Shelf life study of some Nigerian fruit juices inoculated with ascospores ofNeosartorya spp.

Mango, orange and pineapple juices containing various concentrations of sucrose were dispensed in 100 ml volumes into 100 ml conical flasks with stoppers. Each juice in a flask was inoculated with ascospores of one local isolate of eitherNeosartorya fischeri, N. fischeri var.spinosa orN. quadricincta to a final concentration of 120–140 ascospores/ml of juice, and then pasteurized at 80°C for 30 min. A set of 36 inoculated flasks with 12 controls was stored at 4–5°C and two sets, one protected with 100 mg/l sodium benzoate, were stored at room temperature (25–28°C). A shelf life study was carried out on all the juices for 64 days. Only fruit juices stored at 4–5°C and those containing sodium benzoate stored at room temperature were protected from spoilage by these fungi for 64 days. Addition of sucrose at levels of 9% to mango juice, 30% to pineapple juice and 31.5% to orange juice significantly (p=0.05) protected ascospores from inactivation during cold storage.     

Assessment of amyloglucosidase activity during production and storage of laminated pie dough. Impact on raw dough properties and sweetness after baking

Amyloglucosidase (AMG) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch into glucose units. AMG activity was tested in a model pie dough during the dough-making process (after mixing and sheeting) and during storage for 4 weeks at 4 °C. The activity was quantified by measuring the glucose content of dough and baked products using HPLC. The consequences of AMG activity on the sweet taste of the baked products (sensory ranking test) and on the rheological properties of the dough were studied and compared with a control dough formulated with sucrose. The results showed a significant production of glucose during the dough-making process and during baking when AMG was used. During the dough-making process, AMG activity was limited by the substrate. During baking, the substrate was no longer a limiting factor and the amount of glucose released was directly proportional to the amount of AMG used. The mixing time was increased and the elastic properties of the dough decreased when AMG was added. However, these impacts of AMG on dough properties were not as significant as those of sucrose addition. Addition of 0.75% AMG (flour basis) developed a sweet taste equivalent to that obtained by addition of 17% sucrose (flour basis).     

培养基营养成分对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

通过对香蕉枯萎病发病株病组织的分离、纯化,得到香蕉枯萎病病原菌--尖镰孢菌古巴专化型[Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense(E.F.Smith)Snyder et Hansen].该病原菌在不同pH值培养基上培养4 d后,发现尖孢镰刀菌菌落在pH值4.0～9.0范围内均可生长,pH值为6.0～7.0时最适,菌落直径平均在3.7～3.9 cm之间.尖孢镰刀菌在不例营养成分的培养基上培养,结果表明,N源对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝的生长影响大于C源.生长到第6天时,全糖型培养基产孢量最大,且小型分生孢子的产孢量也最大,可使香蕉苗发病率达到100%.而大型分生孢子的产生最佳培养基为低氮型培养基.     

春兰根状茎缓慢生长保存和包埋保存

以春兰根状茎为材料,研究培养基中不同MS盐含量、蔗糖浓度、甘露醇浓度及矮壮素（chlormequat chloride, CCC）浓度对根状茎缓慢生长保存的影响;研究不同浓度海藻酸钠（sodium alginate, SA）和氯化钙（calcium chloride, CC）对于根状茎包埋珠合格率和萌发率的影响,并以此为基础研究春兰根状茎的包埋保存。结果表明：根状茎在MS+10.0 g/L蔗糖+10.0 g/L甘露醇+7.5 g/L琼脂+1.0 g/L活性炭和MS+20.0 g/L蔗糖+7.5 g/L琼脂+1.0 g/L活性炭的培养基上保存,12个月后存活率达84.00%。利用3.5%（W/V）的SA,75.0 mmol/L CC制成的根状茎包埋珠合格率和萌发率达97.60%和92.00%。合格的包埋珠在4 ℃下保存180 d,萌发率和再生率最高,分别为68.00%和64.00%。本研究的结果可为春兰等国兰的种质资源保存和种苗生产提供理论和技术指导。     

不同因子对黄秋葵毛状根生长的影响

目的探讨不同因子对黄秋葵毛状根生长的影响。方法利用增殖倍数法测定毛状根的生长．从而明确各因子对黄秋葵毛状根的影响。结果3％蔗糖浓度最适宜毛状根的生长。0．5mg／L6-BA对毛状根有一定的抑制作用，0．5mg／LNAA、IAA对毛状根有一定的促进作用。尤其是0．5mg／LIAA培养的毛状根增殖倍数更为显著。MJA对毛状根生长有抑制作用，SA对毛状根的生长没有明显的影响。结论不同因子不同程度地影响了毛状根的生长，为进一步筛选适宜的黄秋葵毛状根培养体系奠定了基础。     

广西香蕉根系内生真菌的群落组成与多样性

本研究对广西香蕉主产区的香蕉根系样本进行内生真菌分离,采用形态学与ITS序列分析相结合的方法进行菌株鉴定,开展其物种组成与多样性分析,对了解广西香蕉与其根部内生真菌间的关系以及探索其内生真菌功能具有重要意义。从168个香蕉根段中共分离获得352株内生真菌,分别归属于5纲17目34科43属62个分类单元,不同分类单元的代表菌株中,有41株菌株能够产生分生孢子(66.13%)。其中,优势纲为粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)和散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes),相对频率(RF)分别为66.19%和20.45%;优势目为肉座菌目(Hypocreales)、散囊菌目(Eurotiales)和格孢腔菌目(Pleosporales),相对频率分别为55.4%、17.61%和9.66%;优势属为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、未鉴定属3、帚枝霉属(Sarocladium)、未鉴定属2、弯孢属(Curvularia)和突脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum),相对频率分别为32.39%、15.06%、13.35%、5.11%、3.98%、3.41%、3.13%和2.84%,后5个属的相对频率未超过10%,其优势不明显。多样性指数和均匀度系数结果表明,南宁地区坛洛镇TL2样地和锣圩镇LX样地的香蕉根系内生真菌种群多样性较丰富,群落分布较均匀。相似度系数分析显示,钦州地区大成镇2个样地(DC1、DC2)间香蕉根系内生真菌种群组成相似度最高(C_s=0.67)。不同采样点的地理环境和气候条件给香蕉提供了不同的生境,是影响香蕉根系内生真菌种类组成及多样性差异的主要因素之一。     

广西香蕉根系内生真菌的群落组成与多样性

本研究对广西香蕉主产区的香蕉根系样本进行内生真菌分离,采用形态学与ITS序列分析相结合的方法进行菌株鉴定,开展其物种组成与多样性分析,对了解广西香蕉与其根部内生真菌间的关系以及探索其内生真菌功能具有重要意义。从168个香蕉根段中共分离获得352株内生真菌,分别归属于5纲17目34科43属62个分类单元,不同分类单元的代表菌株中,有41株菌株能够产生分生孢子(66.13%)。其中,优势纲为粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)和散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes),相对频率(RF)分别为66.19%和20.45%;优势目为肉座菌目(Hypocreales)、散囊菌目(Eurotiales)和格孢腔菌目(Pleosporales),相对频率分别为55.4%、17.61%和9.66%;优势属为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、未鉴定属3、帚枝霉属(Sarocladium)、未鉴定属2、弯孢属(Curvularia)和突脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum),相对频率分别为32.39%、15.06%、13.35%、5.11%、3.98%、3.41%、3.13%和2.84%,后5个属的相对频率未超过10%,其优势不明显。多样性指数和均匀度系数结果表明,南宁地区坛洛镇TL2样地和锣圩镇LX样地的香蕉根系内生真菌种群多样性较丰富,群落分布较均匀。相似度系数分析显示,钦州地区大成镇2个样地(DC1、DC2)间香蕉根系内生真菌种群组成相似度最高(C_s=0.67)。不同采样点的地理环境和气候条件给香蕉提供了不同的生境,是影响香蕉根系内生真菌种类组成及多样性差异的主要因素之一。     

山薯试管零余子的诱导

以山薯无菌苗茎段为试验材料,研究BA、NAA、JA、蔗糖浓度、光周期以及不同培养方式对试管零余子诱导形成的影响.结果表明,MS+2.0mg/L BA+0.1 mg,L NAA+80g/L蔗糖+5.0g/L,琼脂+1.5 g/L活性炭,12 h/d的光照时间(光照强度为2 000 lx)是试管零余子诱导较优的培养条件.经过2个月的培养,试管零余子诱导率达90%以上,零余子发生个数为1.44个/株.蔗糖浓度是影响试管零余子发生的最重要因素,高蔗糖浓度(80 g/L)能促进试管零余子的发生.     

Effect of surface cover on the reduction of runoff and agricultural NPS pollution from upland fields

In this study, two types of simulations were performed. First, indoor rainfall simulation revealed that runoff ratio (0–63.3 %) decreased dramatically with surface cover, compared with no surface cover condition (55–85.3 %), and sediment load and concentration also decreased. With additions of PAM, sawdust, and rice hull to rice straw mat, the runoff ratio decreased to 52.8, 36.6, and 53.2 %, compared with only rice straw mat condition (runoff ratio of 63.3 %). When gypsum was added, no runoff was observed in case of rainfall intensity of 30 mm/h. Under 60 mm/h rainfall condition, 50 % or more runoff reduction was observed. These could be explained in that surface cover reduces detachment of soil particles and keeps infiltration rate by reducing surface sealing with detached soil particle which could happen under non-surface cover condition. Second, when rice straw mat was applied to soybean field, no runoff was observed until rainfall intensity of 5.8 mm/h or greater, while runoff was observed with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm/h at no surface covered soybean field. In addition, 89.7–99.4 % of pollutant reductions were observed with rice straw mat at the soybean field. When rice straw mat with additions of wood shaves was applied to Chinese cabbage and radish fields, 4.3–75.8 % of runoff reductions and 28–80.8 % of pollutant reductions were observed. In case of Chinese cabbage, 122.1 % yield increase was observed and 153.4 % yield increase in case of radish.     

“热研11号”黑籽雀稗植株再生体系的建立

以热带牧草"热研11号"黑籽雀稗(Paspalum atratum cv.Reyan No.11)种子为材料,对其外植体植株的再生过程进行系统研究.结果表明,以MS无机盐 9.0mg/L维生素B1 9.5mg/L维生素B6 4.5mg/L尼克酸 1.0mg/L水解酪蛋白 30.0g/L蔗糖 8.0g/L琼脂为基本成分(MSM),附加植物激素类物质2.0mg/L2,4-D时,适合种子的愈伤组织形成,愈伤诱导率可达65%:继代培养基附加1.0mg/L2,4-D和0.1mg/LKT:分化的培养基附加6.0mg/L6-BA,分化率可达50%;生根培养基附加0.5mg/L激素类物质NAA,生根率100%.完成植株再生约需13周.     

The influence of glycoalkaloids,chlorogenic acid and sugars on the susceptibility of potato tubers to wireworm

Summary Field experiments with four potato cultivars showed that there were significant differences in susceptibility to attack by wireworm,Agriotes obscurus. The two most susceptible cultivars had the lowest total glycoalkaloid (TGA) contents. Laboratory experiments with wireworms feeding on tuber slices demonstrated that regions characterized by a low sugar and a high glycoalkaloid concentration were avoided as feeding sites. Bio-assays with glycoalkaloids also showed that paper discs treated with a mixture of solanine and chaconine were avoided by wireworms. According to a forward stepwise regression analysis based on data from four cultivars and six regions of the tuber. TGA was the key factor in predicting larval feeding, accounting for 65% of the total variation. Differences in reducing sugar levels (fructose + glucose) explained an additional 13% of the variation. Differences in chlorogenic acid and sucrose levels added very little to the accuracy of the prediction.     

离体培养条件下植物生长物质对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

在全黑暗诱导结薯培养条件下,培养基（MS＋8．0％蔗糖）中添加5．0BA、5．0B9、500CCC或5．0BA＋500CCC（mg／L）对诱导马铃薯（cv．Mira）试管苗或其茎段结薯所需的时间,结薯率和结薯数量没有促进作用;它们虽能略微提高试管薯的平均鲜重,但与对照比较,此影响未达到显著水平（LSD0.05）。在16h／d光周期或8h／d光周期加暗期光间断诱导结薯培养条件下,无论培养基中蔗糖含量为2．0％或8．0％,外源添加2．0NAA、2．0ABA、5．0BA、5．0B9、500CCC或5．0BA＋500CCC（mg／L）等植物生长物质均不能诱导试管苗茎段结薯（cv．I－1085）。由此表明,离体培养条件下,外源添加上述植物生长物质不是诱导马铃薯块茎形成的必需因子。对此试验结果作了比较详细的讨论。     

Bio-availability of iron from spinach (Spanicia oleracea) cultivated in soil fortified with graded levels of iron

In vitro availability of iron along with ascorbic acid, oxalic acid and phosphorus content of two varieties of spinach (Pusa Jyoti and Allgreen) cultivated in soil with different levels of added iron was determined. Addition of graded levels of iron to soil markedly increased the total iron and phosphorus contents and significantly decreased the bio-availability of iron, ascorbic acid and oxalic acid contents of spinach. Ascorbic acid and oxalic acid contents markedly exerted a positive influence while phosphorus exerted a negative influence on the bio-availability of iron.     

不同诱导子对王不留行毛状根生长和王不留行黄酮苷含量的影响

目的研究水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯、酵母提取物这三种生物诱导子对王不留行毛状根生长及王不留行黄酮苷含量的影响。方法利用高效液相色谱法测定毛状根及培养基中王不留行黄酮苷的含量。结果水杨酸和酵母提取物对王不留行毛状根生长的影响不显著,茉莉酸甲酯则明显抑制其生长。这三种诱导子均明显促进王不留行黄酮苷的产生。结论为进一步筛选适宜的王不留行毛状根培养体系并调控次生代谢产物的研究奠定了基础。     

Optimization and extraction of extra and intracellular color from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium minioluteum</Emphasis> for application on protein fibers

Precedence of microbial colorants can be seen in almost all the industrial sectors viz. food, textile, paper, agriculture, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. These colorants are gaining popularity due to their salient advantages over synthetic and natural dyes. This study deals with the optimization and extraction of such colorants from Penicillium minioluteum for the purpose of dyeing different protein fibers. Penicillium minioluteum was cultured under different growth conditions to optimize the extracellular color production. The extracellular colorant grown under optimized fermentation conditions (medium-sabouraud; pH-5.6; temperature-15 °C; time-20 days; incubation-static) in 3000 ml haffkine flask showed maximum color or highest optical density of 1.014 at λ _max=490 nm. Later on, this colorant was extracted using nbutanol. The remaining mycelial mat obtained after filtration was extracted using different chemical and mechanical procedures to get the intracellular colorant. Highest O.D of 0.897 was recorded at λ _max=490 nm when desiccated powdered mycelial mat was extracted with methanol. Dyed silk and leather with the extracellular colorant showed color strength (K/S) as 3.88 and 3.81, respectively, whereas silk and leather dyed with the intracellular colorant showed K/S as 0.56 and 0.55, respectively. The color strength of extracellular dyed samples was found to be three times higher as compared to the samples dyed with the intracellular aqueous colorant of the same optical density. After dyeing, two different shades were obtained viz. deep red with the extracellular colorant and beige with the intracellular colorant on mulberry silk and wet blue goat nappa skin leather. Fastness towards rubbing was found to be good for both the samples. Wash fastness was excellent on silk. Fastness towards light was poor for both silk and leather. Furthermore, the color yield of the extracellular colorant (0.62 %) was found to be approximately five times more than the color yield of the intracellular colorant (0.14 %).     

The Role of Dextrins in the Stickiness of Bread Crumb made from Pre-Harvest Sprouted Wheat or Flour Containing ExogenousAlpha-Amylase

Dextrins were extracted in water from bread made from pre-harvest sprouted wheat or standard flour supplemented with exogenousalpha-amylases. The dextrins were separated by gel permeation chromatography and the dextrin content (% of crumb weight) determined for different degree of polymerisation (DP) size classes; DP 1–2, DP 3–10, DP 11–50, DP 51–200 and DP >200. There were significant correlations between the dextrin content in each size class and crumb stickiness (r=0·84–0·91, 22 df ). The most significant correlation (r=0·96) was between total dextrin content and crumb stickiness. Addition of dextrins of various DP ranges from various sources to standard flour produced bread with sticky crumb. Again, the degree of stickiness was generally related to the amount of total dextrin in the crumb and not to size distribution of dextrins. In this instance, extensive enzymic hydrolysis of starch was not necessary to produce sticky crumb; the dextrins caused crumb stickiness directly. Addition of dextrins to reconstituted gluten–starch flour produced bread with unexpectedly low dextrin levels and correspondingly low stickiness scores. It is concluded that, to produce sticky crumb, high levels of dextrin of any size are necessary in the crumb; a sticky mass is produced when dextrins dissolve in the excess «free» water that is normally «bound» to starch, gluten and other insoluble components of bread crumb.     

Long-term dry preservation of viable mycelia of two mycoherbicidal organisms

The production of large amounts of fungal spores for preservation and formulation are considered constraints to effective use of fungal biocontrol agents. Few successful attempts have been made to store fungal mycelia alone. Late log-phase liquid fermenter cultured isolated mycelia of two Fusarium spp. specific to the parasitic broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) from fermenters were formulated in alginate beads or in ‘Stabileze’ (starch, sucrose, corn oil, and silica) and air-dried. ‘Stabileze’ formulations exhibited <30% loss of mycelial viability for >9 months and retained pathogenicity to the weed for over a year, while mycelia harvested earlier, and conidia from liquid culture exhibited >40% loss of viability. Mycelia from liquid culture yielded >20 times more colony forming units (cfu) of F. arthrosporioides and >2 times more cfu of F. oxysporum than spores at late log phase. Efficient formulation of mycelia should significantly change the economics of biocontrol.     

椰子胚离体培养中的蔗糖效应

蔗糖在椰子胚离体培养中的作用非常重要。适当提高培养的蔗糖浓度对胚的生根、根的生长和芽的增粗效果都十分显著,蔗糖浓度为6%和8%的培养基均显著或极显著优于蔗糖浓度为2%的培养基。但是,蔗糖浓度的变化对胚的发芽率和芽的高度影响不大。     

The Effect of Various Catalyst on In-situ Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes on the Glass Mat Using Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition Method

The main aim of this research work is in situ synthesis of carbon nano tube (CNT) on nonwoven glass mat. Different types of catalyst were used and the effect of them on growth of carbon nanotubes on glass mat was investigated. The process was considered as variable catalysts to achieve optimal conditions for CNT deposition on glass mat. In this research, iron, cobalt, copper and nickel were used as catalysts and acetylene gas was used as the hydrocarbon source. Also, argon was used as a carrier gas. In first step, samples were coated by mentioned catalyst using plasma sputtering method. The thickness of the catalyst on the surface of samples was fixed at 100 nm. In second part, thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD) system was used for growth of carbon nano tubes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for investigating the morphology and quality of produced CNT. Electrical conductivity was observed and compared on both untreated and coated glass mat. The results show that, by pre sputtering of samples with nickel, the quality of CNT on the surface of glass mat will be improved and the resistivity of samples reach to 610 Ω.     

外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导茶树挥发物对昆虫寄生选择行为的影响

研究了应用外源 MJA 喷雾法或暴露法处理茶树后诱导的挥发性有机化合物对单白绵绒茧蜂和茶尺蠖成虫的行为选择,以及对单白绵绒茧蜂对茶尺蠖幼虫寄生率影响的研究。结果表明,外源 MJA 喷雾法或暴露法处理茶树,其诱导挥发性有机化合物对单白绵绒茧蜂成虫具有很强的引诱作用,对茶尺蠖成虫引诱作用不明显,在茶园中,显著提高单白绵绒茧蜂对茶尺蠖幼虫的寄生率。