菜用大豆出仁率的QTL定位

以BOGAO×NG94-156的RIL群体158个家系为材料,于2005年和2006年测定该RIL群体的鲜荚出仁率并构建遗传图谱进行QTL定位.采用WinQTL Cart V2.5中的复合区间作图法进行QTL分析,结果表明,两年资料对出仁率QTL的定位结果基本一致,其中位于E和N连锁群上的两个QTLs在两年中均被检测到,可解释7.59%～10.04%的表型变异.此外利用QTLMapper 1.6对以上定位结果进行验证并估计与环境的互作效应,结果表明,两种方法定位结果基本一致,其中一个加性QTL(qsp-11)与环境存在显著的互作效应.本研究首次对鲜荚出仁率进行QTL分析,旨在为分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论基础.     

大豆苗期固氮相关性状的QTL分析

大豆与根瘤菌共生固氮是大豆生长发育所需氮素的主要来源.由于根瘤菌与大豆两者基因型的不同,接种根瘤菌后大豆固氮能力也不同.以合丰25×固新野生大豆杂交组合的重组自交系(RIL)群体F11的104个株系为材料,在严格控菌条件下,用固氮菌株2178进行结瘤匹配鉴定,测定RIL群体及其亲本的固氮酶活性、结瘤数目、侧根数目、根瘤鲜重、茎干重5个指标,对所得数据进行正态分布检验,结合SSR分子数据利用复合区间作图法对其QTL定位分析.结果表明:RIL群体各性状均表现超亲分离,均值介于双亲之间,其偏度和峰度均较小,符合正态分布.这表明所考察性状均为数量性状遗传.应用复合区间作图法进行固氮性状的QTL定位,在Al、L、O、D1b、D2、C2、I连锁群,检测控制固氮的QTL有8个,解释表型变异的7.65%～15.05%,这些QTL及分子标记位点可用于大豆固氮性状的分子标记选择.     

大豆百粒重QTL的上位效应和基因型×环境互作效应

基于Charleston×东农594重组自交系群体,采用完备区间作图和混合线性模型对2006-2010年连续5年的百粒重QTL进行定位,并进行基因×环境互作及上位性分析。结果定位了16个与大豆百粒重性状相关的QTL,其中有5个QTL分别与环境发生互作,互作贡献率在0.11%～0.52%之间;定位了8对上位互作位点,贡献率在1.15%～2.59%之间。     

大豆百粒重QTL的上位效应和基因型×环境互作效应分析

本研究中基于Charleston×东农594重组自交系群体,采用完备区间作图和混合线性模型对2006-2010年连续5年的百粒重QTL进行定位,并进行基因×环境互作及上位性分析。本研究定位了16个与大豆百粒重性状相关的QTL,其中有5个QTL分别与环境发生互作,互作贡献率在0.11%~0.52%之间;定位了8对上位互作位点,贡献率在1.15%~2.59%之间。     

甘蓝型油菜分枝数QTL定位及其候选基因预测

分枝数是影响油菜产量的重要株型性状之一。为了有助于油菜分枝数的分子标记辅助育种,以甘蓝型油菜品系888-5(多分枝)和M083(少分枝)杂交形成的重组自交系(RIL)群体为材料,通过利用第一张油菜60KSNP芯片对群体进行高通量SNP分型,并结合单环境和多环境2种QTL检测方法对RIL群体在4个环境(武汉-2012、武汉-2013、扬州-2012和扬州-2013)下分枝数进行QTL定位。结果表明:共检测出18个分枝数QTL,分布于A2、A6、A7、C1和C4连锁群。其中11个QTL在2个以上环境下可重复检测到;有2个QTL与环境之间存在互作效应。主效QTL 2个(qBN2-3和qBNE2-1),分别在3个、4个环境下重复检测到,可解释的表型变异为13.12%~20.60%,2.80%~30.10%。qBNE2-1与环境存在互作效应。另外,通过利用SNP标记侧翼序列和油菜基因组比对作图,从3个QTL(qBN2-1、qBN7-6和q BN7-8,三者可解释的表型变异分别为19.40%~17.30%、5.70%~12.21%和7.88%~10.32%)的基因组区段内(分别为279kb、165kb和562kb)共筛选出4个与分枝数有关的候选基因,它们的拟南芥同源基因(分别为CUC2、PIN3、F23N20.8和PIN4)均参与拟南芥分枝数的分化或形态建成。     

不同种植密度下大豆产量性状的QTL分析

利用大豆重组自交系soy01群体的255个家系为作图群体,在不同年份、不同种植密度下进行了大豆产量性状的QTL分析。结果表明,采用复合区间作图法,2年2种处理组合下检测到单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数等5个产量性状相关QTL共43个,分布于A2、F、I等14个连锁群,其中qNP-15-1等3个QTL在4种环境中均检测到,qNP-19-1等5个QTL在3种环境中均检测到,qNP-1-1等10个QTL在2种环境中均检测到,为较稳定的QTL。每荚粒数QTL qNSP-19-1和qNSP-19-2在多种环境中均检测到,贡献率均超过60%,为稳定主效QTL;百粒重QTL qSW-19-1在4种环境中均检测到,贡献率均超过20%,为稳定主效QTL。这些稳定的主效QTL可应用于精细定位和分子标记辅助育种研究。     

多环境条件下大豆蛋白质含量稳定性QTL分析

为定位大豆蛋白质含量稳定性QTL,从而为培育高蛋白大豆品种提供依据,本研究利用源自美国大豆Charleston和中国品种东农594杂交获得的147个株系组成的重组自交系群体,利用三种生态环境下三年数据估算的Shukla稳定性方差对大豆蛋白含量进行了遗传和QTL分析。结果表明,利用复合区间作图法（CIM）检测大豆蛋白稳定性QTL得到2个QTL,分别为qPRO1-1和qPRO17-1,位于连锁群A1和L上,贡献率分别为4.70%和5.73%,共解释10.43%的表型变异。利用混合区间作图法MIM检测到2对上位性QTL,互作染色体为A1×G和A1×A2,上位效应分别为0.19**和-0.22,贡献率为12.82%和17.42%,共解释30.24%表型变异。本实验分析多个环境下的数据,考虑到了QTL 与环境的互作效应,在三种环境条件下分析QTL,检测到了在不同环境下可以稳定出现的QTL位点。控制大豆蛋白含量的QTL位点,都表现出明显的上位性效应和GE互作效应。其中稳定性较好的QTL和公共图谱上定位的调控大豆蛋白质含量的QTL prot 1-7、cq oil003、oil8-1, prot 17-5、prot 2-1、prot 12-1等在区间上一致。     

不同施氮条件下大豆形态与产量相关性状的QTL分析

大豆形态与产量相关性状是重要的育种目标,对于不同施氮条件有不同的生态类型。为明确不同氮肥水平下大豆形态与产量相关性状的QTL遗传基础,本研究利用由大豆杂交组合东农L13×合农60的RIL群体(156个株系)为遗传材料,在3个不同地点采用正常施氮与不施氮处理,利用株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重和单株粒重进行QTL定位。结果表明:两亲本在各个性状上存在显著差异,RIL群体符合正态分布,满足数量性状遗传特征,QTL分析共检测到71个调控相关性状的QTL,解释了3.88%～41.12%的表型变异。有6个QTL可在正常施氮肥和不施用氮肥条件下检测到,有29个QTL可在不施氮肥条件下检测到,42个QTL可在施氮肥条件下检测到。检测到调控相关性状的QTL中有45个是本研究新发现的。研究结果将为大豆氮肥适应生态类型的分子育种提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

接种根瘤菌环境下大豆叶形遗传及QTL定位分析

为探究接种根瘤菌环境下影响大豆叶形的遗传基础，本研究利用两个叶形具有显著差异的大豆品种及RIL群体，在接种和不接种根瘤菌环境下对大豆叶形性状进行遗传和QTL定位等分析。结果显示，叶形相关性状的遗传率在0.60~0.95之间，环境与基因型间存在互作效应，并且接种根瘤菌可以显著影响叶形指数（LS）与单株粒数（GN）、单株荚数（PD）和单株粒重（GW）的相关系数。此外，两种处理下共检测到8个QTL位点，LOD值范围在2.50~7.03，可解释6.4%~16.9%的遗传变异。其中，qLS-15可解释由根瘤菌×基因型互作引起叶形性状6.4%~9.3%的遗传变异，LOD值在2.50~3.69之间，表明qLS-15是与环境互作的主要遗传位点之一。综上所述，根瘤菌可以通过qLS-15影响大豆叶形，研究结果为解析根瘤菌提升大豆产量的内在机制提供了理论依据。     

小麦RIL群体苗期抗旱性状的QTL分析

为给小麦抗旱基因克隆以及分子标记辅助育种提供参考,以小麦"泰农18×临麦6号"RIL群体的184个家系为材料,用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对小麦苗期抗旱相关性状进行QTL分析。结果,共检测到43个QTL,位于除1B、3D、4D、5A、5D、6D和7A外的14条染色体上,其中,控制根数的QTL 9个、苗高的QTL 5个、最大根长的QTL 5个、苗鲜重的QTL 3个、根鲜重的QTL 6个、苗干重的QTL 1个、根干重的QTL 3个、鲜重根冠比的QTL 3个、干重根冠比的QTL 3个,控制抗旱系数的QTL为5个。单一QTL可解释3.39%～32.63%的表型变异。28个QTL为正值,表明QTL的增加效应来自于母本泰农18;30个QTL表现为负值,表明其增加效应来自于父本临麦6号。11个QTL为在两个或两个以上环境下检测到的相对高频QTL(RHF-QTL)。在4B染色体上检测到1个QTL簇,包括4个形态性状(苗高、苗鲜重、苗干重、鲜重根冠比)的RHF-QTL( QSh-4B-1、 QSfw-4B-1、 QSdw-4B-1、 QRsfw-4B-1)和1个抗旱系数QTL( QRsfw-D-4B-1),其贡献率均超过10%。该QTL簇的分子标记可以用于标记辅助选择。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).