personnel (hands and aprons) in three of the plants showed that from 15 per cent to 75 per cent of the samples were positive for “ total” clostridia, and from 33 per cent to 85 per cent positive for clostridial spores. Clostridium welchii was recovered from all poultry plants but the incidence varied widely between the four plants sampled. The organisms isolated were Cl. bifermentans, Cl. histolyticum, Cl. butyricum, Cl. sporogenes and Cl. welchii. The majority of Cl. welchii isolates were from spore counts.     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effect of the level of cholecalciferol supplementation of broiler diets on the performance and tibial dyschondroplasia

A study was conducted to evaluate four different cholecalciferol levels (NRC; modified), using diets supplemented with 200 (control), 1500, 2500 or 3500 IU/kg of cholecalciferol (VIT‐D3). Each treatment was assigned to 3 pens of 17 broiler chicks of a commercial strain grown in an open‐sided house with sidewall curtains. At 21and 42 days, BW and feed conversion (FCR) were determined. At 42 days, five birds per pen were slaughtered to evaluate tibia and toe ash of the right leg, and incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) of the left tibia and also measured dressing percentage and breast meat yield. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations were also determined. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus and lymphoid organs weight/body weight ratio were also determined. At both 21 and 42 days, the BW of birds fed 1500 IU/kg to 3500 IU/kg of VIT‐D3 was significantly greater than birds fed 200 IU/kg. Similarly, better FCR was observed in birds those fed diets of high level of VIT‐D3. No significant difference was observed for mortality at any age. Better dressing percentage and breast meat yield were noted in birds fed diets containing 2500 or 3500 IU/kg VIT‐D3. Both tibia and toe ash contents were increased (p < 0.05) progressively with increased concentrations of cholecalciferol in feed. The incidence of TD (percentage of birds having TD scores greater than zero) was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by level of 3500 IU VIT‐D3/kg at 42 days. The severity of TD in birds fed diets containing 200 IU/kg VIT‐D3 was apparently higher than birds fed diets with higher levels of VIT‐D3. Concentrations of calcium and phosphorus minerals in the serum increased progressively with the high level of VIT‐D3 supplementation to birds at both 21 and 42 days of age. Feeding levels of 1500 or 3500 IU of vitamin D3 did positively affect the immune system within the parameters measured. It may be concluded that performance, bone mineralization, blood chemistry and immunity against disease in broilers could be maintained when supplementing high level of VIT‐D3 incorporated in broiler diets.     

菜籽饼在3周龄～5周龄肉鸭日粮中适宜用量的研究

将300只14日龄樱桃谷鸭随机分成5组 ,每组3个重复 ,每个重复20只。5个组分别饲喂营养水平相同 ,菜籽饼用量分别为0 %、6 %、9 %、12 %和15 %的日粮 ,进行21d的饲养试验。结果表明 :菜籽饼的用量在0 %～12 % ,对鸭的日增重、料肉比、采食量、甲状腺重量和甲状腺指数均无显著影响 (P>0.05) ,但15 %的菜籽饼却极显著降低日增重、提高料肉比 (P<0.01) ,甲状腺重量和甲状腺指数也极显著增大 (P<0.01) ;0 %～15 %菜籽饼的使用对肉鸭的屠宰性能没有影响 (P>0.05)。因此 ,肉鸭日粮中菜籽饼可用到12 %。