氟乐灵田间持留及预测

氟乐灵(Trifluralin)为芽前土壤处理除草剂,适用于棉花、大豆、蔬菜等作物,防除一年生多种杂草。一个理想的土壤处理除草剂,应当有足够的田间持留期,使其在整个杂草控制期间发挥药效。但是,过长的持留将会出现残留,对后茬作物或农业生态造成危害。据近几年来国内应用氟乐灵防除杂草工作的报道,在北京潮土地区氟乐灵持留半哀期约1.5个     

4种除草剂对黄芩田间杂草的防除效果

为筛选出适用于防除黄芩田杂草的除草剂,进行黄芩田施药试验,调查土壤处理除草剂二甲戊灵、氟乐灵播前土壤喷雾、播后苗前土壤喷雾的除草效果,以及茎叶处理除草剂精喹禾灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵对茎叶喷雾的除草效果。结果表明,二甲戊灵和氟乐灵于播后苗前处理土壤后对黄芩田杂草的防效最高,在黄芩出苗后第50天,上述两处理对杂草的鲜质量防效分别为93.99%和94.30%,株防效分别为77.89%和73.33%;二甲戊灵和氟乐灵于播前处理土壤的防效次之;精喹禾灵和高效氟吡甲禾灵处理茎叶的防效最低。     

除草剂土壤处理对百合地双子叶杂草防除效果

用33%施田补或48%氟乐灵进行土壤处理,对百合安全。33%施田补和48%氟乐灵各1 500 m l/hm2混合处理对双子叶杂草的防效最好,其株防效和鲜重防效分别为90.3%和90.6%。     

氟乐灵的微生物生态效应

研究了3种浓度氟乐灵对南疆棉田2种土壤(沙土、黏土)4种土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶和磷酸酶)活性的影响。结果表明,同一时间同一浓度氟乐灵处理土壤除过氧化氢酶外,其余3种酶均表现为沙土高于黏土;过氧化氢酶酶活性变化趋势为“下降—升高—趋于平缓”。转化酶和脲酶的变化趋势类似,为“下降—升高—下降—趋于平缓”。磷酸酶变化趋势为“上升—剧烈下降—逐渐升高并趋于平缓”。即不同酶对氟乐灵的反应不同。3种浓度的氟乐灵处理两种土壤,其酶活性经过显著性分析无明显差异,即棉田用氟乐灵作土壤封闭处理对酶活性无影响。     

关于氟乐灵的使用

最近接到有些读者来信,询问氟乐灵能否在稻田使用。据我们所知:氟乐灵为选择性土壤处理、芽前除草剂,主要用于旱田作物,防除一年生单子叶及阔叶杂草。由于氟乐灵对单子叶植物的毒性较大,一般不用于水稻(水稻田可用恶草灵等除草剂)。氟乐灵在水中溶解度很小(1ppm)。在土壤中移动性很     

氟乐灵微囊的制备、表征及其光稳定性研究

为增强氟乐灵的光稳定性,提高其有效利用率,以壳聚糖(CS)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为壁材,采用原位聚合法制备了氟乐灵微囊,并测定了其外观形态、粒径及其分布、包封率和载药量,同时研究了其释放特性及其在土壤和水中的光稳定性。结果表明:所制备的氟乐灵微囊呈规则球形;粒径在3~10μm之间,平均粒径为6.5μm;包封率和载药量分别为79%和45%;该微囊具有良好的缓释性能,释放以Fick扩散为主;与氟乐灵乳油相比,氟乐灵微囊的光稳定性显著增强,在试验条件下,其在土壤表面和水中的光解半衰期分别为22 d和173 min。     

江苏菜田化学除草技术要点

江苏是蔬菜生产的大省,常年种植面积130多万hm2,但许多菜田杂草发生量大,危害严重,产量损失有时达50%以上。在菜田应用化学除草剂,不仅能减轻劳动强度,提高生产率,还可增加蔬菜生产量,改善其品质,减轻病虫危害,使蔬菜生产取得更大的经济效益和社会效益。1茄子、辣椒、番茄等茄果类菜田除草1.1育苗地播后苗前土壤处理用48%氟乐灵EC150ml/667m2,或48%地乐胺EC200~250ml/667m2,或48%拉索(甲草胺)EC150~200ml/667m2,或60%去草胺(丁草胺)EC50ml/667m2,对水40kg,均匀喷雾。1.2移栽后土壤处理上述播后苗前土壤处理药剂,也可用于移栽后定向喷雾,…     

地乐胺等在小麦田作土壤处理的除草效果

小麦播前15d,用地乐胺、氟乐灵、乙草胺和百草枯进行土壤处理,药后20d、40d、60d除草效果分别达到93%、90%和80%以上,其中地乐胺、氟乐灵防效最好,乙草胺和百草枯次之。四种除草剂对小麦均有明显的增产作用,且无明显药害。     

氟乐灵在土壤中残留动态的研究

氟乐灵(Trifluralin)化学成分为2,6二硝基—N,N—二丙基—4—三氟对甲苯氨,是一种适用于大豆、棉花、花生等多种作物的优良除草剂,用于作物播种前或播种后出苗前,进行土壤处理。据报道,该除草剂施于土壤表面后极易挥发和光解,在施药后最初一段时间消失较快,以后逐渐减慢。氟乐灵在不同气候和土壤条件下,土壤中的残效期差别很大,从3个月到18个月不等。为了明确氟乐灵在我省条件下对主要杂草种类的持效期,及对后茬作物的影响,特进行土壤中残留动态的研究。     

抗性甜菜夜蛾Na-K-ATP酶、Ca-ATP酶和Ca-Mg-ATP酶对高效氯氟氰菊酯的敏感性

分别测定了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua敏感和抗高效氯氟氰菊酯品系神经系统Na-K-ATP酶、Ca-ATP酶和Ca-Mg-ATP酶的活力。结果表明,敏感和抗性品系Na-K-ATP酶活力差异不显著,而抗性品系Ca-ATP酶和Ca-Mg-ATP酶活力明显低于敏感品系。在浓度为1.0×10-8~1.0×10-3 mol/L时,高效氯氟氰菊酯对敏感和抗性品系Na-K-ATP酶、Ca-ATP酶和Ca-Mg-ATP酶的活力均有抑制,并且对敏感品系的抑制作用高于对抗性品系。高效氯氟氰菊酯浓度为1.0×10-4 mol/L 时,对敏感品系Na-K-ATP酶活力的抑制率为29.6%,对抗性品系的为21.8%,对敏感品系Ca-ATP酶活力的抑制率为34.3%,对抗性品系为21.9%,对敏感品系Ca-Mg-ATP酶活力的抑制率为22.3%,对抗性品系为16.9%,存在显著差异。表明甜菜夜蛾抗性品系上述3种ATP酶对高效氯氟氰菊酯的敏感性已明显下降。     

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND SOIL TYPE ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF TRIFLURALIN

Summary. Wheat, oats, and green foxtail were grown at day-night temperatures of 32–16, 27–16, or 16–16°C in the growth chamber. The caryopses were planted at depths of 2·5 or 6·3 cm, and trifluralin was incorporated in the surface 5 cm of soil. The results indicated that the phytotoxicity of trifluralin was somewhat greater when plants were grown at day-night temperatures of 32–16°C than at a temperature regime of 16–16°C. A further study in the greenhouse indicated that the phytotoxicity of trifluralin was dependant upon soil properties. In general, the toxicity of trifluralin to both wheat and green foxtail appeared to decrease with an increase in the organic matter content of the soil.
Effets de la température et de la nature du sol sur la phytotoxicité de la trifluraline     

Trifluralin persistence under two different soil and climatic conditions

An investigation of the persistence of trifluralin was conducted as field experiments over a two year period at latitudes 60°N and 70°N respectively, paying special attention to the soil and climatic conditions. These experiments included glasshouse bioassays with Lolium multiflorum. gas-chromatographic residue analyses and qualitative and quantitative studies on soil bacteria. Special attention was devoted to clay minerals as well as to the soil organic matter. 100 g or 500 g of trifluralin a.i. ha^?1 were applied in the spring 1978 with a reapplication on half of the area the following spring (1979). The phytotoxicity of trifluralin appeared more severe on re-treated plots compared with single applications even at approximately equal residue levels. Trifluralin did not seem to have any real influence on the total number of soil bacteria. A qualitative change of the bacterial flora was however observed as a relative increase of non-sporeformers, Gram negatives and Actinomy-cetes and a relative depression of the Coryneform bacteria/Arthrobacter group. Even at a recommended dosage, a carry-over phytotoxicity the following year may occur, especially when the content of organic matter in the soil is low. Care should therefore be taken when using this herbicide on the same field in two successive years. The properties of the soil seemed to exert a greater influence than the climatic factors on the persistence of trifluralin.     

Persistence of terbacil and trifluralin under different soil and climatic conditions

Soil samples were collected from forty-three field trials conducted on ten soil types to investigate the residual activity of terbacil and trifluralin at the end of the cropping season, approximately 6 months after application. The soil was bioassayed in a glasshouse using soya beans and German millet for terbacil and trifluralin respectively. At 1 kg/ha terbacil phytotoxic residues occurred in a majority of the trials, while at 2 kg/ha such a carry-over could be found in every case. Trifluralin doses of up to 1 kg/ha did not persist in toxic amounts in most soils, while application of 2 kg/ha showed residual activity in 74% of the trials and application of 4 kg/ha killed German millet in all instances. Results are also presented from the time-rate dissipation studies conducted on both herbicides by assaying soil samples collected at monthly intervals. Both organic matter and clay content of the trial sites affected the persistence of terbacil, while trifluralin residues were influenced only by the soil organic matter content. Trial sites receiving high rainfall showed considerably less residues of terbacil, but the persistence of trifluralin was not affected by rainfall to any appreciable extent.     

播前施用氟乐灵对棉花苗期病害及蕾期枯萎病的影响

田间试验在棉花苗病和枯萎病常年发病田进行。以１７５ｍｌ４８％氟乐灵乳油／６６６．７ｍ＾２的剂量处理苗床地表土，播种棉籽后以含氟乐灵（１．０－１．５ｍｇ有效成分／ｋｇ土）的土壤覆盖。以清水处理为对照，。结果表明Ｌ氟乐灵处理组的出苗率高于对照，苗前残废对比照降低，５２．９１％－７９．８０％。处理组苗床期立枯病和侄蛱贩发病率及死苗率显著降低，分别下降３０％和４２％左右；棉苗枯萎病的发病率及病情指明显低于     

二硝基苯胺除草剂对大豆生育影响的研究

作者于1981～1983年所作的系统田间与盆栽试验证明,二硝基苯胺类除草剂中的氟乐灵、二甲戊乐灵对大豆苗期生育有明显抑制作用,表现为:(1)出苗延迟,幼芽下胚轴肿胀、脆弱、矮化,子叶革质状,单位面积用药量对幼芽矮化的影响比混土深浅大;(2)侧根显著受抑制,这种抑制作用局限于药土层,混土深度对大豆侧根的抑制比用药量高低的影响更显著;(3)根瘤菌形成受抑制,根瘤数减少,叶面积减小。随着大豆生长,上述抑制作用逐步消失,对大豆产量无显著影响。在供试3种除草剂中,丁乐灵对大豆生育无影响。从安全、经济、高效考虑,氟乐灵与二甲戊乐灵的适宜用量为1.0公斤,丁乐灵为1.5公斤/公顷,将药剂施于大豆种子之上的土层为宜,亦即施药后耙地不宜过深,将药剂混拌于0～6厘米土层为佳。     

Tolerance of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to trifluralin deep-incorporated in the autumn or spring

Field experiments at Lacombe on a Ponoka loam soil (9·6% organic matter) during 1982 and 1983 investigated the tolerance of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Neepawa in a weed free situation to trifluralin applied at 0·0–3·0 kg ai ha^?1 in the autumn or spring and incorporated to a depth of 10 cm. Rates of trifluralin above 1·0 kg ai ha^?1 applied in the autumn or spring reduced the percent stand of wheat compared to an untreated control. Two weeks after emergence the crop showed 37 or 47% injury indicated by delayed growth, following application at 1·0 kg ai ha^?1 in the autumn or spring, respectively. The wheat recovered throughout the course of the growing season. At harvest, trifluralin applied in the autumn or spring at rates below 1·0 kg ai ha^?1 caused a yield increase while higher rates caused a yield decrease compared to the untreated control. Spring application caused a greater yield loss than autumn application. The tolerance of spring wheat to trifluralin at rates required for weed control (1·1 kg ai ha^?1 or higher) on this soil type is marginal.     

Measurement and modelling of glyphosate fate compared with that of herbicides replaced as a result of the introduction of glyphosate-resistant oilseed rape

BACKGROUND: Crops resistant to glyphosate may mitigate the increasing contamination of the environment by herbicides, since their weeding requires smaller amounts of herbicides and fewer active ingredients. However, there are few published data comparing the fate of glyphosate with that of substitute herbicides under similar soil and climatic conditions. The objectives of the work reported here were (i) to evaluate and compare the fate in soil in field conditions of glyphosate, as used on glyphosate-resistant oilseed rape, with that of two herbicides frequently used for weed control on the same crop, albeit non-resistant: trifluralin and metazachlor, and (ii) to compare field results with predictions of the pesticide root zone model (PRZM), parameterized with laboratory data. Dissipation and vertical distribution in the soil profile of glyphosate, trifluralin and metazachlor were monitored in an experimental site located in Eastern France for 1 year. RESULTS: Herbicide persistence in the field increased as follows: metazachlor < glyphosate < trifluralin, contrary to laboratory results showing glyphosate to be least persistent. The main metabolite of glyphosate-aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)-was more persistent than glyphosate. AMPA and trifluralin had the largest vertical mobility, followed by metazachlor and glyphosate. PRZM underestimated the dissipation rate of glyphosate in the field and the formation of AMPA, but its predictions for trifluralin and metazachlor were correct. The simulation of herbicides and AMPA distribution in the soil profile was satisfactory, but the mobility of trifluralin and metazachlor was slightly underestimated, probably because PRZM ignores preferential flow. In general, data from the laboratory allowed an acceptable parameterization of the model, as indicated by goodness-of-fit indices. CONCLUSION: Because of the detection of AMPA in the deep soil layer, the replacement of both trifluralin and metazachlor with glyphosate might not contribute to decreasing environmental contamination by herbicides. PRZM may be used to evaluate and to compare other weed control strategies for herbicide-resistant as well as non-resistant crops.     

Trifluralin effects on the development of cotton in arid zone soils

The effect of trifluralin on the growth and development of cotton plants in low-organic-matter soils from the northern Negev of Israel was studied. Trifluralin exhibited linear sorp tion isotherms on these soils, Trifluralin and dinitramine losses from soils under varying moisture regimes and application practices were determined in open systems. The data were fitted to both first-order and biexponential kinetic equations. In about 50% of cases the biexponential kinetic model provided a better fit to the data, but no relationship could be found between the model parameters and environmental or soil properties. Losses were generally greater at field capacity than at 50% field capacity, and at 27°C than at 15°C, and in soils with a lower organic matter content. The trifluralin application rate was negatively correlated with vegetative growth parameters of cotton, but the correlation became weaker with increasing soil organic carbon content. Trifluralin delayed boll production in coarse textured soils, the longest delay occurring at higher application rates. It is concluded that in light soils that contain very little organic matter, trifluralin rates must be maintained at the minimum level required for adequate weed control to prevent damage to crops.     

Pesticide residue levels in soils and crops from 37 states, 1972--National Soils Monitoring Program (IV).

Residue data from the 1972 (FY--73) National Soils Monitoring Program are summarized. Composite samples of agricultural soil and mature crops were collected from 1,483 of the 1,533 selected 4-hectare sites in 37 states. Analyses were performed for organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds, trifluralin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); analysis for atrazine was performed only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in 45 percent of the soil samples. The most frequently detected compound was dieldrin, found in 27 percent of all soil samples. Other compounds detected, in order of frequency, included DDT, aldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor epoxide, found, respectively, in 21, 9, 8, and 7 percent of all soil samples. Crop samples were collected from 727 sites. All were analyzed for organochlorines; analyses were performed for organophosphates and atrazine only when pesticide application data indicated current-year use. For all crops, 40 percent of the samples contained detectable levels of organochlorines and 10 percent contained detectable levels of organophosphates. Atrazine was not detected.     

Behavior and persistence in soil of benefin

The phytotoxicity of benefin, as assessed by sorghum on various soils and soil mixtures, was significantly correlated with the organic matter content but not with the clay or lime content of the soils. After 1 month of incubation no significant activity remained from 2 ppm benefin, and after 2 months only slight activity remained from 4 ppm. Benefin was less persistent than trifluralin and more persistent than nitralin.