绵羊球虫感染情况和种类调查

应用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对河南、山东和东北等地的1052只绵羊球虫感染情况及种类进行了调查,结果表明球虫总感染率为94.8%,对968份阳性样本中的球虫卵囊进行形态学鉴定,共检出12种艾美耳球虫,分别为阿撒他艾美耳球虫、巴库艾美耳球虫、小型艾美耳球虫、贡氏艾美耳球虫、类绵羊艾美耳球虫、颗粒艾美耳球虫、苍白艾美耳球虫、马耳西卡艾美耳球虫、温布里吉艾美耳球虫、错乱艾美耳球虫、槌形艾美耳球虫和浮氏艾美耳球虫。调查结果发现绵羊最多可同时感染9种球虫,多数为2~5种,混合感染率为71.8%;1岁以下和1岁以上绵羊球虫感染率分别为99.4%和86.0%,平均OPG值分别为7907.36和3263.89;舍饲和放牧绵羊球虫感染率分别为97.0%和89.0%;夏、秋季为球虫主要流行季节。     

黑龙江省部分地区绵羊与山羊球虫种类调查与形态描述

球虫病是羊重要寄生虫病之一,对羊只危害十分严重。经过对黑龙江省部分地区的绵羊和山羊感染的球虫种类进行调查,结果表明,黑龙江省部分地区绵羊感染球虫5种,山羊3种,分别为阿撒他艾美耳球虫（Eimefia ahsata）、浮氏艾美耳球虫（E．faurei）、巴库艾美耳球虫（E．bakuensis）、小型艾美耳球虫（E．parva）、颗粒艾美耳球虫（E.granulosa,）、艾氏艾美耳球虫（E.alijevi）、山羊艾美耳球虫（E．caprina）和阿氏艾美耳球虫（E.arloingi）。对所感染的球虫卵囊的形态、大小和特征进行了描述。     

青海省祁连县绵羊球虫感染情况和种类调查研究

对青海省祁连县默勒镇96只绵羊进行了球虫感染情况和种类调查研究。结果显示:总感染率为70.8%,其中1岁绵羊感染率83.3%,2岁羊感染率76.7%,成年羊感染率46.7%;多为2～5种球虫混和感染;平均OPG值为154.1(20～1460)。显微镜下对孢子化卵囊进行形态学观察,测量卵囊大小,显微照相,并列出了各种球虫的主要鉴别特征,绘制了卵囊形态图,进行虫种鉴定,共检出12种艾美耳球虫,其中确定的有11种:小型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria.parva)、类绵羊艾美耳球虫(E.ovinoidalis)、槌形艾美耳球虫(E.crandallis)、威布里吉艾美耳球虫(E.weybridgensis)、苍白艾美耳球虫(E.pallida)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata)、浮氏艾美耳球虫(E.faurei)、卵状艾美耳球虫(E.oodeus)、巴库艾美耳球虫(E.bakuensis)、颗粒艾美耳球虫(E.granulosa)以及错乱艾美耳球虫(E.intricata),前4种为优势虫种;未定种一种。     

集约化羊场绵羊球虫感染情况调查与分析

应用饱和盐水浮集法和麦克马斯特虫卵计数法对河南省洛宁县某集约化羊场384只绵羊粪便样品进行球虫感染情况调查。结果发现，球虫总感染率为69.5%(267/384),哺乳羔羊、断奶羔羊、哺乳母羊和怀孕母羊感染率分别是52.6%(61/116)、94.5%(104/110)、65.8%(52/79)和63.3%(50/79)。检出的11种艾美耳球虫及其感染率分别是小型艾美耳球虫27.1%、类绵羊艾美耳球虫40.6%、苍白艾美耳球虫25.5%、浮氏艾美耳球虫16.7%、槌型艾美耳球虫33.1%、巴库艾美耳球虫27.9%、阿撤他艾美耳球虫18.5%、温布里吉艾美耳球虫16.4%、错乱艾美耳球虫1.8%、马尔西卡艾美耳球虫3.6%、颗粒艾美耳球虫6.8%。多为2～5种混合感染，混合感染率77.9%(208/267)。类绵羊艾美耳球虫和槌型艾美耳球虫为优势种。哺乳羔羊和断奶羔羊阳性样品每克粪便中的卵囊数极显著高于哺乳母羊和怀孕母羊(P<0.01)。结果表明，球虫感染在集约化绵羊养殖场十分普遍，应高度重视哺乳羔羊和断奶羔羊球虫病的预防控制。     

石河子紫泥泉种羊场绵羊球虫种类调查

对石河子紫泥泉种羊场的绵羊球虫种类及感染现状进行了调查，共发现艾美耳球虫11种，分别是小型艾美耳球虫（E.parva)、似绵羊美耳球虫（E.ovinodalis)、巴库艾美耳球虫（E.bakuensis)、颗粒艾美耳球虫（E.granulosa)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫（E.ahsata)、槌型艾美耳球虫（E.intricata)、韦不里吉艾美耳球虫（E.weybridgensis)，对各虫种卵囊进行了测量和形态描述。     

邯郸地区家兔球虫种类调查

我们对邯郸地区的７ 个县市的家兔球虫种类进行了调查,共采集９５２ 份兔粪,结果,邯郸地区兔球虫的感染率为７０％ ,并全部为混合感染。共鉴定出兔艾美耳球虫９ 种,它们分别是穿孔艾美耳球虫（感染率为８５％ ）、中型艾美耳球虫（感染率为６５％ ）、斯氏艾美耳球虫（感染率为６０％ ）、无残艾美耳球虫（感染率为５６％ ）、盲肠艾美耳球虫（感染率为５０％ ）、肠艾美耳球虫（感染率为４０％ ）、大型艾美耳球虫（感染率为３０％ ）、长型艾美耳球虫（感染率为２２％ ）、梨型艾美耳球虫（感染率为１７％ ）,其中优势种是穿孔艾美耳球虫,而梨型艾美耳球虫最少感染     

3种药物对绵羊自然感染球虫的治疗效果

为了筛选有效的抗绵羊球虫药物,选择地克珠利(diclazuril)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(sulfadimidine)、克球粉(clopidol)3种常用的抗鸡球虫药物,进行绵羊自然感染球虫的治疗试验,以每克粪便球虫卵囊数(oocysts per gramme,OPG)、动物转阴率、增重率、增重新增产值作为评判指标,评价其抗绵羊球虫的驱虫效果。结果表明,3种药物对成年绵羊球虫感染均具有较好的治疗效果,其中地克珠利效果最好,克球粉次之,磺胺二甲嘧啶稍差。磺胺二甲嘧啶对羔羊球虫感染的治疗效果较差,而地克珠利和克球粉均具有良好的治疗效果,且二者的效果相当。3种药物对阿撒他艾美耳球虫(Eimeria ahsata)、巴库艾美耳球虫(Eimeria bakuensis)、类绵羊艾美耳球虫(Eimeria ovinoidalis)等3种致病性羊球虫感染均具有较好的治疗效果,其中地克珠利和克球粉效果最好,而磺胺二甲嘧啶稍差。在整个试验期间,不给药组成年羊和羔羊的增重和新增产值均为负值,而三个用药组的体重和产值均增加,其中地克珠利组稍好于克球粉组和磺胺二甲嘧啶组。     

杨凌某山羊场球虫种类及感染情况的调查研究

为了解陕西杨凌某奶山羊场山羊球虫的感染状况,采用粪便漂浮法、斯陶尔法和卵囊培养法等对山羊的球虫感染情况进行了初步调查,并对各虫种进行鉴定。结果检获12种艾美耳球虫(Eimeria),即艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.parva)、浮氏艾美耳球虫(E.faurei)、阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、颗粒艾美耳球虫(E.granulosa)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)、羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprovina)、槌状艾美耳球虫(E.crandallis)、克氏艾美耳球虫(E.christenseni)、阿普艾美耳球虫(E.apsheronica)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata)和错乱艾美耳球虫(E.intricata)。山羊球虫平均感染率为95.2%(40/42),羔羊感染率为100%。平均感染强度(每克粪便卵囊数)为1 086OPG,多数羊为2种~6种卵囊混合感染。优势种为阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.parva)、艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata)和错乱艾美耳球虫(E.intricata)。     

南京市山羊球虫种类调查

为了了解南京地区山羊球虫种类,检查江宁,高淳,溧水和江浦四县随机采集的１２５头山羊粪样,球虫感染率为８１．６％（１０２／１２５）。查获１０种艾美耳球虫,即：阿氏艾美耳球虫（优势率为１２％）,阿撒他艾美耳球虫（１０．７５％）,山羊艾美耳球虫（１０．５％）,颗粒艾美耳球虫（２．２５％）,浮氏艾美耳球虫（７％）,克氏艾美耳球虫（２．５％）,雅氏艾美耳球虫（１３％）,小型艾美耳球虫（２１．２５％）,苍白艾     

一起甘加藏羊球虫病疫情的诊断与治疗

采集甘南州某牧场的甘加藏羊发病羊病料,进行细菌检测、寄生虫检测和球虫卵囊形态鉴定,结果表明,引起甘加羔羊发病、死亡的主要病原是小型艾美耳球虫、浮氏艾美尔球虫和阿撒它艾美尔球虫。通过采取综合性治疗措施,取得良好的治疗效果。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.