Improved protocol for Agrobacterium mediated transformation of tomato and production of transgenic plants containing carotenoid biosynthetic gene CsZCD

Improved protocol for Agrobacterium mediated transformation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Micro-Tom was developed to use in corporation of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes CsZCD (Crocus zeaxanthin 7,8-cleavage dioxygenase). From these experiment, a transformation methodology using explants from cotyledons cultured for 1 day on the medium with zeatin 2 mg/L, IAA 0.1 mg/L, carefully submerged in the Agrobacterium inoculum for 20 min, then concultured with the agrobacterium for 3 days on the same medium, followed by a transfer to the same medium with 500 mg/L cefotaxin for 3 days and then by a transfer to the same medium with 100 mg/L kanamycin and 500 mg/L carabenillin for 6–8 weeks and resulted in a greater than 20% transformation efficiency in the concentration of Agrobacterium OD600 = 0.2 tested. In this transformation method, no feeder layers were used and the subculture media was minimal. Among the Agrobacterium concentrations of OD600 = 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0, the best transformation efficiency, 20.87%, was obtained by using OD600 = 0.2, which was significantly higher than that of OD600 = 1.0. The presence of the inserted target genes was checked using a rapid and efficient PCR test. The protocol was successfully employed in the production of transgenic Micro-Tom tomato containing the carotenoid biosynthesis CsZCD under constructive promoter. This procedure represents a simple, efficient and general means of transforming tomato.     

Efficient production of transgenic plants using the bar gene for herbicide resistance in sweetpotato

Efficient production of transgenic sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) plants using the bar gene for herbicide resistance was achieved through the use of embryogenic suspension cultures and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Cell aggregates from embryogenic suspension cultures of sweetpotato cv. Lizixiang were cocultivated with A. tumefaciens strain EHA 105 harboring a binary vector pCAMBIA3300 with the bar gene and uidA gene. Selection culture was conducted using 0.5 mg/l PPT. A total of 1431 plants were produced from the inoculated 870 cell aggregates via somatic embryogenesis. GUS assay and PCR analysis of the regenerated plants randomly sampled showed that 86.5% of the regenerated plants were transgenic plants. Stable integration of the bar gene into the genome of transgenic plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and transgene expression was demonstrated by Northern blot analysis. The copy number of integrated bar gene ranged from 1 to 3. Transgenic plants exhibited functional expression of the bar gene by in vivo assay for herbicide resistance. This study also provides a simple and efficient transformation system of sweetpotato based on the use of bar gene as a selectable marker gene, which can be combined with other agronomically important genes for the improvement of sweetpotato.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the CrDAT gene and selection of transgenic periwinkle lines with a high vincristine accumulation

Catharanthus roseus contains vincristine and vinblastine, which are outstanding drugs for cancer. In the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) in C. roseus, deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase (DAT) is a key enzyme that catalyses the last reaction of vindoline biosynthesis to form vinblastine and vincristine. In this study, the CrDAT transgene was transferred into the periwinkle by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and generated transgenic periwinkle lines with an increase in vincristine accumulation. The C. roseus DAT gene was introduced into C. roseus plants and it was confirmed that CrDAT was successfully transferred into the genome of periwinkle plants and efficiently translated to synthesise recombinant DAT protein. Four transgenic periwinkle lines in T1 generation, T1-1, T1-3, T1-6, and T1-7, expressed recombinant DAT protein with the total protein content in the range of 2.86 μg.mg^?1 to 5.12 μg.mg^?1. Moreover, the vincristine contents of four transgenic lines increased by 1.63?2.48-fold compared to non-transgenic plants, ranging from 6.91 µg.g^?1 (fresh weight) to 10.53 µg.g^?1 (fresh weight). The T1-1 line had the highest vincristine content. Hence, the overexpression of the recombinant DAT protein can improve the vincristine accumulation of transgenic C. roseus plants.

Abbreviation: CrDAT - Catharanthus roseus Deacetylvindoline-4-O-Acetyl Transferase; D4H - Deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase; ELISA - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Monoterpene indole alkaloid; T0, T1 - Generations of transgenic plants; TIAs - Terpenoid indole alkaloids; WT- The wild-type tobacco plants (non transgenic plant); 35S - Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter     

Ectopic expression of serotonin N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and differential production of phenylpropanoid amides in transgenic tomato tissues

Tomato contains high levels of amines such as serotonin and tyramine and is a suitable host to enhance phenylpropanoid amides (PAs), an important class of nutraceuticals with strong antioxidant activity and chemotherapeutic effects, by ectopic expression of the corresponding gene, serotonin N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (SHT). To assess whether ectopic overexpression of SHT cDNA under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter would enhance levels of PAs, we generated transgenic tomato plants and analyzed the levels of PAs. Transgenic tomato plants exhibited increased synthesis of PAs such as feruloylserotonin (FS), 4-coumaroylserotonin (CS), feruloyltyramine (FT), 4-coumaroyltyramine (CT), and feruloyloctopamine (FO) in 1-month-old leaves compared to the wild type. The increase and relative levels of PAs were even more apparent in 3-month-old leaves of transgenic tomato. When tomato leaves were challenged by wounding, levels of PAs in the best transgenic line increased by 3- and 10-fold for CS + FS and CT + FT, respectively. In contrast to leaves, tomato fruit only showed enhanced synthesis of CT + FT, whereas CS + FS levels were not enhanced. Regarding amine content, the levels of tyramine were much higher than those of serotonin in tomato leaves and fruits. The high levels of tyramine may contribute to the preferential production of CT + FT rather than CS + FS, although SHT enzyme shows the highest substrate affinity toward serotonin rather than tyramine.     

根癌农杆菌介导的CG1-400-RNase基因转化创制锦橙转基因再生植株

【目的】为了快速有效地利用基因工程的方法获得柑橘无核新种质,【方法】以我国特色多核柑橘优良品种锦橙实生苗上胚轴切段为外植体,采用根癌农杆菌介导法进行能导致种子败育基因CG1-400-RNase的转化;为快速有效地筛选出转化子,在实生苗上胚轴切段转化再生过程中,根据不同发育阶段的组织或器官对抗生素的敏感程度不同采用不同的选择压。【结果】结果表明,在抗性芽再生过程中卡那霉素质量浓度设定为50 mg.L-1,获得的362个抗性芽转入卡那霉素质量浓度为100 mg.L-1的伸长培养基中进行伸长培养后,进行早期PCR检测,获得28个阳性芽;经过不定芽诱导生根或试管嫁接,获得22株完整植株。【结论】再生植株经PCR和Southern杂交检测,获得2株目的基因以单拷贝的形式插入锦橙基因组的转基因植株,为最终获得具有无核性状且可稳定遗传的柑橘新种质奠定了基础。     

Genetic transformation of Citrus sinensis cv. Hamlin with hrpN gene from Erwinia amylovora and evaluation of the transgenic lines for resistance to citrus canker

Transgenic Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. cv. Hamlin plants expressing the hrpN gene were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Towns) Conn-mediated transformation. hrpN encodes a harpin protein, which elicits the hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance in plants. The gene construct consisted of gst1, a pathogen-inducible promoter, a signal peptide for protein secretion to the apoplast, the selection genes nptII or aacC1 and the Nos terminator. The function of gst1 in citrus was evaluated in transgenic C. sinensis cv. Valencia harboring the reporter gene uidA (gus) driven by this promoter. Histochemical analysis for gus revealed that gst1 is activated in citrus leaves by both wounding and inoculation with Xanthomonas axonopodis Starr and Garces pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Genetic transformation was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization in eight cv. Hamlin acclimatized plants. RT-PCR confirmed hrpN gene expression in seven cv. Hamlin transgenic lines before pathogen inoculation. Some hrpN transgenic lines showed severe leaf curling and abnormal growth. Six hrpN transgenic lines were propagated and evaluated for susceptibility to X. axonopodis pv. citri. RT-PCR confirmed gene expression in all six hrpN transgenic lines after pathogen inoculation. Several of the hrpN transgenic lines showed reduction in susceptibility to citrus canker as compared with non-transgenic plants. One hrpN transgenic line exhibited normal vegetative development and displayed very high resistance to the pathogen, estimated as up to 79% reduction in disease severity. This is the first report of genetic transformation of citrus using a pathogen-inducible promoter and the hrpN gene. Further evaluations of the transgenic plants under field conditions are planned. Nevertheless, the evidence to date suggests that the hrpN gene reduces the susceptibility of citrus plants to the canker disease.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation of safflower and the efficient recovery of transgenic plants via grafting

Background

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a difficult crop to genetically transform being susceptible to hyperhydration and poor in vitro root formation. In addition to traditional uses safflower has recently emerged as a broadacre platform for the production of transgenic products including modified oils and pharmaceutically active proteins. Despite commercial activities based on the genetic modification of safflower, there is no method available in the public domain describing the transformation of safflower that generates transformed T₁ progeny.

Results

An efficient and reproducible protocol has been developed with a transformation efficiency of 4.8% and 3.1% for S-317 (high oleic acid content) and WT (high linoleic acid content) genotypes respectively. An improved safflower transformation T-DNA vector was developed, including a secreted GFP to allow non-destructive assessment of transgenic shoots. Hyperhydration and necrosis of Agrobacterium-infected cotyledons was effectively controlled by using iota-carrageenan, L-cysteine and ascorbic acid. To overcome poor in vitro root formation for the first time a grafting method was developed for safflower in which ~50% of transgenic shoots develop into mature plants bearing viable transgenic T₁ seed. The integration and expression of secreted GFP and hygromycin genes were confirmed by PCR, Southern and Western blot analysis. Southern blot analysis in nine independent lines indicated that 1-7 transgenes were inserted per line and T₁ progeny displayed Mendelian inheritance.

Conclusions

This protocol demonstrates significant improvements in both the efficiency and ease of use over existing safflower transformation protocols. This is the first complete method of genetic transformation of safflower that generates stably-transformed plants and progeny, allowing this crop to benefit from modern molecular applications.

     

阔叶猕猴桃遗传转化技术参数的优化

为了提高阔叶猕猴桃的遗传转化效率,以阔叶猕猴桃叶柄为试材,通过根癌农杆菌介导法进行了遗传转化技术参数的研究。结果表明,叶柄预培养3～4d、用农杆菌悬浮液(D600nm值0.5)感染10min、共培养48h、共培养时在培养基中加入200μmol/L乙酰丁香酮处理可以获得较高的gus基因表达率。在供试的1200个叶柄中获得了49个抗性芽,转化频率为4.1%。对转基因抗性材料进行PCR检测和gus基因组织化学染色,证实了外源基因已整合到阔叶猕猴桃的基因组中,并得到稳定表达。     

木薯与红籽瓜间套种模式研究及效益分析

为探究最优的木薯与红籽瓜间套种模式及其经济效益,试验设5个处理,即3个不同间套种处理及2个纯种处理,并综合分析了土壤理化性状、主要农艺性状、产量品质及经济效益。结果表明,间套种模式的土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性要优于单作;以T2处理(2行红籽瓜之间种植3行木薯)综合表现最优,木薯单株薯质量达(5.21±0.05)kg,块根淀粉含量达(31.98±0.45)%,红籽瓜种仁蛋白质含量达(37.42±0.31)g·kg~(-1);经济效益总利润达57 711.8元·hm~(-2)。在间套种模式下,以T2处理间套种模式最合理,经济效益最高。     

SGF加大控制体系建设改进工厂的检查程序

果汁工业保护协会(SGF)是一个遍及世界50多个国家,具有500多个果汁行业会员的非赢利性协会组织。随着业务的发展,协会不断壮大。去年对588个工厂进行了监督检查,抽取了4975个样品。这项工作由世界多国的25名SGF检查员完成。中国检查员去年对国内17家SGF会员企业进行了两次检查,对新会员进行了卫生评定检查,对老会员进行了年度卫生复查,抽取样品194个(包括生产线罐装样品、一年内产品备样和发往欧洲的产品备样等)。尽管部分样品的某些参数出现了超标情况,但没有一个产品能造成对健康或安全方面的危害。SGF紧密控制链SGF正加大它的果汁…     

根癌农杆菌介导寒富苹果转化体系的建立

以寒富苹果组培苗叶片为外植体,利用植物表达载体上含潮霉素抗性基因的根癌农杆菌EHA105(pCAMBI-A1301)和含卡那霉素抗性基因的根癌农杆菌EHA105(pCAMBIA2301)对影响寒富遗传转化效率的因素进行系统研究。结果表明,寒富叶片对潮霉素反应敏感,在附加潮霉素的培养基上寒富叶片褐化较为严重。潮霉素和卡那霉素适宜的筛选质量浓度分别为4 mg.L-1和25 mg.L-1。农杆菌介导寒富苹果转化体系的建立以MS+TDZ 2.0 mg.L-1+NAA 0.5 mg.L-1培养基为叶片离体再生芽培养基。适宜的转化条件为:菌液浓度D 600nm=0.5、叶片外植体在菌液浸泡8 min、共培养时间为3～4 d、推迟4 d进行筛选培养。抗性基因对转化效率具有明显的影响,EHA105(pCAMBIA2301)的平均抗性芽再生率(0.96%)比EHA105(pCAMBIA1301)的平均抗性芽再生率(0.58%)高出几乎50%,EHA105(pCAMBIA2301)的抗性芽再生率最高达1.87%。GUS组织化学染色和PCR鉴定结果表明本研究获得了寒富苹果转基因植株。     

Rapid preparation of composts suitable for the production of the cultivated mushroom

Substrates which favour the growth and development of mushrooms have been prepared from simple mixtures of wheat straw, wheat bran, peat, powdered chalk and additional soluble carbohydrates. Fermentation of ingredients was carried out in wooden trays within a well insulated “pasteurisation” room where temperature was controlled by intermittent injections of steam. By controlling the fermentation within strict limits to encourage naturally occurring thermophilic micro-organisms, substrates have been prepared in 4–5 days, compared with the usual composting period of 14–21 days.     

Enhanced thermotolerance of the vegetative part of MT-sHSP transgenic tomato line

Transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) line was developed that over-expressed tomato MT-sHSP to study the role of MT-sHSP in imparting tolerance to high temperature to vegetative part. T₀ and T₁ generation lines of transgenic tomato and wild type were used for molecular and physiological characterization for thermotolerance. Plants were grown at optimum (26/20 °C) and two supra-optimum, viz. ST₁ (30/22 °C) and ST₂ (32/25 °C) day/night temperature cycles. Plant height, leaf area, as well as assimilation (P_N), leaf cell membrane thermostability (LCMT), and night respiration were recorded. The T₀ and T₁ lines showed increased thermotolerance under both supra-optimum temperatures. Moreover, P_N did not limit the vegetative and reproductive growth under elevated temperatures. After exposure to heat-shock, the wild type and during growth at elevated temperature the transgenic line accumulated proline in the leaf, though more in wild type. Results of the LCMT clearly showed that wild type possessed more heat acclimation potential during growth at elevated temperature than the transgenic line. Further, the expression of MT-sHSP by both the transgenic and wild type under optimum temperature and after heat-shock, respectively, showed that transformation of tomato genome for high temperature tolerance could be a reality; the transformation by itself did not affect the expression of the gene for MT-sHSP. We found that a correlation exists between thermotolerance and both T₀ and T₁ generations of tomato plants and also inheritance of the MT-sHSP gene in T₁ progeny. It is assumed that MT-sHSP is just not expressed by plants under heat-shock, but has a unique function involved in thermotolerance. Specific role of the MT-sHSP in thermotolerance, however, need to be ascertained by in vitro studies.     

An improved method for preparing Agrobacterium cells that simplifies the Arabidopsis transformation protocol

Background  

The Agrobacterium vacuum (Bechtold et al 1993) and floral-dip (Clough and Bent 1998) are very efficient methods for generating transgenic Arabidopsis plants. These methods allow plant transformation without the need for tissue culture. Large volumes of bacterial cultures grown in liquid media are necessary for both of these transformation methods. This limits the number of transformations that can be done at a given time due to the need for expensive large shakers and limited space on them. Additionally, the bacterial colonies derived from solid media necessary for starting these liquid cultures often fail to grow in such large volumes. Therefore the optimum stage of plant material for transformation is often missed and new plant material needs to be grown.     

农杆菌介导霞多丽葡萄胚性细胞系遗传转化条件的优化

为建立葡萄(Vitis vinifera)遗传转化技术体系,以霞多丽葡萄(Chardonnay)胚性细胞系为靶组织,采用GUS检测法,对影响农杆菌介导葡萄遗传转化效率的主要因素进行了研究。结果表明,超声波处理时间长短对转化效率有较大影响,在所试的0.5、1、5、10 min 4种不同时间的超声波处理中,以5 min时转化效率较好,平均达到9.11个蓝色斑点;AS浓度对转化效率有明显差异,当浓度为50μmol/L时,平均蓝色斑点数为8.89个,100μmol/L时,达到12.44个;DTT质量浓度对转化效率也有较大影响,在所试的3种质量浓度(1,2,3 mg/L)中,以3 mg/L为最佳,有16.67个蓝色斑点。通过GUS瞬时表达检测,确立了农杆菌介导葡萄胚性细胞系遗传转化的几个最适影响因素,从而为葡萄遗传转化技术体系的建立奠定了基础。     

梨棚架栽培的优点和栽培技术

梨棚架栽培可增强抗风灾能力、改善果实品质、提高早期产量，而且管理方便。介绍了棚架的结构、材料和搭建方法以及适于栅架栽培的试验密度、整形修剪和花果管理技术。     

无公害水果的安全和产地环境要求

随着我国工业化步伐的加快,工业"三废"污染日渐明显,再加上农药化肥的不合理使用和城镇生活垃圾的影响,使得水果及其生产环境的污染问题越来越突出,水果有害物质和农药残留超标现象已比较普遍.     

城市街景改造设计的思考与实践——以重庆市华新分流道为例

街景改造是当前城市快速发展中有机更新的重要方式,设计思路对其有效实施有着重要作用。文章结合规划实践,以重庆市江北区华新分流道为例,研究街景改造的设计思路及应用。     

大批量制取苹果花粉的技术

介绍了大批量制取苹果花粉的技术要点，指出采摘将要开放的大铃铛花，并及时脱药，摊晾厚度适中，温度控制在20－26℃的范围内，是生产优质花粉的关键。