芥黄蜜环菌交配型复等位基因的研究

从大兴安岭长白山采集１７号芥黄蜜环菌,用分离的单孢菌株进行交配型测定,证实中国该种为双因子异宗配合机制,选取各号标本的４种交配型菌株进行循环配对实验,结果发现该种的交配型基因座的多样性很高,共有１３对复等位基因,证明该种在世界分布区域内具有较强的生态适应能力。是目前国际首次用实验测定的蜜环菌交配基因数目。     

黑龙江省牡丹江林区蜜环菌的调查与鉴定

在黑龙江省牡丹江地区10个林业局内进行了蜜环茵生物种的调查和标本采集，共采集分离出41个菌株，用东北5个蜜环茵生物种与之交配测定的结果表明这些菌株大部分为高卢蜜环菌，少数为CBS F。     

奥氏蜜环菌杂交双倍体子实体的人工诱导

用产自北半球的奥氏蜜环菌Armillaria ostoyae(Romagn.) Herink单倍体菌株进行杂交，选育出25个增效交配的杂交双倍体菌株，使用3种培养料，分别在全自动和半自动人工气候室中培养诱导子实体。结果表明，在全自动人工气候室中，奥氏蜜环菌杂交双倍体产生子实体的概率是47％，而半自动人工气候室中的概率为20％。从杂交子实体中都分离到了F1代单倍体菌株。环境条件分析表明湿度是蜜环菌子实体发育的重要影响因子；培养条件分析表明蜜环菌干菌丝体可促进蜜环菌的营养生长和子实体发育。     

北半球高卢蜜环菌的遗传多样性与分子鉴定

从北美、欧洲和中国收集２３个高卢密环菌菌株，ＰＣＲ扩增其rDNA的ＩＧＳ和ＩＴＳ区域，用ＡluI,HaeIII,HinfI和ＴagI四种限制性内切酶进行酶切，同时结合随机扩增微卫生（ＲＡＭＳ）多态性，对北半球的高卢蜜环菌的遗传多样性进行了分析，结果发现了高卢蜜环菌的６种ＩＧＳ－ＲＦＬＰ图谱类型，其中gal(B)和gal(D)是国内外无报道的新的ＩＧＳ－ＲＦＬＰ型，ＲＦＬＰ系统树发现该种有明显的大陆之间的遗传分化，存在中国，欧洲，北美和亚洲４个亚群体，ＲＡＭＳ分析表明北半球高卢蜜环菌存在亚洲，欧洲，北美－中国和北美－欧洲和北美－欧洲等４个高卢蜜环菌发育系，而且不同大陆的高卢蜜环菌具有较近的亲缘关系，而相同大陆的却具有不同的起源，特别是北美的高卢蜜环菌两个发育系异源性很高，北美东部的发育系同欧洲的关系比较近，而北西部的同亚洲关系比较近，同时表明ＲＡＭＳ技术是分析菌物种内遗传多样性的优越方法。     

栗疫菌营养体亲和型多样性比较及野生栗栗疫菌交配型的分子检测

在北京周边县区、湖北大老岭山区以及陕西安康地区分别调查栗疫病发生情况,采集病原栗疫菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)菌株并进行营养体亲和性试验.结果表明:北京板栗栽培区和陕西安康地区野生栗栗疫病发病率较高,局部地区危害严重;湖北大老岭山区栗疫病发病率低,危害轻微.北京地区菌株群体营养体亲和型多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener's diversity index)极显著低于湖北菌株群体和陕西菌株群体,而陕西与湖北菌株群体营养体亲和型多样性指数差异不显著.随机选取湖北、陕西野生栗栗疫菌部分菌株,利用特异性引物,通过普通PCR和巢氏PCR,对其交配型进行测定,发现陕西与湖北野生栗菌株群体中均存在MAT-1与MAT-2两种交配型的菌株.通过PCR扩增,在两地的野生菌株群体里均发现同时具有两种交配型基因的菌株,其中,陕西群体此类菌株比例较大,湖北菌株比例较小     

中条山林区猪苓仿野生栽培技术研究

根据猪苓生长习性,结合中条山林区的自然条件和气候特点,采用蜜环菌材伴栽猪苓菌和猪苓菌材伴栽蜜环菌2种栽培方法,对猪苓仿野生栽培技术进行研究。结果表明,中条山野生猪苓菌核中分离纯化选育的Z101和Z102这2个菌株,所产苓核个大结实,色泽乌黑光亮,具有良好的栽培性状;蜜环菌材伴栽猪苓菌和猪苓菌材伴栽蜜环菌2种栽培方法,均比传统的菌核下种栽培法"窝"产量高约50%,表明采用纯菌种栽培猪苓是可行的。     

一个天麻共生蜜环菌菌株的培养基筛选

为给天麻的共生蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea)菌株MC4筛选最佳的母种培养基和栽培种培养基,将菌株MC4接种到不同的培养基上,测定MC4在不同培养基上的生长速度、生物量,并观察培养特性,结果表明：在以马铃薯淀粉为碳源、以酵母粉为氮源、以KH₂PO₄为无机盐的母种培养基上,菌株MC4的生长速度及生物量显著较其它培养基上的高(P<0.05);在以栎木枝条和马铃薯汁制成的Ⅳ号栽培种培养基上,菌株MC4菌丝萌发所需时间较短,生长速度快,分枝茂密,且菌索粗壮,直径达0.45cm。天麻共生蜜环菌菌株MC4最佳的母种培养基应以马铃薯淀粉为碳源、酵母粉为氮源、KH₂PO₄为无机盐,而以栎木枝条和马铃薯汁配制的Ⅳ号培养基更适合作为MC4的栽培种培养基。     

漆树菌材培育天麻技术

天麻属异养型植物，靠腐生于植物残体上并侵入其块茎中的蜜环菌供给营养而生长发育而成，是我国名贵中药材和传统出口商品。蜜环菌的生长状况直接影响天麻的产量，这是一种以腐生为主兼寄生性真菌，当天麻块集中的蜜环菌失去腐生营养源时，就利用天麻(寄生)块茎中的营养来维持生长或生存直至块茎解除。所以，选好菌材和培养料，培养数量较多的健壮蜜环菌丝并使它在较长时间内有充足的腐生营养源，就成为天麻速生、     

蜜环菌（榛蘑）林地栽培技术

蜜环菌（榛蘑）是东北地区传统的野生食用菌。抚顺市林科所经过3年林地栽培试验，使蜜环菌人工栽培取得成功，一次栽培可多年收获。文章论述了蜜环菌基本形态与习性、菌种分离与繁育、蜜环菌林地栽培的方法。     

天麻培养基配方筛选及林下栽培实验

蜜环菌是天麻繁殖中为天麻种块提供营养的伴生菌，在一级菌培养基中，通过改变不同培养基配方培养蜜环菌，菌丝体的生长情况有显著差异。结果表明：蜜环菌母种培养基制备中需要加入木屑；同时天麻林下栽培伴生蜜环菌菌材应用阔叶树种，栽培原料用量最优配比为：麻种1 kg、菌枝5 kg、针叶枝条0 kg。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.