黄南地区棘球蚴病流行病学调查

棘球绦虫的成虫以犬为终末宿主 ,其中绦期以人和动物为中间宿主引起棘球蚴病 ,又叫包虫病 ,是一种危害严重的人畜共患病。为了解包虫病的发病情况 ,多年来 ,不同部门做了大量的调查工作 ,为给今后防治此病提供科学依据 ,我们对以往 (1 96 5 -2 0 0 0年 )的调查结果进行了分析。     

Epidemiological observations on stomach worms of donkeys in Morocco

Over two consecutive years, weekly examinations for the presence of nematodes were conducted on 185 stomachs from donkeys originating mainly from the Rabat, Casablanca and Settat regions of Morocco. All the animals, except one, were infected by at least one of four helminth species.Trichostrongylus axei was found in 93.5%,Habronema muscae in 89.7%,H. majus in 85.4% andDraschia megastoma in 1.1% of donkeys. Most animals were infected by two (23.8%) or three (71.9%) species. High burdens ofT. axei were observed in the winter of both years and in the mid-summer of the second year. Peak burdens ofHabronema were found at various times throughout both years. There were more adultH. majus thanH. muscae. The periods of peak levels of infection by these parasites were related to environmental conditions suitable for the development and survival of infective larvae ofT. axei and for the build-up of muscid fly vectors ofHabronema andDraschia spp.     

Ultrasonographic screening for cystic echinococcosis in sheep in Tunisia

Sheep from the areas of Fondouk-Jeddid, Bir Mchergua and El Fahs, located in the Northeast of Tunisia, were examined by ultrasonography between 2001 and 2004 in order to assess their infection with Echinococcus granulosus, the agent of hydatid disease, and to evaluate this method as an efficient aire for hydatid cysts. A total of 1039 sheep, aged between 1 and 14 years was examined. The highest prevalence was found in sheep aged more than 8 years. The least infected animals were aged between 1 and 2 years. All hydatid cysts detected by ultrasound were located in the liver. In all age-groups, the dead cysts were more numerous than viable cysts. Eighteen positive sheep were autopsied and a comparison between ultrasound and autopsy results was performed. The results showed a prevalence of about 40% for the three areas. Ultrasonography allowed the cysts, deep or superficial to localize in the central or left part in relation to the caudal vena cava of the animals. Consequently, all the cysts were not detected with this technique. This work shows that ultrasonography confirms the importance of ovine hydatid cyst in Tunisia and that its use as a mass screening approach for cystic echinococcosis in sheep could be helpful for the monitoring of this disease in a hydatid control program without great stress for the animals.     

Genetic survey of cystic echinococcosis in farm animals in Oman

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in animals and humans with a worldwide distribution affecting...     

Control of cystic echinococcosis: Background and prospects

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a chronic and debilitating zoonotic larval cestode infection in humans, which is principally transmitted between dogs and domestic livestock, particularly sheep. Human CE occurs in almost all pastoral communities and rangeland areas of the underdeveloped and developed world. Control programmes against CE have been implemented in several endemic countries to reduce or eliminate the disease. New Zealand and Tasmania are examples of some of the first programmes to be undertaken (in insular territories) and which were very successful in the elimination of CE. The advent and proven effectiveness of praziquantel, plus the experience of insular models, produced high expectations for rapid advances in a second generation of control programmes undertaken in continental areas (Argentina, Uruguay and Chile). Nevertheless, only moderate gains in CE control have been made and the impact on prevalence among humans has been slight. A major impediment to the adoption of procedures that were successful in New Zealand and Tasmania has been the requirement to administer praziquantel to dogs in rural areas eight times per year over numerous years. In addition, there have been clear technological improvements made in the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis for surveillance, the genetic characterization of parasite strains and in vaccination against CE infection in livestock. In order to establish new paradigms and appropriate combinations of control strategies, we have carried out a review and discussion of the available control tools and control models. Control strategies must be suitable and sustainable to benefit the Echinococcosis–endemic areas primarily, which at the same time are the poorest regions of the world.     

Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in ruminants in Turkey

The aim of this study was to estimate the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis (CE) in cattle, sheep and goats in Turkey. For this purpose, official records and previously published data in the literature were used. The weighted mean prevalence rates of the disease were calculated to be 7.4% in cattle, 46.3% in sheep and 10.9% in goats. The financial losses were estimated in US$ at 2008 current prices under expected (mean value), optimistic (mean value lowered by 10%), and pessimistic (mean value increased by 10%) scenarios. The production losses in an infected ruminant were estimated as US$ 139.2 (125.3–153.2, under optimistic–pessimistic scenarios) for cattle, US$ 13.7 (12.3–15.1) for sheep, and US$ 13.9 (12.5–15.3) for goats. The nation-wide annual losses due to CE were estimated as US$ 32.4 million (26.2–39.1) for cattle, US$ 54.1 million (43.8–65.5) for sheep and US$ 2.7 million (2.2–3.3) for goats. The nation-wide production losses due to CE in Turkey in 2008 were calculated as US$ 89.2 million (72.2–107.9). The results of this study may provide information to assist decisions of the policy makers in prioritising the allocation of scarce resources in controlling animal diseases in Turkey. However, alternative disease control-eradication programmes and cost-benefit analyses of them are needed for the future studies of this kind to provide better decision support in this area.     

A study of cystic echinococcosis in slaughter animals in three selected areas of northern Turkana, Kenya.

In an attempt to establish the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis, a study was conducted in slaughter animals in three divisions of northern Turkana, Kenya. A total of 5752 goats, 588 sheep, 381 cattle and 70 camels were examined at slaughter. Echinococcus granulosus metacestodes were found in 19.4% of the cattle, 3.6% of sheep, 4.5% of goats and 61.4% of camels. The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in cattle, sheep and goats was higher in Lokichogio than in either Kakuma or Central divisions. On the other hand, the prevalence of the disease in camels was higher in Central (84.6%) than either Lokichogio (70.6%) or Kakuma (50%). The differences in prevalence rates in different study areas are attributed to differences in environmental conditions, livestock stocking intensity and cross-border migration of livestock.     

Molecular characterization and prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered water buffaloes in Turkey

The present study was carried out between March 2006 and June 2010. During the study nine abattoirs were visited and 166 water buffalo internal organs were examined in Black Sea Region of Turkey. It was found that 10.24% buffaloes were infected with cystic echinococcosis (CE). The rate of CE found as 3.77% in males and 21.66% in females, 37.93% in older and 4.38% in young animals. The degree of prevalence according to age and sex was statistically significant (p<0.05). CE was observed 29.41% only in liver, 47.06% only in lungs and 23.53% in both liver and lungs. Therefore, the lungs were the predominant sites of the CE in buffaloes. Molecular identification on nine isolates, based on mitochondrial cox1 sequencing analyses, revealed that six cysts belonged to G1 genotype (domestic sheep strain) while 3 samples showed variant genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus complex G1-G2-G3. Two of them showed a thymine in position 52, like G2 strain, but the rest of sequences were completely identical to strain G1; also one specimen showed a single nucleotide change compared to strain G1 (C122T).     

Cytokine profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with cystic echinococcosis

IntroductionCystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), which affects domestic and wild carnivores as the definitive host and ungulates as intermediate hosts. In intermediate hosts, both Th1 and Th2 cells are involved in the immune responses to an echinoccocal infection. This study aimed to investigate production of IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CE patients before and after surgical treatment.MethodsTo evaluate cytokine production in response to E. granulosus antigens, we investigated IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ production in PBMCs of 20 CE patients in response to hydatid cyst fluid antigen (HCF-Ag) before and after surgical treatment using ELISA.ResultsThe mean IL-4 production from HCF-Ag stimulated PBMCs was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while IFN-γ was significantly increased in HCF-Ag stimulated PBMCs in patients after surgery (p = 0.005).Furthermore, our results showed that there is no significant difference between IL-10 production in patients before and after treatment (p = 0.562).ConclusionsOur data Indicated production of IL-4 in cultured PBMCs of CE patients stimulated with HCF-Ag was decreased significantly. While, production of IFN-γ was increased significantly in responses to HCF Ag after surgery. We concluded that the evaluation of IL-4 and IFN-γ in HCF-Ag stimulated PBMCs of CE patients should be considered as a useful marker in the follow up of patients with cystic echinococcosis.     

Molecular update on cystic echinococcosis in cattle and water buffaloes of southern Italy

Cystic echinococcosis (CE)--caused by the larval stage (hydatid cyst) of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus--is one of the most widespread zoonoses of veterinary and medical importance. Molecular techniques have allowed the identification of 10 different genotypes (G1-G10) of the parasite. The present paper is an update regarding the E. granulosus genotypes infecting water buffaloes and cattle bred in the Campania region of southern Italy. The molecular study was performed on 30 hydatid cysts (11 from water buffaloes and 19 from cattle). Two different mitochondrial DNA genes, namely the cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 and the 12S ribosomal DNA (12S rDNA) were used as genetic markers. Three different genotypes of E. granulosus were unequivocally identified, i.e. the G1 (common sheep), G2 (Tasmanian sheep) and G3 (buffalo) genotypes, as well as some G1 and G2 variants. It should be noted that the present study demonstrated for the first time: (i) the presence of the G2 genotype in water buffaloes from a Mediterranean area; and (ii) the fact that the analysed portion of the 12S rDNA gene can not discriminate between the G2 and G3 genotypes of E. granulosus. The finding of the G1, G2 and G3 genotypes in large ruminants from southern Italy is of epidemiological relevance and immediate public health importance because of their recognized infectivity in humans.     

Prevalence and economic importance of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered ruminants in Burdur,Turkey

This study was conducted between April 2000 and March 2001, in 12-month period. During the study, local slaughterhouses were visited periodically for 1 year to examine the internal organs (livers, lungs, spleens and hearts) for the presence of cysts and total 1355 cattle, 218 sheep and 104 goats were examined for the cystic echinococcosis (CE). It was found that 13.5% of cattle, 26.6% of sheep and 22.1% of goats were infected with this disease. While cysts in cattle (P < 0.001) and goats (P > 0.05) were found mostly in lungs (88.5 and 82.6%, respectively), but they were mostly found in livers (P > 0.05) in sheep. In addition to this, three spleens and one heart in cattle were infected with CE. In this study, the prevalence of CE and the number of cysts in ruminants were found different when the cattle, sheep and goats examined were stratified based on age. The prevalence and the number of cysts increased with age approaching an asymptotic prevalence of one in the oldest animals (P < 0.05). The number of cysts in cattle, sheep and goats were increasing at a rate of 0.31, 0.63 and 0.42/year, respectively. The economic decrease in the value of the carcasses because of the discarded liver and lung as a result of CE was estimated as 1.1% (7.5 US dollars per cattle) for cattle, 4.37% (3.2 US dollars per sheep) for sheep and 4.26% (2.9 US dollars per goat) for goats. The minimum total loss for all infected animals was determined to be 583 US dollars in infected animals, based on the market prices in the year 2002.     

Development and evaluation of flow through technique for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in sheep

A novel in vitro flow through technique was developed and evaluated for immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in sheep using hydatid specific non-cross reactive 8-kDa protein. The 8-kDa protein was prepared from hydatid cyst fluid by DEAE-Sepharose fast flow anion exchange chromatography. In this flow through technique, the 8-kDa antigen was coated on the nitrocellulose membrane of flow through device. Protein A colloidal gold was used as detector. The evaluation of the technique was performed by comparing 150 known positive hydatid serum and known negative serum collected from sheep. The test was shown to be high sensitivity and specificity that were closely correlated with those of EITB. Furthermore the immunofiltration-based assay is rapid (2 min) and easy to perform with no requirement of special skill, reagent and instrumentation. This suggests the flow through technique is an acceptance alternative to be used in clinical laboratories lacking specialized equipments as well as large scale screening of cystic echinococcosis both in the field with animal and human populations.     

Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Turkey

Veterinary Research Communications - The current study aimed at estimating the direct (condemned offal) and indirect (meat, milk, and fecundity losses) production losses due to cystic...     

Epidemiological observations on Gasterophilus intestinalis and G. nasalis in donkeys from Morocco.

During a 24 month period, 198 donkeys were examined for Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis larvae. Gasterophilus intestinalis was found in 97.5% and G. nasalis in 95.5% of donkeys. The third instars (L3) of both species occurred during all months of the year and so did the second instars (L2), except in April (G. nasalis) and May (G. intestinalis). Over 75% of the animals had up to 200 larvae and 1.5% had over 600 larvae. The maximum number of both L2 and L3 larvae found in any animal was 418 G. intestinalis, 433 G. nasalis and 715 of both species combined. The seasonal variation in the numbers and development status of larvae indicated that the period of greatest activity of adult flies of G. intestinalis was from August/September to November, and that of G. nasalis from May to September. Consequently, the L2 larvae in the stomachs were in peak numbers between November and January for G. intestinalis and between July and September for G. nasalis. The L3 larvae of G. intestinalis had peak numbers between December and July, and those of G. nasalis between October and March. During January-March, most of the L2 larvae of G. nasalis were trapped in polypous nodules near the pyloric end of the stomach. It is concluded that the high-risk period for infection is during late spring and autumn, leading to the heavy larval burden of Gasterophilus in the stomach of donkeys during winter.     

新疆伊犁地区包虫病流行病学调查及重点县家畜感染包虫的基因型

通过了解新疆伊犁地区不同县市包虫病的流行现状及重点县家畜感染包虫的基因型,为调整或完善现有的防控措施提供可借鉴的科学依据。在新疆伊犁地区10个县市的定点屠宰场采用随机抽样的方法检查牛、羊肝/肺包虫感染情况;对采集的犬粪便样品采用细粒棘球绦虫粪抗原抗体夹心ELISA方法进行检测分析;在2个重点县(昭苏县和特克斯县)定点屠宰场收集病变明显的牛、羊肝/肺包囊,通过PCR扩增,分析样品基因型。结果显示,2016年和2018年伊犁地区10个县市牛肝脏包虫总感染率分别为18.53%(241/1 155)和15.14%(154/1 017),牛肺脏包虫总感染率分别为13.68%(158/1 155)和11.26%(137/1 217);羊肝脏包虫总感染率分别为20.41%(565/2 768)和20.46%(414/2 023),羊肺脏包虫总感染率分别为16.54%(442/2 672)和13.59%(275/2 023);犬细粒棘球绦虫粪抗原总阳性率分别为26.89%(434/1 614)和17.18%(101/588)。2年中羊的感染率均高于牛,2018年牛羊包虫病总感染率比2016年略有下降,但差异不显著(P0.05),犬细粒棘球绦虫粪抗原总阳性率下降明显,且存在显著性差异(P0.05);不同县市牛/羊和犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率存在显著性差异(P0.05)。从重点县采集的18份包囊样品,NADH1基因和Cox1基因测序结果均显示为细粒棘球绦虫G1型。2016年和2018年伊犁地区家畜包虫和犬细粒棘球绦虫感染情况较为严重,且存在犬与牛/羊之间循环的传播链,提示该地区包虫病防控工作仍需改善和加强。     

Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis on sheep farms in the south of Argentina: areas with a control program

In 2000 Guarnera et al. proposed using ELISA in canine faeces collected from the ground to detect dogs infected with Echinococcus granulosus, thus determining sheep farms with active transmission. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of E. granulosus infection in sheep farms of the Patagonia. Sheep farms were randomly selected in the Provinces of Río Negro, Chubut, Neuquén, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego (areas with control programs) and La Pampa (comparison area). From one to three samples of fecal matter were obtained for each sheep farm, which were processed by means of copro-ELISA test with confirmation of positive samples by copro-Western blot. A total of 1042 samples were obtained from 352 sheep farms, 26 (7.3%) proving positive. Of these 5 (6.3%) were from La Pampa, 9 (13.8%) from Neuquén, 4 (4.7%) from Río Negro, 2 (2.9%) from Chubut, 1 (5.9%) from Santa Cruz and 5 (13.9%) from Tierra del Fuego. The identification of parasitized dogs is an essential activity upon which rests the strategy of control and surveillance. Arecoline tests or coproantigen test with fecal matter obtained directly from the dog contribute information on individual prevalence, while the use of coproantigens detected in ground-collected samples transfers the dog unit of observation to units of greater epidemiological value. In the present experience, the technique employed seems promising for its application in systems of epidemiological surveillance of cystic echinococcosis and in drawing a baseline on which to measure the progress of control programs in the Argentine Patagonia in subsequent years.     

Economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in India: Need for urgent action to control the disease

Cystic ehinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus remains a neglected zoonotic disease despite its considerable human and animal health concerns. This is the first systematic analysis of the livestock and human related economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in India.