金定鸭的核型、C-带和Ag-NORs研究

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养-空气干燥法制备染色体标本,对金定鸭染色体核型和带型进行了研究。核型研究结果表明:金定鸭体细胞染色体数目2n=78,染色体基本臂数为NF=84(♂)或NF=83(♀),1号染色体为亚中央着丝粒染色体,2号染色体为中央着丝粒染色体,Z染色体具有明显短臂,属亚端着丝粒染色体,其余常染色体和W性染色体均为端着丝粒染色体;性染色体按大小顺序排列,Z为4号,W为7～8号。C-带研究发现:W染色体整条深染,极易识别。Ag-NORs研究结果表明:Ag-NORs常位于1号、2号、3号、6号染色体及Z染色体和一对小染色体上,Ag-NORs数目分布范围为1～6,平均每个细胞的Ag-NORs数雌鸭中为3.04雄鸭中为3.06。     

连城白鸭外周血淋巴细胞染色体核型研究

本试验通过对连城白鸭外周血淋巴细胞培养、秋水仙素处理后制备染色体标本,并进行染色体核型分析。结果表明,连城白鸭体细胞数目为2n=78±,1号常染色体为亚中央着丝粒染色体;2号常染色体为中央着丝粒染色体;3～9号常染色体及W性染色体为端着丝粒染色体;Z性染色体为亚端着丝粒染色体。本文通过对外周血淋巴细胞染色体核型分析,为进一步研究连城白鸭品种选育奠定基础。     

屏边大围山原鸡染色体核型分析

采用直接骨髓法制备云南屏边大围山原鸡染色体,并对其进行核型研究,结果表明,屏边大围山原鸡染色体数目2n=78, 前10对为大染色体,后29对为微小染色体,性染色体为ZZ(♂)／ZW(♀)型;根据前5对染色体相对长度、臂比值及着丝点指数的测量结果,各染色体的形态为：1号、2号和Z染色体为中央着丝粒（m）染色体,3号为端着丝粒（t）染色体,4号为亚中央着丝粒（sm）染色体。     

苏丹草与高粱染色体核型比较研究

采用去壁低渗火焰干燥法对4个苏丹草和6个高粱品种的核型进行比较研究。结果表明,苏丹草和高粱体细胞染色体数均为20(2n=20);苏丹草品种均为1A核型,并具有1对随体染色体,其中1、2号品种的第2对染色体为近中间着丝点染色体,3、4号品种为中间着丝点染色体;高粱品种除5号为1A核型、中间着丝点染色体外,其余的5个品种为2A或2B核型,且都有1或2对近中间着丝点染色体,9号品种还出现1对近顶端着丝点染色体;高粱8、9号品种各观察到1对随体染色体。染色体数量分析表明,第1到第10对染色体长短臂的绝对长度、相对长度以及绝对全长在苏丹草和高粱2类间的差异均不显著(P>0.05)。因此,苏丹草和高粱的遗传差异不在染色体长度上。     

青燕1号燕麦新品种的核型分析

试验采用染色体压片法对‘青燕1号’燕麦(Avena sativa L. ‘Qingyan NO.1’)新品种的核型进行研究,明确其染色体数目及核型特征,为该品种的分类提供细胞学研究基础。结果表明:‘青燕1号’燕麦体细胞染色体数目为2n=6x=42,核型公式2n=6x=20m+22sm(4SAT),其7号和17号染色体分别含有2个随体,染色体长度比为2.31,臂比大于2:1的染色体百分比为42.86%,核型不对称系数为63.25%,核型属"2B型"。     

3份长穗偃麦草种质的体细胞核型分析

采用根尖压片法,对不同国家来源的3份长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata)种质材料的体细胞染色体核型进行分析,旨在为其细胞学特性和系统演化的研究奠定科学基础.结果表明:来源于中国新疆的EE001细胞染色体相对长度组成为1L+ 17M2+ 15M1+ 2S,核型公式为K(2n)=10X=70=50m+ 16sm+ 4st;来源于德国的EE014细胞染色体相对长度组成为3L+ 14M2 +13M1 +5S,核型公式为K(2n)=10X=70=48m+20sm+2st;来源于葡萄牙的EE020细胞染色体相对长度组成为5L+ 11M2 +15M1 +4S,核型公式为K(2n)=10X=70=38m+ 22sm+ 8st+2t.3份长穗偃麦草种质的体细胞染色体核型均为“2B”类型.     

黄花补血草核型分析

采用常规压片法对黄花补血草体细胞染色体进行核型分析。结果表明,黄花补血草体细胞染色体数2 n=16,为二倍体植物;黄花补血草的8对染色体中有4对为中部着丝粒染色体(m型),4对为近中着丝粒染色体(sm型);核型公式为2 n=2 x=16=8 m+8 sm,属2B类核型;染色体绝对长度变化范围为2.5-5.1μm,相对长度变化范围为7.88%~18.29%,最长染色体与最短染色体之比为2.32,核型不对称系数为60.71%。     

固始鸡核型、G带的研究

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法对固始鸡染色体核型和G带进行了研究。结果表明:固始鸡体细胞染色体数目2n=78,染色体基本臂数为NF=88,No.1、Z和W染色体为中央着丝粒(m)染色体,No.2、No.4、No.7染色体为亚中央着丝粒(sm)染色体,No.3、No.6、No.8、No.9、No.10为端着丝粒(t)染色体。G带研究表明:前10对大染色体(包括Z、W染色体)共可分为34个区,138条深带核和带。     

尼克红鸡染色体核型分析

以引引进品种尼克红鸡为研究对象，直接羽髓法制备染色体，报道了尼克红鸡的染色体核型（1）尼克红鸡二倍体染色体数目2n=78，前10对为大染色体，后29对为微小染色体，性染色体为zz(♂）/zw（♀）型；（2）根据前5对染色体相对长度，臂比值及着丝点指数的测量结果，各染色体的形态为：1，2号染色体和Z染色体为中央着丝粒（m)染色体，4号染色体为亚中央着丝粒（sm)染色体。3号染色体为端部着丝粒（t)染色体。     

新疆产捷蜥蜴（Lacerta agilis）染色体的研究

采用常规骨髓细胞制片法,对分布在新疆哈巴河地区捷蜥蜴（Lacerta agilis）种群的染色体组型进行了研究。结果表明,捷蜥蜴的二倍体染色体数为38条,性别决定机制为ZW型,存在异型的性染色体,其中,雄性性染色体为ZZ型,染色体组型为2n=34I＋2m＋ZZ;雌性性染色体为ZW型,染色体组型为2n=34I＋2m＋ZW。捷蜥蜴的染色体除第18对和w染色体呈点状外,其余全部为端着丝点染色体。按照染色体的相对长度将18对常染色体分成3组,第1组包括第1、2、3对染色体（相对长度〉7．5％）,第2组包括第4—17对染色体和性染色体（7．5％〉相对长度〉2．0％）,第3组只有第18对染色体（相对长度〈2．O％）。除Z和w性染色体不同外,其余染色体的大小和类型均无两性差异。从组型特征来看,为蜥蜴目较原始的类型。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -