INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY IN THE KOALA (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Urograms were performed on 16 adult koalas to evaluate this procedure for use in the koala. Because there is only small amount of intraabdominal fat, radiographs of the abdomen of koalas lack detail. Contrast medium was excreted more slowly in the koala than in the dog and there was considerable variation in the rate of excretion between koalas. The results of this study indicated that urography was valuable technique for assessing renal anatomy, but there was considerable variation in the time for excretion of the contrast medium.     

综述蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治方法

蜜蜂微孢子虫可感染蜜蜂,引起蜜蜂孢子虫病,严重影响蜜蜂的生长繁殖,对养蜂业造成巨大损失,是感染蜜蜂的主要病原微生物之一。结合实验室经验,主要从感染前预防和感染后治疗两方面出发,介绍了蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治方法,为防治蜜蜂孢子虫病提供一个系统而全面的参考。     

脑炎微孢子虫属3种微孢子虫的虫株未能感染食用动物

研究了脑炎微孢子虫属最常见的3种微孢子虫的虫株对于食用动物包括猪,牛,鸡,和火鸡的感染力.动物经口接种孢子后用2种方法来检测是否被感染,一种方法是在每日粪样中检测孢子,另一种方法是在动物接种21d后的器官组织学检查.尽管每种虫种的接种量高迭2×10~6至2×10~7个孢子,但是在每种动物都没有检测到感染.结果表明,本试验中所用的脑炎微孢子虫属的3种微孢子虫虫株缺乏对猪,牛,鸠和火鸡的感染力.     

獭兔脑原虫病的诊断

对发生脑原虫病的獭兔进行尸体剖检和组织病理学检查，尸体剖检发现肾脏有2-4mm灰白色凹陷区，组织病理学检查可见典型的肉芽肿性脑炎及间质性肾炎的变化，这是该病特征性的病理形态学的变化，并在大脑胶质结节内和肾脏髓质见到虫体的剖面。     

细胞培养的脑炎原虫感染家兔实验

用在体外连续培养１０代的兔脑炎原虫,接种于１２只家兔,动态地观察了脑炎原虫对家免的感染情况。实验发现,肾脏产生的病变明显早于大脑,即感染３周后,用Ｇｒａｍ＇ｓ和Ｇｏｏｄｐａｓｔｕｒｅ＇ｓ染色,即可在髓袢和远曲小管内脱落的上皮细胞中发现兔脑炎原虫。６周后即可见到间质性肾炎变化,而脑组织于感染９～１２周时才见有细胞性肉芽肿的形成;脑炎原虫具有较强的抗原性,即在感染３周后,血液中的抗体含量足以进行诊断。     

THE DIAGNOSIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AN INFERTILITY DISEASE IN THE FEMALE KOALA

A radiographic technique, incorporating pneumoperitoneum, was developed to aid in identification of cyst-like structures in the reproductive tract of female koalas. These lesions, including pyometra and fluid-filled cysts associated with the upper reproductive tract, were viewed as radiopacities with clearly demarcated margins lateral to the caudal lumbar vertebrae. This technique provided a means of assessing with a high degree of reliability the incidence and distribution of this condition in various populations of koalas throughout eastern and southern Australia. A radiographic survey of 237 adult female koalas revealed a 43% (101/237) incidence of this condition, which is closely correlated with the lack of reproductive success observed in some populations of koalas in the wild. Although the etiology of this condition is little understood at present, the isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from the reproductive tracts of affected koalas, both male and female, is recorded.     

兔脑炎原虫的超微形态与发育

用电镜连续７代动态地观察了培养细胞中兔脑炎原虫的超微结构与发育状态。脑炎原虫含有细胞核,但无线粒体、内质网和高尔基复合体等细胞器,其表面有几根极丝。脑炎原虫在培养细胞中除二分裂增殖外,还有裂体增殖和配体增殖。由于脑炎原虫有３种增殖方式,故在光学显微镜下呈多形态结构。     

兔脑炎微孢子虫病的免疫学研究进展

兔脑炎微孢子虫病是由兔脑炎微孢子虫引起的一种隐性、慢性感染或临床经过的人畜共患的原虫病。近十余年来 ,出现大量有关兔脑炎微孢子虫引起艾滋病患者致死性临床感染的报道 ,此病日益引起医学界的广泛关注和重视。就兔脑炎微孢子虫病的免疫学检测方法、细胞免疫应答、感染兔脑炎微孢子虫后人及动物的免疫学比较的研究状况进行了综述。     

兔脑炎原虫病肾脏病变的病理形态学观察

对97只患脑炎原虫病獭兔的肾脏病变做了系统的病理形态学研究.眼观,可将肾脏病变分为三型:皱缩型、凹陷型和斑点型;镜检,依结缔组织增生的数量、部位和肾组织结构的不同改变而分为贯通型、局灶型和肉芽肿型.     

兔脑炎原虫的分离与鉴定

3只临床表现斜颈、麻痹和打滚的病兔,经病理组织学检查诊断为脑炎原虫病.取其脑组织制成乳剂,接种于兔肾细胞、Vero细胞、猫肾细胞和兔脉络丛细胞.用前3种细胞均分离出原虫.该虫体表现为多种形态,呈杆状、圆形或卵圆形;Gram染色呈阳性,Goodpasture氏染色呈红色.用20%H_2O_2处理虫体,在相差显微镜下见到虫体极丝的伸展.通过虫体的形态学、染色特征和极丝的突出实验,鉴定该虫体为脑炎原虫.兔肾细胞、Vero细胞和猫肾细胞的感染率分别为40%、40%和5%,而在兔脉络丛细胞原代培养物中未检查到虫体.     

肠艾美耳球虫内生发育阶段超微结构研究——Ⅲ.小配子发育

肠艾美耳球虫(Eimeria intestinalis)小配子体及小配子的发育均在宿主细胞的带虫空泡内进行,带虫空泡内含有较多的泡内小管以及由小配子体逸出的线粒体和基质小体。多核小配子体是由最初的单核小配子体发育而成。小配子的形成首先是中心粒转变成鞭毛的基粒,此后鞭毛和顶体与小配子体成切线方式长入带虫空泡;几个小线粒体融合成一大线粒体,嵌于核前方一侧,与核一起突入带虫空泡。成熟的小配子体长约6.5μm,有两根鞭毛。鞭毛的横断面为9+2的微管结构。体部由顶体、线粒体和核组成。由顶体的腹侧向后发出4～6根微管,其中只有2～3根延伸到体后部。     

阿苯达唑对自发性兔脑炎原虫病的治疗

为了有效地治疗兔脑炎原虫病,本研究根据脑炎原虫的生物学特点和对组织损伤的特征选用阿苯达唑进行了治疗试验。将28只3～4月龄隐性感染的獭兔,随机分为对照组和治疗组进行试验。治疗组按30mg／kg剂量（首次给药量为50mg／kg）,每隔12h给药1次,连续用药10d,停药1周为1个治疗期,共治疗3个疗程。对照组按正常饲养。每1疗程之后,均采血和尿液进行ELISA检测和尿沉渣虫体检查。结果,治疗组的病兔用阿苯达唑治疗3个疗程后,ELISA检测的D值均低于标准值（〈0．044）,即抗脑炎原虫血清抗体呈阴性反应,从尿沉渣中也不能检出虫体。而对照组病免的D值则大大高于正常值．从尿沉渣中均易检出虫,并有1只对照兔出现典型的神经症状,剖检后从脑组织中检出脑炎原虫性肉芽肿。经方差分析,2组间差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。试验证明,阿苯达唑对兔脑炎原虫有良好治疗作用,用药的时机以脑炎原虫还未进入脑组织时最合适,用药的剂量一定要保持有效的杀虫浓度。     

Field immobilization using alfaxalone and alfaxalone–medetomidine in free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): a randomized comparative study

ObjectiveTo characterize and compare two intramuscular drug protocols using alfaxalone and alfaxalone–medetomidine combination for the field immobilization of free-ranging koalas.Study designBlinded, randomized, comparative field study.AnimalsA total of 66 free-ranging koalas from the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia.MethodsKoalas were randomly allocated into two groups. Group A animals were given alfaxalone alone at 3.5 mg kg^–1. Group AM animals were given alfaxalone 2 mg kg^–1 and medetomidine 40 μg kg^–1, reversed with atipamezole at 0.16 mg kg^–1. Blinded operators recorded heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f_R), cloacal temperature, depth of sedation and times to: first effect, sedation suitable for clinical interventions, first arousal and full recovery. Data were analysed using independent t test, Mann–Whitney U test, chi-square analysis and log-rank test at 5% level of significance.ResultsSuitable immobilization for clinical examination and sample collection was achieved in all animals. In groups A and AM, median time to working depth was 6.5 minutes (range: 3.4–15) and 8.1 minutes (range: 4.3–24) and time to complete recovery was 66 minutes (range: 12–138) and 34 minutes (range: 4–84), respectively, following reversal. Time to first effect was significantly shorter in group A (p = 0.013), whereas time to full arousal was significantly shorter in group AM (p = 0.007) probably due to the administration of atipamezole. Maximum HR was 117 ± 28 beats minute^–1 in group A, which was a significant increase from baseline values (p < 0.0001), whereas group AM showed a significant tachypnoea of 67 ± 25 (normal f_R 10–15; p < 0.0001).Conclusions and clinical relevanceBoth the protocols produced immobilization, enabling clinical examination and sample collection; however, protocol AM was more suitable for field work due to shorter recovery times.