不同疏伐强度对华山松母树林生长结实的效应

母树林的生长结实与疏伐有直接的关系;不同的疏伐强度能对母树林的生长发育和结实产生不同的作用。通过对华山松人工林不同疏伐强度的多年研究,展示了华山松母树林不同疏伐强度的生长、发育和结实情况,并提出了华山松母树林的合理综合疏伐强度指标。得出了改建华山松母树林应以郁闭度０．５￣０．６为控制疏伐强度的指标。     

不同疏伐强度对华山松母树林生长结实的效应

母树林的生长结实与疏伐有直接的关系；不同的疏伐强度能对母树林的生长发育和结实产生不同的作用。通过对华山松人工林不同疏伐强度的多年研究，展示了华山松母树林不同疏伐强度的生长、发育和结实情况，并提出了华山松母树林的合理综合疏伐强度指标。得出了改建华山松母树林应以郁闭度0．5～0.6为控制疏伐强度的指标。     

华北落叶松母树林疏伐试验研究

本试验系通过对人工林采取不同强度(按株强计算)的疏伐,改建为人工母树林。经过10年的观测认为,不论采取何种强度(强、中、弱)的疏伐,生产的种子不论质量、产量都明显高于对照区,同时林分蓄积量生长速度、木材质量也同样高于对照区。试验结果表明,疏伐是建立人工母树林行之有效的技术措施。本试验还为15-20年生人工林改建母树林提出合理密度。     

樟子松人工用材林改建母树林试验技术

研究了樟子松人工用材林改建母树林优良林分的选择、改建方法、技术关键。提出了以“留优去劣”强度均匀疏伐方式,选择初始疏伐林龄为7~9 a的优良林分,第1次疏伐强度控制在30%左右,第2、3次的疏伐强度控制在20%左右,每个林分每2次疏伐的间隔期在3~5 a,经过3~4次的疏伐,最终保留的优良母树为225~255株.hm-2。该技术充分利用黑龙江省现有的樟子松人工用材林资源,通过疏伐改造,抚育管护,促进结实,以生产质量优良的种子来满足全省林业生态工程建设的需要。     

疏伐频率及疏伐强度对不同种源史密斯桉母树生长的影响

依次按50%,40%,40%的疏伐强度对新建的史密斯桉母树林进行3次疏伐管理后,通过方差分析、多重比较(LSD法)以及相关性分析,研究疏伐频率及疏伐强度对不同种源史密斯桉母树生长影响。结果表明:疏伐频率对不同种源史密斯桉母树高、胸径、冠幅等生长指标的影响具有显著性差异;疏伐频率及疏伐强度与树高、胸径、冠幅的净生长量呈中度及中度以上相关。     

人工红松纯林改建商品种子林疏伐参数的确定

东北林区人工红松纯林迄今相继已改建为“果材兼用”或“双向林”约30多万亩。系用高强度疏伐,预想实现增产木材和促进结实的目的,但对于红松纯林改造时间、疏伐强度、疏伐间隔期和疏伐对象研究较少。为此,1997年在勃利县通天二林场第10林班红松人工母树内进行调查研究工作。     

促进云南松母树林结实技术的研究

在4个试验点改建的1350亩云南松优良林分母树林的试验结果表明;立木的树冠体积及其受光条件和内在的生殖生长特性是影响结实力的主导因素;合理的疏伐、施肥以及在疏伐过程中保留多实个体,对提高母树林结实量有明显的作用;对10～20年处于营养生长盛期的优良林分,改建的林龄宜在10年左右,疏伐强度应使郁闭度下降到0.3～0.4,疏伐的间隔期不宜超过4年。4片母树林单位面积结实量和种子产量分别提高了48～85.7%和68～109%,超过既定增产5%的考核指标。     

思茅松种子园疏伐强度探究

为探索思茅松种子园保留密度对生长量和球果产量的特性,对7年生相同家系的思茅松种子园开展5种不同疏伐强度(疏伐强度25%、疏伐强度30%、疏伐强度45%、疏伐强度50%和不疏伐)的疏伐试验,观测试验前、2年后的生长量(树高、胸径、冠幅)和球果数,计算出相应的增长量,对增长量进行方差分析。结果表明:5种不同疏伐强度2年后树高、胸径、冠幅和球果数增长量最大的处理均是疏伐强度为50%的处理,树高增长量次之的处理是疏伐强度为25%的处理,胸径、冠幅和球果数增长量次之的均是疏伐强度为42%的处理。树高、胸径、冠幅和球果数增长量小的处理均是对照CK。5种不同疏伐强度的树高增长量差异不显著,胸径、冠幅和球果数增长量差异均显著。该差异可作为思茅松种子园郁闭期保留密度依据之一。     

营建加密初级种子园的方法

为了使初级种子园尽快改建成第一代无性系种子园,采用营建初级加密种子园的方案,并详细介绍了建立及疏伐改建的具体做法。     

福建柏马尾松混交林疏伐效果研究

对不同立地条件下的福建柏马尾松混交林进行疏伐试验研究,结果表明,疏伐能明显改善混交林分的光合作用强度和林地土壤肥力等生态环境条件,且疏伐强度越大,改善的幅度也加大;不同疏伐强度对混交林分生长的影响较大,对主林木居第一林层的混交林,可采用强度疏伐即疏伐伴生木株数占总株数的45%。对于主林木与伴生木居同一林层的混交林,可采用中度疏伐即疏伐伴生木株数占总株数的30%。而对立地条件较差、主林木居第二林层的混交林,则以弱度疏伐为宜即疏伐株数占总株数的15%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.