硝碘酚腈(nitroxynil)对羊鼻蝇的效果

Bouchet和其他人(1974)用不同剂量的硝碘酚腈给感染了羊鼻蝇的绵羊皮下注射,证实每公斤体重用20mg的硝碘酚腈,具有很高的疗效,但低剂量硝碘酚腈注射的     

抗肝片吸虫药-硝碘酚腈的研究与应用

硝碘酚腈（4－羟基－3－碘－5－硝基苯甲腈）是一种常用的牛羊抗肝片吸虫药物。它对肝片吸虫的成虫及幼虫均有很好的杀灭作用。本文对抗肝片吸虫药－碘硝酚腈的理化性质、作用机制、驱虫效果、毒理试验及化学合成方面的研究进展进行简要综述。     

碘硝酚对青海细毛羊体表硬蜱的驱杀效果

本次试验碘硝酚注射液对青海细毛羊体表硬蜱的驱虫杀虫效果。结果显示,使用剂量为0.1mL/kg·bw碘硝酚注射液驱虫效果最佳,其次是使用剂量为0.05mL/kg·bw。试验2个组驱虫效果均优于对照组。由此可以看出,碘硝酚对青海细毛羊体表硬蜱的驱虫效果较好,在防治过程中值得推广应用,可以将其作为首选药物。     

碘硝酚防治羊螨病效果观察

碘硝酚防治羊螨病效果观察螨病是绵羊常见多发的寄生虫病，为寻求新的防治羊螨病药物，我站于１９９３～１９９５年选用２０％碘硝酚注射液，对３８９９１只羊进行预防和３５８只螨病羊进行治疗效果观察，均取得满意结果，现报告如下。１药品与动物２０％碘硝酚注射液由沈...     

碘硝酚治疗羊疥癣病

碘硝酚治疗羊疥癣病修宪国（新疆富蕴县兽医站，８３６１００）为了探讨防治疥癣病的新途径，笔者试用碘硝酚注射液治疗羊疥癣病２０００余只，均１次治愈，报告如下。１药品碘硝酚注射液系沈阳市兽药厂合成生产。２操作方法每１０ｋｇ体重注射０．５ｍｌ，用１２号长针头...     

碘硝酚对甘南藏羊鼻蝇蚴的驱治效果

为了证实碘硝酚对甘南藏羊鼻蝇蚴的驱治效果，应用２０％碘硝酚注射液按１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重颈部皮下注射，对５６７只感染鼻蝇蚴藏羊进行了驱治试验，结果驱虫率达１００％，表明该药是农牧民治疗羊鼻蝇的首选药物。     

碘硝酚对甘肃高山细毛羊羊鼻蝇蚴虫病的驱治效果报告

为证实碘硝酚对甘肃高山细毛羊羊鼻蝇蚴的驱治效果，应用20％碘硝酚注射液按每千克体重10—20mg颈部皮下注射，对大河乡大滩村的478只感染鼻蝇蚴的细毛羊进行了驱治试验，结果驱虫率达100％，表明该药是广大牧区治疗羊鼻蝇蚴病的首选药物。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定硝碘酚腈含量

采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定了硝碘酚腈含量。以乙腈-0.01 mol/L磷酸盐pH6.5(20∶80,V/V)为流动相,Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流速1.0 mL/min,柱温25℃,检测波长273 nm。结果表明,在0.050～1.20 mg/mL范围内硝碘酚腈浓度与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9995),最低检出浓度为2.5 ng/mL,最低定量浓度为5.0 ng/mL。低、中、高3种浓度回收率分别为100.21%、99.07%、101.90%,RSD=0.48%(n=9)。本方法专属性强,准确、简便、灵敏度高,结果稳定,可用于硝碘酚腈的含量测定。     

分光光度法测定碘硝酚注射液的含量

碘硝酚(2,6-二碘-4-对硝基酚)英文名为DISOPHE-NOL(2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol),是驱虫药,用于羊线虫、羊鼻蝇蛆、螨和蜱感染,具有广谱、高效、长效、方便等优点。我国于1991年开发研制出该药,1995年由农业部批准沈阳市兽药厂生产。注射液中的碘硝酚含量测定,1996年农业部兽药质     

碘硝酚药物驱除牛体内寄生虫的试验

牛胃肠道线虫病不仅影响幼牛生长发育,而且降低生产肉产乳性能,感染严重时导致牛瘦弱,拉稀,贫血乃至死亡,据调查赤峰地区牛胃肠道线虫感染率达100％,一般强度在百条乃至数千条上。笔者于1992年9月11月用碘硝酚药物进行了驱除牛体内寄生虫的药效试验,结果报告如下 1 材料和方法 1.1 试验材料 1.1.1 药物 20％碘硝酚注射液,系沈阳市兽药厂生产并提供。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.