广西野生荔枝博白种群生命表分析

为对广西野生荔枝资源保护保存提供依据,研究以广西博白县江宁镇野生荔枝种群为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的分析方法,编制并分析广西野生荔枝种群的静态生命表和生存分析函数值表,结果表明,该野生荔枝种群存活曲线更趋于Deevey-I型,种群的存活率呈单调减少,相应的积累死亡率呈单调增加,其下降或增加的幅度是前期高于后期。种群生长过程中出现了2次死亡高峰期。该野生荔枝种群生存现状严峻,亟待加强保护。     

广西龙胜野生宜昌橙种群生命表分析

【目的】了解广西野生宜昌橙种群生存状况。【方法】以广西龙胜县泗水乡西江坪野生宜昌橙种群为材料,采用空间代替时间的分析方法,编制并分析了广西龙胜野生宜昌橙种群的静态生命表和生存分析函数值表。【结果】该野生宜昌橙种群存活曲线更趋于Deevey—Ⅱ型与I型的复合型,种群生存率呈单调减少,宜昌橙生长过程中在幼龄期死亡率和致死力较高,到第4龄级时死亡率和致死力迅速下降,之后随着植株衰老死亡率缓慢上升。【结论】龙胜野生宜昌橙种群是目前发现的现存单株数量较多、分布面积较大的一个野生种群,其生存状况面临严重威胁,应加强保护,疏除灌木层、提高幼苗存活率等可作为保护和扩展该野生宜昌橙种群的重要措施之一。     

紫斑牡丹两个异域亚种种群生命表分析

以陕西省子午岭东段铜川市境内的裂叶紫斑牡丹（Paeonia rockii ssp. atava）种群和秦岭中段宝鸡市境内的全缘叶紫斑牡丹（Paeonia rockii ssp. rockii）种群为调查对象,绘制其静态生命表、种群年龄结构图、存活曲线、死亡率曲线以及生殖力表,进行种群数量动态分析。结果表明：裂叶紫斑牡丹种群在3龄前和9 ~ 15龄之间分别经历了环境筛选和竞争自疏,11年为其生理寿命,30年左右为极限寿命,存活曲线表现为Deevey-Ⅰ型,种群表现为增长型。全缘叶紫斑牡丹种群在3龄前经历了强烈的环境筛选,3龄以后种群处于高死亡率状态,9年左右为其生理寿命,24年为极限寿命,存活曲线表现为Deevey-Ⅱ型,种群表现为衰退型。造成两种紫斑牡丹种群数量动态差异的可能原因是繁殖能力的差异、居群规模大小、种群适应性以及人为干扰等。     

黑龙江省香鳞毛蕨六个天然分布地种群结构分析

为了解黑龙江省香鳞毛蕨种群结构,在2011年6月对大兴安岭呼中区、欧浦县、伊春市红星区、五大连池景区二三池、南北泉和牡丹江市宏伟村6个天然种群分布地进行了野外实地调查。结果表明:种群密度最高为4.78株·m~(-2),最低为1.56株·m~(-2),不同分布地种群密度均较低;空间分布格局调查表明其均为聚集分布,并且聚集程度很低;种群年龄结构虽有较大差异,但均呈现以2~4龄期为中心的偏正态分布,且1~4龄期数量最大,在5~9龄期数量较少;大于4龄期时数量随年龄的增加而减小;生命表和存活曲线等表明幼龄期存活率低,3~4龄级死亡率高,累计达到80.93%,种群个体最大年龄为9龄左右;种群存活曲线趋势相同且均为Deevey C型。说明,6个天然种群分布地的香鳞毛蕨种群处于稳定状态,种群扩展能力不强,能够进行天然更新。     

珍稀濒危植物江南牡丹草种群结构和繁育系统研究

野外调查发现,珍稀濒危植物江南牡丹草(Gymnospermium kiangnanense)资源量日益萎缩,其药用和园艺观赏开发受到较大限制。为揭示江南牡丹草的种群结构和繁育系统特征,对分布于浙江淳安临岐和诸暨璜山的2个天然种群开展了样地调查,编制了种群特定时间生命表,分析了存活曲线、生存函数,运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态,对杂交指数、花粉/胚珠比、花粉活力、柱头可授性以及传粉昆虫等繁育系统特性进行测定。结果表明:(1)淳安种群为中龄级比例较大的纺锤形结构,诸暨种群幼龄级和老龄级比例较大、中龄级严重缺乏;2个种群均表现为衰退型,存活曲线均趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;(2)花部表现出泛化传粉类型的特征,P/O值为7 920,繁育系统类型为异交,需要传粉者;主要传粉昆虫为中华蜜蜂、黑带食蚜蝇等;其通过短期内高密度集中开花的开花式样、泛化传粉系统以及早春空白生态位来提高传粉效率,保障传粉成功。     

木兰围场天然次生油松林年龄结构及更新动态研究

通过对天然次生油松林下更新状况的调查,编制静态生命表、绘制存活曲线,研究分析河北木兰围场自然保护区内不同立地条件（坡底、坡中、坡顶）下天然油松次生林的年龄结构和更新动态,结果表明：（1）影响天然次生油松林更新的主要因子是郁闭度、灌草盖度。较高郁闭度、较高湿度更利于油松更新,幼苗更新密度最大值达4.192株/m2。（2）该保护区不同立地条件下油松种群年龄结构均为增长型年龄锥体;0~10a生个体数最多,坡中处最多达525株;生命期望最大值集中于10~20a龄级,该龄级属于生理旺盛期,应予以保护。（3）不同立地条件下油松种群的存活曲线变化趋势相似,油松存活率均在10~20a生间急剧下降;在20~60a生间,除坡底30~60a生存活曲线逐渐下降外,坡中和坡顶的存活曲线均大体趋于稳定,但60a生后3块标准地存活曲线均大幅下降,其中坡底处油松种群在70a存活率最小,为0;整体而言,存活率由大到小依次为坡顶、坡底、坡中。     

蓝靛果忍冬种群空间格局随海拔梯度变化研究

以长白山北坡野生蓝靛果忍冬群落调查数据为样本,对不同海拔蓝靛果忍冬种群空间分布格局特征进行分析比较,以揭示蓝靛果忍冬灌丛种群对环境的适应机理,从而为合理地利用和保护这一经济植物提供科学依据。结果表明:蓝靛果忍冬基株和克隆分株种群的分布类型为聚集分布,分布格局拟合为负二项分布;种群的聚集强度随海拔梯度变化呈双峰型曲线;种群格局规模在海拔1 200m和1 800m处较大,种群格局规模在海拔1 600m处最小。     

龙荔果皮中花色苷的初步研究

花色苷是红色果皮发育过程中主要的呈色物质。本试利用HPLC法分析测试了龙眼属近缘种资源龙荔果皮中花色苷的含量和种类。结果表明,红色果皮中花色苷含量达到18.60±5.12 mg·kg-1(鲜重),分别是浅红色果皮和青绿色果皮中含量的6.8倍、33.2倍,且差异显著;还比较分析出龙荔果皮中花色苷种类以花青素-3-芸香糖苷为主,含量97%~98%。为进一步分析其积累规律和形成的分子生理机制奠定基础。     

陕西周至国家级自然保护区金丝猴调查方法探讨

通过对秦岭金丝猴种群的调查,分析其内在变化因素,掌握其迁徙规律,进行动态监测,为这一物种的保护管理提供科学依据。     

典型极小种群野生植物保护与恢复技术分析

极小种群野生植物与濒临灭绝的野生植物都是需要重点保护的野生植物,虽然极小种群野生植物的生存数量与濒临灭绝的野生植物相近,但由于物种其珍稀度相对更高,并且通过适当保护以及恢复技术可以增加物种数量,因此,会优先施行保护措施,以保证物种得到保存。     

广西龙荔遗传多样性的ISSR分析

选用l2条ISSR引物组合分析了广西67个龙荔单株和10个龙眼品种（单株）、12个荔枝品种以及l0个野生荔枝单株的遗传多样性,均得到了清晰指纹。在所扩增的151条ISSR主带中,有127条具有多态性,多态性比率占84.11%。所用引物可将供试的品种（单株）区分开来。供试龙荔单株的遗传相似系数在0.61~0.97,表明广...     

用AFLP标记分析广西龙眼种质遗传多样性

选用10对AFLP引物组合分析了广西38个龙眼品种（优良单株）和两个龙眼近缘亚种龙荔单株,以及10个来自国内外其他产区龙眼品种的遗传多样性。在所扩增的570条AFLP主带中,有485条具有多态性,占85.1%。所用引物可将供试的品种（优良单株）区分开来,供试材料的遗传相似系数在0.39（两个亚种间）到0.98之间。根据遗传相似系数（UPGMA, N-J）得到的分类树状图与传统方法的分类结果相类似。结果表明,广西龙眼种质具有较广泛的遗传多样性。     

龙眼属rDNA的ITS序列分析

为了讨论龙眼属(Dimocarpus Lour.)的遗传多样性及鉴别技术,运用克隆测序法测定了主产区龙眼(Dimo-carpus longan Lour)品种及其近缘种龙荔[Dimocarpus confinis(Howet Ho)H.S.Lo.]的核糖体DNA中的内转录间隔区(ITS)序列(包括ITS1,5.8S和ITS2)。结果表明,龙眼及其近缘种龙荔的ITS区序列的长度范围为618～646 bp,长度变异为28 bp;其中,ITS1和ITS2的长度范围分别为227～235 bp和227～247 bp。龙眼品种间ITS序列变异位点比较丰富,通过单个或组合变异位点可以作为特异位点用于品种之间的鉴别。龙荔的ITS序列变异较大,在609处插入一个19个碱基的片段;系统发育树也表明龙荔自为一单树系,为其是龙眼近缘种提供了新的分子证据。结果还表明龙眼果实香味、流汁程度和质地与基于ITS序列的系统发育树结果表现较多品种的吻合性。     

温度对柑橘大实蝇幼虫、化蛹和羽化的影响

本研究测定了温度对柑橘大实蝇的幼虫、化蛹及羽化的影响。结果表明：幼虫随着处理温度的升高死亡率增加,45℃处理2h的死亡率明显高于处理1h;老熟幼虫随着处理温度的降低死亡率增加,0℃时有个别幼虫存活,可部分化蛹,低于0℃时幼虫死亡率都为100％,不能够化蛹和羽化;其他处理温度对化蛹和羽化的影响不大,彼此之间差异不显著。     

The spatial pattern of demographic performance as a component of sustainable landscape management and planning

Prioritizing habitat for animal conservation in heterogeneous landscapes requires an understanding of where animal occurrence coincides with human influences on demographic performance. We related broad-scale patterns of occurrence with risk of mortality among female Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) in a human-modified landscape to develop a spatially-explicit framework for animal conservation at the landscape level. Variability in the spatial pattern of elk occurrence was driven by preference for specific habitat types as well as responses to human activity. In contrast, risk of mortality was a function of human modification of the landscape with little variation explained by habitat. Proximity to industrial development was associated with increased risk of mortality whereas proximity to residences and agricultural structures was associated with decreased risk. Individual-level results revealed added complexity, whereby risk of mortality was associated with a consistent pattern of occurrence relative to industrial development, yet the association between risk and occurrence relative to structures was highly variable and likely a function of disparate land-use priorities. Approaches to managing human-mediated risk at the landscape level are most effective when they decompose human activity into constituent parts influencing risk, and when individual variation relative to the population response is investigated. Conservation interventions need to target factors that have a consistent influence across the population rather than risk uncertainty that would arise from targeting factors that influence individuals in variable or situation-specific ways. The spatial tools developed herein provide guidance for sustainable landscape planning in the study area, while the concept of linking occurrence and demographic performance within a hierarchical modeling framework has general application for animal conservation in landscapes subject to change, human-caused or otherwise.     

Tree mortality rates and tree population projections in Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Based on re-measurements (1999 and 2001) of randomly-distributed permanent plots within the city boundaries of Baltimore, Maryland, trees are estimated to have an annual mortality rate of 6.6% with an overall annual net change in the number of live trees of –4.2%. Tree mortality rates were significantly different based on tree size, condition, species, and land use. Morus alba, Ailanthus altissima, and trees in small diameter classes, poor condition, or in transportation or commercial – industrial land uses exhibited relatively high mortality rates. Trees in medium- to low-density residential areas exhibited low mortality rates. The high mortality rate for A. altissima is an artifact of this species distribution among land use types (24% were in the transportation land use). Based on a new tree population projection model that incorporates Baltimore's existing tree population and annual mortality estimates, along with estimates of annual tree growth, Baltimore's urban forest is projected to decline in both number of trees and canopy area over the next century. Factors affecting urban tree mortality are discussed.     

Street tree survival rates: Meta-analysis of previous studies and application to a field survey in Philadelphia, PA, USA

Low street tree survival rates and the resulting short lifespans are frequently discussed but inadequately quantified in urban forestry literature. This study addresses street tree survival rates with a meta-analysis of previous literature and a case study assessment of street trees in Philadelphia, USA 2–10 years after planting. Reported survivorship rates from 16 previous studies were compiled. Estimated annual survival rates for individual past studies were mostly above 91.0%. To estimate the annual street tree survival rate across multiple studies, a subset of previous studies was pooled for regression analysis of ln transformed cumulative survivorship vs. time since planting. Lifespan metrics were estimated using the annual survival rates determined from regression analysis. Based on the meta-analysis, we estimated that street tree annual survival rates ranged from 94.9 to 96.5%, and street tree population half-life ranged from 13 to 20 years. Estimated mean life expectancy ranged from 19 to 28 years, which is considerably longer than the 7- or 13-year street tree average lifespan reported in previous studies. Estimated annual survival rates and lifespan metrics were similar in the Philadelphia case study. Urban forest researchers are encouraged to use demographic concepts and analyses in the study of tree survival and mortality, and to monitor tree survival at repeated time intervals every few years.     

食用百合试管苗缓慢生长保存的研究

为了建立食用百合种质资源缓慢生长保存体系,将扩繁培养后得到的试管苗接种到12种不同培养基中,10℃和25℃下分别保存6个月,观察不同处理试管苗生长情况。结果表明:低浓度甘露醇对百合试管苗生长的抑制效果差,而高浓度甘露醇严重影响其生长势,缓慢生长保存的最适浓度为20g·L-1;蔗糖对百合试管苗的生长有抑制作用,适宜浓度为60g·L-1;20g·L-1甘露醇+60g·L-1蔗糖处理的百合试管苗存活率均达100%,且有鳞茎形成,保存效果最好。10℃保存的试管苗生长缓慢,有利于鳞茎形成,保存至6个月时不需要继代培养;25℃保存试管苗的鳞茎形成率低,培养基损失量高,必须继代才能继续保存。     

速生耐盐碱柳树新品种‘鲁柳1号’

柳树新品种‘鲁柳1号’（Salix matsudana‘Luliu 1’）为雄株,是在山东省滨州市沾化区野外发现的1株自然杂交苗经过苗期试验和区域化试验选育而成。苗期苗干红色。具有育苗及造林成活率高、速生、耐盐碱能力强等特性,材性优良,适宜盐碱地造林。