烤烟雄性不育杂交授粉时期对制种结实的影响

为了提高烤烟雄性不育杂交种制种产量和效率,本文就授粉时期对杂交成果率、单果种子数和种子产量的影响进行了系统的研究。其结果是：授粉时期与成果率、单果结实种子数和种子产量之间呈二次抛物线回归关系,花冠打开前1d到花冠打开后1d授粉的成果率、单果结实种子数和种子产量均高,单株产量达到15.28g。     

不同单株留蒴果数对湘烟5号种子产量和质量的影响

为了提高烤烟湘烟5号良种繁育种子产量、质量、根系活力及烟苗质量和抗性,采用田间试验方法,研究不同单株留蒴果数对湘烟5号制种产量和质量的影响。结果表明,单株留蒴果80个处理的种子产量最高,发芽率达到99.0%,幼苗第7叶出叶天数64.8d,且化学成分协调性优于单株留蒴果100、120和140个处理,中上等烟率达到96.73%。尽管单株留蒴果60个的幼苗出叶天数最短,但种子根系活力、叶绿素和脯氨酸含量、中上等烟率最高,烟叶化学成分含量较单株留蒴果80个更优,但留果数太少影响种子产量。综合考虑,湘烟5号的最佳单株留蒴果数为80个。     

苜蓿雄性不育系杂交制种产量性状分析

以回交转育得到8个苜蓿雄性不育株(系)和3个优良苜蓿品种为亲本,分别在开放授粉和人工控制下进行杂交制种试验.结果表明:切叶蜂辅助授粉方式可以有效提高苜蓿雄性不育株(系)的制种产量.综合2种授粉方式下的制种产量,其中2号不育株(系)单株种子产量最高(3.16g/株);通过苜蓿雄性不育株(系)种子产量的相关分析和回归分析,明确了每株生殖枝数对不育株(系)单株种子产量作用影响最大,其次是结实率.     

半夏自交与杂交研究

为解决半夏生产中种茎的退化问题,为半夏的新品种选育及栽培技术提供科学依据。对三叶半夏和掌叶半夏进行自交与杂交,观测并比较其生物学特性、授粉、结实情况及出苗率。结果表明,掌叶半夏、三叶半夏的人工杂交、自交均能结实,但种间杂交表现不育;掌叶半夏与三叶半夏种内杂交结实率分别达65%和60%,平均单株结种子分别为37粒和17粒。掌叶半夏和三叶半夏的自交结实率分别为88.24%和62.5%;半夏自然授粉植株的单株种子数及其种子出苗率都明显高于自交和杂交植株,对异株的花粉有一定的排斥作用。半夏属于同株异花授粉植物,种间杂交不育;其种子不具有休眠特性,应趁鲜播种;半夏有性繁殖可以选育新品种,提高种茎的抗逆能力。     

昆虫授粉对芝麻产量构成因素的影响

为探索芝麻花期访花昆虫授粉效果,更好地利用昆虫为其授粉提高产量。本研究利用全封闭、半封闭、开放3个处理对芝麻花期访花昆虫数量及产量构成因素进行调查和分析。结果表明：蜜蜂是芝麻主要的传粉昆虫,占总访花昆虫数量的78.69%~88.78%。通过芝麻盛花期蜜蜂访花次数可看出,1d当中蜜蜂访花高峰主要集中在9∶00-10∶30和15∶00-16∶30两时段。昆虫授粉可显著增加半封闭区、开放区芝麻单株蒴果数、每蒴粒数、千粒重、单株产量、小区产量,与全封闭区（CK）相比分别提高了7.06%~17.58%、10.48%~16.83%、2.19%~5.13%、11.24%~20.86%、10.12%~20.85%。因此,在芝麻杂交制种和栽培生产过程中,人为增加传粉昆虫数量对提高制种效果和增加芝麻产量具有重要意义。     

不同营养类型烟株对种子产量和质量的影响

采用人工授粉方法,对5种不同营养类型的烟株进行杂交制种,以研究不同营养类型烟株对种子产量和质量的影响。结果表明:不同营养类型的烟株其种子产量和质量差异显著,处理间相比,以偏憨烟株种子的产量质量最高。因此,在烟草不育系杂交制种中,适当提高种株的营养水平,将制种烟株培育成偏憨烟株,可有效提高种子的产量和质量。这对烟草不育系杂交制种具有较大的指导意义。     

棉花诱导长柱头杂交制种及配套技术研究

旨在减少棉花杂交制种用工,提高棉花杂交制种工效,降低棉花杂交种子生产成本。采用GA₃溶液诱导棉花长柱头,不去雄直接授粉;采用小型强磁高速电动机作为动力,研制小型田间快速采粉器,同时研制与采粉器配套使用的简易授粉器。通过多年的研究,研制出一种新的杂交棉制种新方法,即用100 mg/kg浓度的GA₃溶液,处理8~18天母本的幼蕾,每花点滴量150~200 μL,开花当天,不去雄父本花粉直接授予母本伸长的柱头上;研制出与之相配套的棉花快速采粉器和低温贮能式授粉器,操作简便,田间采粉速度快,授粉效率高,生产的杂交种子纯度在95%以上,符合国家良种要求。该研究将稳定的诱导技术与采粉器和授粉器结合应用于棉花杂交制种,可节省大量用工,综合提高制种工效30%以上。     

转基因油菜雄性不育系15A结实性的研究

本研究以转基因油茱雄性不育系15A为材料，采用自交，异交。天然异交研究了3种不同授粉方式的结实性表现，采用隔离制种方式研究了不同行比制种对结实性的影响，采用不同辅助授粉方式研究了辅助授粉对结实性的影响。结果表明：15A自史结实为0。不育性彻底。异交和天然异交结实好，有利于杂交制种。隔离制种父母本1：5行比的情况下，母本的结实正常，单株产量高。3种人工辅助方式对15A的结实性没有明显的影响。     

杂交稻种子发芽率偏低的原因与对策

近年来杂交水稻种子发芽率偏低,育秧难度大,种子成本高,农民反映很强烈。我们经多年调查研究,初步查明杂交水稻种子发芽率偏低的原因,并提出一些对策。 1 主要原因 1.1 谷粒充实度差。不饱满粒比例大,一般占20％～30％。杂交水稻制种时,大田授粉时间长达10～15天。先授粉结实的种子先成熟,谷粒饱满比重大;后授粉结实的种子在收获时往往只是黄熟,谷粒不     

花/蕾低温保存对花椰菜花粉活力及授粉效果的影响

本研究将通过低温(3℃~5℃)干燥处理花椰菜完全开放的花和不同大小的蕾,利用花粉活力测定、花粉萌发观察和杂交结籽率检测等手段分析了低温保存对其花粉活力及授粉效果的影响。研究结果表明,当天开放花的花粉活力和萌发率最高,分别达到91.3%和45.6%,授粉效果也最好,每角果平均可收获11.3粒种子。3℃~5℃干燥储存8 d后花粉活力和萌发率显著降低,储存16 d后花粉杂交结籽率显著降低,不适合作为花粉供体;开花前1 d和2 d的蕾,3℃~5℃干燥储存8 d的花粉活力分别为88.3%和85.2%,萌发率均为32.4%左右,授粉杂交结籽率分别达到9.8和8.3粒种子/角果。随着储存时间的延长,花粉活力及萌发率逐渐降低。3℃~5℃干燥储存32 d的花粉杂交结籽率仍可达到8粒种子/角果。本研究结果为花椰菜杂交一代制种和组合测配的花粉保存提供理论依据。     

Germplasm conservation of oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol.) through botanical seed. Seed formation under a system of polymorphic incompatibility

Seven clonal accessions representing all three stylar morphs of tristylous oca were intercrossed and selfed in a complete diallelic crossing design. The four traits total capsule production, total number of seeds/capsule, total number of seeds containing an embryo/capsule, and percent seeds containing an embryo of all seeds per capsule were recorded. Both capsule and seed production were highest in the legitimate pollinations (in which styles are pollinated with pollen of the corresponding anther level), but also in illegitimate pollinations of mid-styled seed parents with long-level anther pollen of short-styled accessions. All 18 types of pollination, consisting of 6 legitimate, 6 illegitimate intermorph, and 6 illegitimate intramorph pollinations, expressed gradually different levels of capsule and seed production. Intramorph pollinations and selfs of mid-styled seed parents were less incompatible than intramorph pollinations and selfs of the long- and short-styled morphs. All accessions studied expressed an intact system of heteromorphic stylar incompatibility despite their exclusive clonal propagation for millennia. A maximum of 16,3 seeds/capsule containing an embryo was obtained in an individual legitimate cross of two accessions, although an average of 25 ovules are present in a flower of O. tuberosa. The results are discussed in relation to the establishment of a genebank based on botanical seed of this clonally propagated, valuable Andean tuber crop. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Restrictions of the efficiency of haploid plant production in apple cultivar Idared,through parthenogenesisin situ

Summary For haploid plant production in Idared apple, parthenogenesisin situ was induced by irradiated pollen. The most important restrictions were seed set, embryo germination and green plant recovery from germinated embryos. The efficiency of green plant production was strongly influenced by irradiation dose, picking time and quality of the irradiated pollen. 250 Gy pollen was more efficient for green plant production than 500 Gy pollen. Using 250 Gy pollen with reduced germination capacity resulted in a five-fold lower green plant yield. Delaying picking of the fruits (140 instead of 70 days after pollination) had a significant positive effect. Up to 20 plants per 1000 pollinated flowers, showing no expression of a marker gene present in the pollen parent, were obtained in some treatments. Induction efficiency was high when seed weight was high. This offers the possibility of selecting seeds with the best chances for haploid plant production. Heavy seeds generally contained visual normal developed embryos, which germinated better than those from lighter seeds and gave normal plant development. Delayed picking increased the proportion of large seeds, suggesting that pollination with irradiated pollen retards embryo development. From treatments with irradiated pollen of poor quality more small seeds were harvested.     

杂交授粉方式对玉米与大刍草远缘杂交结实率的影响

为了提高玉米与大刍草远缘杂交结实率,通过方差分析和多重比较等方法,研究不同杂交授粉方式对玉米与大刍草远缘杂交结实率的影响。结果表明：玉米与大刍草杂交,因受体材料（母本）基因型不同,以及采用不同的杂交授粉方式,杂交结实率会有明显差异。重复授粉、剪短雌穗顶部苞叶及花丝、喷施赤霉素等处理后授粉均极显著提高玉米与大刍草杂交结实率,且前2种处理杂交结实率显著高于后一种处理。因此,要提高玉米与大刍草杂交选育的饲草玉米制种产量,除注重对母本基因型选择外,还应采用重复授粉、剪短雌穗顶部苞叶及花丝后授粉等方式。     

Increased atmospheric humidity post pollination: A possible aid to the production of inbred line seed from mature flowers in the Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea var. Gemmifera)

Summary In two highly self incompatible inbred lines of Brussels sprouts the effect of increased atmospheric humidity post pollination was examined immediately following 1) hand pollination of green buds and open flowers, and 2) blowfly pollination of open flowers. Data were obtained for mean number of seeds set per pollination, mean number of fruits setting seed, and mean number of seeds produced per fruit which set for both varieties. Measured as number of seeds produced per minute spent pollinating, it was clear that open flower pollination followed by high humidity conditions was a much more efficient method of producing inbred line seed (46 seeds/minute) than green bud pollination (27 seeds/minute).     

Electric aided and bud pollination: which method to use for self-seed production in cole crops (Brassica oleracea L.)?

Summary With Brussels sprouts, Savoy and white cabbage different pollination methods were compared for their efficiency in producing self-seed. Besides bud pollination (BP), also the steel brush and electric aided pollination (EAP) method were used. The steel brush method was found to be considerably less effective than BP and EAP. With BP the mean number of seeds per fruit was higher than with EAP. However, this was compensated for by a higher percentage of fruit setting with EAP. Although the clones responded differently to EAP and BP, the total self-seed production per pollination was the same with either method.With EAP open flowers can be selfed. This implies that EAP can be carried out by untrained people in about 60% of the time experienced bud-pollinators require.     

玉米雄性不育化制种优质高产技术研究

玉米雄性不育化制种与常规玉米制种相比,具有免除人工去雄、降低生产成本、提高种子质量等优点,最大限度地发挥杂种优势。根据玉米雄性不育化制种特点,研究了恢复型玉米雄性不育杂交种ST501亲本的特征特性以及影响不育化制种质量及产量的各项因素,从亲本质量、花期调整、合理密植、科学施肥、病虫害防治、人工辅助授粉、适时收获等环节,提出了产量4500~5250公斤/公顷优质高产制种配套技术。     

The effect of temperature during growth and flowering on the seed set of tetraploid freesia

Summary Phytotron experiments have been carried out to study the effect of different temperatures on the seed set of tetraploid freesias during the raising of the plants and at the time of flowering and pollination.The effect of a relatively low temperature during the growth period is reflected in a comperatively greater number of flowers as a result of an increase in number of ramifications of the peduncle. This sometimes promotes the seed yield notwithstanding that the lower temperature reduces the fertility of each seperate flower. It is clearly proved that the temperature during flowering and pollination affects the fertility of the flower and the ultimate seed yield of the plant. Experiments in our phytotron showed 14°C during the growth period and 20°C at the time of pollination to be the optimum combination for a good seed yield.The effect of a lower night temperature was generally favourable, particularly so when measured by the number of seeds per pollinated flower.     

壁蜂与蜜蜂对棉花胞质雄性不育系的传粉特性比较

为了筛选适用于棉花胞质雄性不育系授粉的蜂种,2013―2014年以蜜蜂为对照,在网室内进行壁蜂对棉花胞质雄性不育系授粉试验,观察壁蜂和蜜蜂在棉花花朵上的生物学特性,并进行田间性状的统计分析。结果表明:壁蜂的适应性较好,受天气影响较小,但温度超过35℃后访花活动明显减少;壁蜂在不育系和保持系上的单花停留时间极显著大于蜜蜂。壁蜂授粉与蜜蜂授粉,在单株结铃数、单铃籽粒数和衣分上差异极显著,单株果枝数、铃重差异显著。蜜蜂授粉较壁蜂授粉平均制种产量高,但壁蜂制种成本低。改进田间管理措施以及采用多次适时释放壁蜂的方式,壁蜂授粉将会在棉花胞质雄性不育系授粉中发挥更大作用。     

玉米单交种不同收获时问对其种子萌发过程中保护酶活性的影响

以玉米单交种郑单958为试验材料,研究了不同收获时间对种子发芽率,以及种子萌发过程中保护酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响.结果表明,授粉后40d收获的玉米种子其发芽率最低,未达到国家玉米良种发芽率85%的标准;授粉后45～60d收获的玉米种子其发芽率为89.7%～97.3%.均高于国家标准,其中,55d收获的玉米种子其发芽率最高.随着玉米收获期的推迟,玉米种子在萌发过程中,SOD、CAT和POD活性均呈上升趋势,而MDA含量呈下降变化.授粉后50d、55d和60d收获的种子萌发过程中SOD、CAT和POD活性都显著高于40d、45d收获的单交种,而其MDA含量都显著低于40d、45d收获的单交种.研究表明玉米单交种的最佳收获时间为授粉后55d.