草本纤维提取菌种资源多样性研究

为了揭示草本纤维提取菌种资源类型以及其与生态环境的关系,作者对不同生态环境下的草本纤维提取菌种进行了资源多样性及其生境研究.结果显示(1)菌种资源多样性与分离基质有较大关系,土壤和水体是草本纤维提取菌种的理想生境,从土壤或水体中能分离出大部分类型的草本纤维提取菌种,而从腐殖质、厩肥中能分离出某些特殊功能的草本纤维提取菌种;(2)菌种资源多样性与地域关系不是很大,不同地域都表现出了较好的多样性,多样性指数在1.2-2.2之间;(3)群落相似性在0.2-0.7之间,大部分属于中等不相似.     

草本纤维提取典型菌种RAPD分子标记

为了从分子水平揭示草本纤维提取菌种遗传多样性及遗传关系,为草本纤维提取菌种的筛选、构建提供理论依据,利用RAPD技术,在优化的反应体系下,通过筛选的有效引物,扩增不同草本纤维提取菌种基因组的清晰、稳定、具有差异性的带谱,根据CROSS CHECKER以及NTSYS-pc软件,采用UPGMA方法进行聚类分析。结果表明,草本纤维提取菌种中的遗传多态性比较丰富,6个10b引物扩增6个品种的欧文氏菌系列获得90条清晰的DNA带型,其中82条呈多态性,占总带数的91.1%;7个10b引物扩增12个品种的产芽孢菌获得110条清晰的DNA带型,其中105条呈多态性,占总带数的95.5%。资源的遗传差异较大,多数遗传距离在0.5-0.85之间。不论是相同系列的人工诱变菌株还是不同地域的同种野生草本纤维提取菌株,均表现出了较大的差异性和遗传多样性,草本纤维提取菌株的遗传聚类与选育方法及其地域有直接相关性。     

2种人工林演变的次生林植物群落特征与土壤理化性质研究

次生林对全球森林资源的贡献程度大，具有丰富的类型。全球资源与环境正面临严峻局面，维护好次生林资源不受更多破坏，科学研究、合理利用和有效管理是科学缓解的重要手段。以五指山不同次生林为研究对象，设置典型样地，从不同层次对群落植物进行调查，并分析其群落组成、重要值和植物多样性，分析不同层次土壤理化性质在含量上的差异性，并采用逐步回归分析法，分析植物多样性与土壤理化性质的相关性。研究结果表明：（1）研究区域内主要以乔灌层为主，草本层植物中深绿卷柏占绝对优势；（2）不同次生林群落中物种丰富度指数与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数表现为乔木层>灌木层>草本层，Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层；（3）研究区内土壤呈酸性，土壤有机质、全氮、全钾及碱解氮随土壤层次增加呈逐渐降低趋势，土壤物理化性质各项测定指标在不同土壤层次表现为无显著差异；（4）影响植物多样性指数较大的土壤因子有土壤饱和含水量、土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤容重、全磷及全钾。土壤含水量、土壤养分、土壤质地等多样的变化特点及其复杂的互作关系，协同作用于次生林群落植物多样性的变...     

苎麻脱胶细菌菌株的筛选、分类鉴定与多样性分析

旨在为生物脱胶技术提供菌种资源。从不同生境中采集微生物样品,以苎麻原麻和果胶为主要基质,通过富集和选择性培养进行分离、筛选,获得78份具有降解苎麻韧皮胶质功能的细菌资源,通过形态特征、生理生化试验和16S rDNA测序,对菌种进行分类鉴定、种群多样性和聚类分析,初步鉴定为17属,至少27种,再通过脱胶实效法进一步复筛,选出10株代表性菌株,并进行了产脱胶关键酶的初步验证。     

八门湾红树林土壤可培养真菌的多样性分析

以文昌市八门湾红树林海莲林区和海漆林区土壤样品作为研究对象,采用稀释平板分离法对土壤样品中的真菌进行了分离,通过形态学观察和ITS-rDNA序列分析对分离得到的真菌进行鉴定,通过生态学指数统计分析,研究了红树林土壤可培养真菌的优势类群及多样性,共分离到真菌206株,包括21个属和无孢类群.两种生境土壤中真菌的主要优势类群是青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Apergillus)和木霉属(Trichoderma);Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)为1.688～2.281、Pielou均匀度指数(JSW)为0.745～0.864、Margalef丰富度指数(DMA)为1.755～3.415;相似性系数分析结果显示不同土壤样品间真菌种属组成相似性系数(Cs)在0.545～0.737,表明土壤可培养真菌种属组成存在空间上的差异;分离得到的菌株中DF12098和HF12701与Genbank中已经报道的基因序列相似性分别为93％和97％,具有进一步研究的价值,以确定是否是新的微生物菌种资源.     

海南文昌滨海台地不同森林林下灌草多样性及其与土壤因子关联分析

采用典型抽样法,选取海南岛滨海台地3种典型热带森林类型（椰子林、人促更新次生林、次生林）,对林下物种多样性及其土壤理化性质进行调查研究,并探讨物种多样性与土壤因子的相关性。 结果表明：灌木层中东风桔(Atalantia buxifolia)、 琼崖海棠(Calophyllum inophyllum)是3种森林类型的共有物种,其中在椰子林和人促更新次生林林型下占有较大优势;草本层中牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)和地桃花(Urena lobata)是3种森林类型共有草本植物,但并非是优势种。次生林和人促更新次生林林下灌木层的多样性指数与均匀度指数都较高,林下物种组成相对复杂,共有树种有11种,相似系数高达45％。次生林林下植物多样性与土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾及铵态氮之间达极显著正相关关系;人促更新次生林植物多样性与土壤全钾、全氮、速效钾、无机氮及铵态氮之间达极显著正相关;椰子林林下植物多样性与土壤各养分含量之间的相关性不明显。经多元逐步回归分析证实：滨海台地热带林土壤pH、全磷、全钾、速效钾、有效磷、铵态氮及无机氮共7个土壤因子对林下植物多样性具有显著影响。     

亚热带3种森林类型的群落特征与物种多样性的耦合关系

准确把握森林群落特征与其物种多样性的耦合关系是林分管理的基础。选择亚热带3种地带性森林类型,分别为季风常绿阔叶林（米槠林）、天然针叶林（马尾松林）和落叶-常绿阔叶混交林（闽桦-闽楠林）,调查了乔木层、灌木层、草本层和藤本植物群落特征（高度、胸径、冠幅、盖度等）并计算了不同层次物种多样性,旨在探讨森林群落特征与物种多样性的耦合关系。结果表明：（1）闽桦-闽楠林胸径显著大于马尾松林,而马尾松林和米槠林、闽桦-闽楠林和米槠林之间胸径无显著差异（P>0.05）,此外,3种林分乔木层树高和枝下高均无显著差异（P>0.05）,马尾松林和闽桦-闽楠林的灌木株高、地径和草本多度、盖度显著高于米槠林,草本层多度和盖度为马尾松林>闽桦-闽楠林>米槠林（P<0.05）。（2）3种森林类型的物种多样性基本都呈灌木层>乔木层>藤本层>草本层的趋势,群落的物种多样性取决于乔灌层多样性。（3）典范对应分析表明,3种林分群落特征与其物种多样性存在相互影响的关系。其中米槠林胸径、草本高度和盖度对乔灌层物种多样性具有明显的促进作用,马尾松林的灌木冠幅对草本物种多样性和均匀度有显著影响,是影响群落物种多样性的主导因子。闽桦-闽楠林灌木冠幅和地径,树高和枝下高对灌草层丰富度的提高具有促进作用,通过提高枝下高和灌木高度生长,降低草本盖度、灌木冠幅和大小,可增加群落物种多样性。研究结果对于科学评价森林空间结构,制定合理经营措施实现物种多样性保育和森林科学经营等方面具有指导意义。     

海南凤仙花生境地物种多样性及其与环境关系研究

应用TWINSPAN和DCA,研究海南凤仙花所在群落植被的分布格局,并探讨了海南凤仙花种群大小及其不同群丛下物种的多样性。结果表明:(1)DCA排序结果与TWINSPAN分类结果一致,将16个样方划分为4个群丛类型;(2)DCA排序能较好地反映各群丛类型与环境因子的生态关系,DCA第一、第二排序轴分布反映了海拔和郁闭度的变化;(3)不同群丛的物种多样性指数和丰富度指数存在差异,且不同层之间也存在差异。海南凤仙花所在群落不同群丛的形成与环境因子关系密切,其中海拔是影响其分布格局和物种多样性的环境因子;(4)不同群落结构下的海南凤仙花的种群大小及幼苗更新能力不同,在今后的保护中应采取不同的保护措施。     

云南河口不同林龄人工橡胶林土壤CO2浓度的变化规律及其影响因素

以云南河口不同林龄人工橡胶林作为研究对象,对抗逆高产和胶木兼优橡胶林土壤CO2浓度及相关影响因素进行2 a的动态观测。结果表明:(1)从季节变化来看,土壤CO2浓度具有明显的季节性变化特征,每年春季开始上升,夏秋季最高,冬季最低;(2)从垂直土壤深度来看,土壤CO2浓度随着土壤深度的递增而升高,在0~100 cm土壤范围内,表现为100 cm>80 cm>60 cm>40 cm>20 cm;(3)土壤CO2浓度与温度、水分和土壤有机质之间存在着显著或非显著正相关关系,表明温度、水分、有机质等是影响土壤CO2浓度变化的主要因素。     

欧文氏杆菌CXJZ95-198基因组文库的构建

采用改良鸟枪法构建了草本纤维精制高效菌种Erwinia carotovora CXJZ95-198的基因组文库,结合透明圈法,筛选到了8个甘露聚糖酶基因阳性克隆,并采用PCR方法对它们进行了分析鉴定,结果表明它们含有同一个甘露聚糖酶基因.     

草本纤维生物提取菌株产果胶酶的组分研究

为了系统研究草本纤维生物提取菌株的果胶酶组分及其表达量,采用DNS法、C=C光吸收法和酸碱滴定法系统地测定菌株P1、P2和P3表达的果胶解聚酶、果胶酯酶和果胶裂解酶活力。结果表明：3个目标菌株均能同时表达果胶解聚酶、果胶酯酶和果胶裂解酶,其中菌株P1表达的胞外果胶解聚酶活力最高达71.66 IU/mL;菌株P2表达的胞外果胶酯酶活力最高为76.7 IU/mL;菌株P3表达的胞内果胶裂解酶活力最高达210.7 IU/mL。3个菌株表达的果胶酶组分及其活力存在明显差异,其结果可以为进一步探讨草本纤维原料中非纤维素生物降解机理和开发菌株新用途提供科学依据。     

Microhabitat effects on herbaceous nutrient concentrations at the community and species level in Mediterranean open woodlands: the role of species composition

The presence of a woody canopy in open oak woodlands affects not only the nutrition but also the species composition of the herbaceous community. Yet, the contribution of both effects (changes in nutrient concentrations and species composition) to total resources that are captured by the herbaceous community is not well understood. We assessed the mineral nutrition (N, P, K and Ca) of three herbaceous species and the herbaceous community as well as the species composition in contrasting microhabitats (beneath trees, beneath a leguminous shrub and in open spaces). Both trees and shrubs increased the nutrient concentrations of the herbaceous species that were studied, except for Taraxacum officinale. Their effects were less consistent when the entire community was considered and depended upon the nutrient being analysed. Species richness and N, P and K concentrations were positively associated, suggesting that more nutrients are captured by the herbaceous community as diversity increases. Our results suggest a close relationship between species composition and nutritional value at the community level that may explain the discrepancies observed between both levels of analysis (species vs. community). Thus, farm-level strategies based on the whole herbaceous community may overlook processes operating at the species level, which can be relevant to achieve sustainable management.     

海南桉树人工林林下植物多样性特征研究

为探究海南桉树人工林林下植物多样性特征,对不同区域桉树人工林进行植被调查,采用标准木法和收获法相结合的方法,测定样方内地上部分的生物量,再结合灌木层、草本层α多样性指数与地上部分生物量构建综合功能指数,并比较新指数与α多样性指数。结果显示：（1）桉树人工林林下植物共101种,其中灌木层植物共49种,隶属31科45属,草本层植物共52种,隶属28科48属。（2）不同区域桉树人工林林下灌木层多样性指数差异不显著,仅临高的草本层α多样性指数显著大于其他区域,说明灌木层多样性水平相近,而草本层多样性水平更易受环境影响。（3）不同区域桉树人工林下灌木层、草本层的地上生物量分配差异显著,灌木层大于草本层,但是分配比例波动范围较大。（4）不同区域桉树人工林灌木层综合功能指数（Yd）无显著差异,临高和定安的草本层Yd指数显著大于屯昌和东方,表明不同区域桉树林灌木层的综合功能相近,草本层的综合功能则是临高和定安明显较强。（5）灌木层Yd指数与α多样性指数的相关性很强;草本层Yd指数与α多样性指数的相关性一般,与地上生物量相关性很强。结果表明,桉树林下植物多样性特征受区域环境影响,其中草本层比灌木层更易受...     

The effect of tree cover on the biomass and diversity of the herbaceous layer in a Mediterranean dehesa

Mediterranean dehesas are an archetypal example of high nature value farmland in Europe. To better understand the interactions between trees and grasslands in the conservation and management of the dehesa, we measured, over 3 years, the contribution of scattered trees to the diversity and biomass dry‐matter (DM) yield of the herb layer and the relationship between the herb layer (biomass and diversity interaction) and the trees. The study was based on 135 subplots representing four aspects and three distances from fifteen trees selected randomly in a plot within a dehesa in central Spain. The specific questions were the following: (i) To what extent do trees affect biomass of the herbaceous layer? (ii) What is the relationship between herbaceous layer biomass and species diversity under the influence of trees? and (iii) What are the effects of trees and small‐scale topography on the herbaceous diversity? Results differed between years depending on water availability. Legume and forb DM yields were highest at the edge of the tree crown and beyond the canopy. Species richness was positively related to legume DM yield, and both were higher at the bottom of the hillside, especially in dry conditions. Given the importance of tree influence on the biomass and diversity of grasslands, maintaining proper agroforestry management practices for trees and grasslands is important for conserving dehesa diversity and productivity under the conditions of high climatic and soil variability in Mediterranean dehesas.     

草本植物纤维生物提取菌种资源整理与整合

本文按照国家微生物资源标准化整理与整合要求,从中国农业科学院麻类研究所保存的微生物资源中随机选择802份菌种资源进行规范化描述,累计整合信息数据64574项,修复、补充信息数据27767项,经过分类鉴定证明,这些菌种资源涉及22属38种;同时,经过活化、提纯、复壮并保藏菌株615份,涉及20属31种。相关信息和实物整合到中国农业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(ACCC)保藏。     

基于SSR标记的山西野生大豆种质资源遗传多样性分析

分析山西野生大豆资源的遗传多样性和遗传结构有助于了解山西野生大豆起源与进化,为野生大豆优异种质挖掘及资源高效利用等提供理论基础。本研究采用52对SSR分子标记对来自于山西省9个地区32个县市的70份野生大豆资源进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:共扩增出450个等位基因,平均每对引物扩增出8.7个等位基因,变幅为3～19。等位基因频率为0.185 7～0.885 7,平均0.421 0;基因遗传多样性指数为0.210 2～0.871 8,平均0.710 0;多态性信息含量为0.201 9～0.858 4,平均0.679 7。将所有供试材料按地理来源分类,并进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,中部野生大豆资源的平均等位基因数、平均基因多样性指数和平均多态信息含量最高,北部次之,南部最低。而各组的平均主要等位基因频率结果与之相反。基于遗传结构和基于遗传距离的聚类分析都可将试验材料分为3个类群,两种分类结果基本相同。第一类群主要包括山西中部部分资源,第二类群主要包括山西中部部分资源和山西北部资源,第三类群主要包括山西南部资源。聚类结果与地理来源较为一致。山西野生大豆资源遗传多样性较高。中部野生大豆资源的遗传多样性最高,北部资源次之,南部资源最低。推测山西中部和北部曾经发生过种质交流,导致中部资源遗传多样性最高,该区域可能为山西野生大豆的遗传多样性中心。     

Culturable Diversity of Thraustochytrids from Coastal Waters of Qingdao and Their Fatty Acids

Thraustochytrids have gained significant attention in recent years because of their considerable ecological and biotechnological importance. Yet, the influence of seasons and habitats on their culturable diversity and lipid profile remains poorly described. In this study, a total of 58 thraustochytrid strains were isolated from the coastal waters of Qingdao, China. These strains were phylogenetically close to five thraustochytrid genera, namely Botryochytrium, Oblongichytrium, Schizochytrium, Thraustochytrium, and Sicyoidochytrium. Most of the isolated strains were classified into the genera Thraustochytrium and Oblongichytrium. Further diversity analysis revealed that samples collected from nutrient-rich habitats and during summer/fall yielded significantly higher culturable diversity of thraustochytrids than those from low-nutrient habitats and winter/spring. Moreover, sampling habitats and seasons significantly impacted the fatty acid profiles of the strains. Particularly, the Oblongichytrium sp. OC931 strain produced a significant amount (153.99 mg/L) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), accounting for 9.12% of the total fatty acids, which was significantly higher than that of the previously reported Aurantiochytrium strains. Overall, the results of this study fill the gap in our current understanding of the culturable diversity of thraustochytrids in the coastal waters and the impact of the sampling habitats and seasons on their capacity for lipid accumulation.     

60份不同来源粳稻种质资源表型性状的多样性分析及综合评价

为更好选择和利用优势亲本,提高水稻新品种选育效率,以来自福建、东北地区和宁夏的60份水稻种质为材料,通过变异系数、遗传多样性指数、聚类分析、主成分分析、逐步回归分析等方法对水稻18个主要表型性状的多样性进行评价。结果表明,18个表型性状的变异系数在1.10%～63.40%之间,其中黄粒米的变异系数最大（63.40%）,整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、不完善粒等稻米外观品质变异系数次之,均在34.00%以上,出糙率和生育期的变异系数较小,分别是1.10%和2.94%;18个性状的表型多样性指数为1.74～2.10,其中生育期的多样性指数最低,小区产量的多样性指数最高;按照来源对60份稻种资源表型多样性指数进行分析,各地区稻种资源的表型多样性指数变异较大,其中福建的变异幅度最大（1.06～2.10）、东北次之（1.50～2.09）、宁夏变异范围最小（1.51～2.01）。参试水稻资源在遗传距离为1.03时分4类,明确了各类资源的特征特性;基于主成分分析的综合D值,对种质资源进行排序,筛选的综合得分最高的前10名种质;同时利用主成分分析的D值与逐步回归分析,构建了水稻资源评价方程,该方程的构建为...     

Alternative and Efficient Extraction Methods for Marine-Derived Compounds

Marine ecosystems cover more than 70% of the globe’s surface. These habitats are occupied by a great diversity of marine organisms that produce highly structural diverse metabolites as a defense mechanism. In the last decades, these metabolites have been extracted and isolated in order to test them in different bioassays and assess their potential to fight human diseases. Since traditional extraction techniques are both solvent- and time-consuming, this review emphasizes alternative extraction techniques, such as supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, and extraction with switchable solvents and ionic liquids, applied in the search for marine compounds. Only studies published in the 21st century are considered.     

Balancing pest management and forest biodiversity: Vole populations and habitat in clearcut vs. variable retention harvested sites

Voles of the genus Microtus are long-standing pests in temperate and boreal forests of North America, Europe, and Asia where they feed on newly planted trees on cutover forest land. Clearcutting (CC) dominates forest harvesting and produces homogeneous habitats for voles. Variable retention (VR) harvests involve various partial cutting practices that produce heterogeneous habitat patterns compared with CC. This study tested the hypotheses (H) that compared to CC, VR harvesting will (H₁) limit population size of Microtus and feeding damage to tree seedlings; (H₂) provide some mature forest habitat for red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi); and (H₃) enhance abundance and species diversity of the terrestrial small mammal community. Microtus, red-backed voles, and other forest-floor small mammals were live-trapped for three years (2007-2009) on “young” and “older” CC and VR sites near Golden, British Columbia, Canada. Mean basal area (BA) and density of overstory coniferous trees were significantly (P ≤ 0.03) higher in the young VR than CC sites. Abundance of herbaceous vegetation and grasses was similar in both harvesting systems at 3- and 5-years post-harvest. Although not statistically significant, the relatively higher numbers (2.3-2.9 times) of Microtus on CC than VR sites at 3-4 years post-harvest is suggestive that VR may reduce Microtus population size. However, the mean abundance of 35 Microtus/ha in VR sites at 3 years post-harvest was at the border-line of moderate to high risk of feeding damage. Based on equivocal levels of vole damage to plantation trees on CC and VR sites, the damage part of H₁ was refuted. With respect to H₂, VR harvesting did provide some forest habitat for red-backed voles, at least initially in the third year, and then again at 10-20 years, after VR cutting. Total abundance and species diversity of the terrestrial small mammal community were similar in CC and VR sites, and hence H₃ was rejected. The mean BA (14.7 m²/ha) and density (73-127 trees/ha) of overstory (>10-20 m height) trees of our VR sites were insufficient to alter development of understory herbaceous vegetation and abundance of Microtus. Higher levels of VR should be investigated as a means of reducing this pest problem in young plantations.