草原毛虫幼虫的食性及其空间格局

以禾草及嵩草在高寒草甸中的优势度为指标,研究草原毛虫(Gynaephora alpherakii)的食性、空间格局及其与植物群落的相关性。结果表明:草原毛虫的食性具有较强的选择性,其喜食程度排序为莎草科(Cyperaceae)>禾本科(Gramineae)>杂类草,特别对嵩草属(Kobresia Willd.)植物表现出强烈的偏好和倾向性;草原毛虫的分布型受制于其喜食植物的空间格局,在总体上呈聚集分布,但在小尺度下则常呈均匀分布;虫口密度依赖于喜食植物的丰富度和多样性,随着喜食植物的增加而显著上升,随着植物多样性的减少而显著下降;草原毛虫在高寒草甸生态系统中具有平衡物种关系、调控群落结构的功能;采用定向改变草地植物组成的农艺措施实现对草原毛虫数量的人工调控是实施虫害生态防治的有效途径。     

高原鼠兔对大通河上游高寒草甸草地的影响

通过对祁连山地区不同退化高寒草甸中高原鼠兔洞口密度与植物群落的关系的研究分析表明:随着高寒草甸退化程度的加剧,植物群落的盖度、地上生物量、优良牧草的地上生物量逐渐减少,植物群落的优势种也逐渐由高山嵩草—禾本科牧草—毒杂草转变;鼠兔的洞口密度先增加,在中度退化时达到最高(2391个/hm2),然后降低;在高寒草甸退化过程中,高寒草甸植被盖度与鼠兔洞口密度呈二次函数关系。此外,当鼠洞密度达到中等水平时,优良牧草生物量、植物地上生物量和植物高度达到最小值,证实了由于鼠类活动参与而有悖于"中度干扰假说"的理论。     

不同放牧强度下门源草原毛虫在高寒草甸上的空间分布

按照放牧强度递增的顺序在高寒矮嵩草草甸上选取冬季自由放牧、轻牧、中牧、重牧4个样地,每个样地随机选取10个0.5m×0.5m的样方,对每个样方中的植被高度、盖度、虫口密度、毛虫的垂直分布高度等指标进行测定,根据空间分布指数对不同放牧强度下门源草原毛虫幼虫的空间分布情况进行分析。结果表明,适度的放牧干扰会增大门源草原毛虫的虫口密度,过度放牧则可抑制该物种密度的增大。门源草原毛虫在水平和垂直两个方向上均呈现聚集分布。放牧干扰不会改变该物种的聚集分布特征,但可通过对其食物及生境的作用,影响其聚集程度。     

植物群落生物量和有机碳对高寒草甸土地利用变化的响应

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区,选择高寒矮嵩草草甸及其开垦后形成的农田和一年生人工草地作为研究对象,研究了高寒草甸不同土地利用方式下生物量和植物-土壤系统固定的有机碳量的变化.结果表明:3种土地利用方式相比较,地上生物量由高到低依次为人工草地＞农田＞高寒草甸(P＜0.01),分别为11.83、9.78和4.36 t/hm2;3种土地利用方式下地下生物量剖面分布均呈倒金字塔形,0～40 cm地下生物量为高寒草甸＞人工草地＞农田(P＜0.01),分别为15.74、5.61和1.24 t/hm2.随着高寒草甸土地利用方式改变,植物群落碳素固定量也随之减小,其序列由高到低依次为:高寒草甸＞人工草地＞农田(P＜0.05),其值分别为7.63、6.81和4.51 t/hm2.     

甘南高寒草甸蝗虫和毛虫的分布与植被群落的关系

为探明甘南州夏河县高寒草甸草原蝗虫（Chorthippus sp.）和草原毛虫（Gynaephora sp.）的分布与其地形和植被因子的关系,本研究于2010年至2014年连续5年,定点选择30个样区,每年从5月至9月在各样地进行无放回取样调查密度,测量了植被的多度、盖度和地上生物量,并分析它们之间的相关性。结果表明：蝗虫选择分布在平地和半阳坡、坡中位的坡地,而毛虫只选择平地;植被盖度和地上生物量是影响草地蝗虫和毛虫分布的关键因子,与其种群密度呈显著的负相关关系;地上生物量较高的平地是蝗虫和毛虫共同分布的主要区域;洽草（Koeleria glauca）、花苜蓿（Melissilus ruthenicus）和芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens）3种植物多度与蝗虫分布显著相关,与毛虫分布不相关。可见,高寒草甸草原蝗虫和草原毛虫的分布与地形和植被因子显著相关,其栖息地利用特征有显著的偏好性。     

高寒草甸植物水分利用效率研究进展

回顾了光照、温度、土壤水分和CO2浓度对高寒草甸植物水分利用效率的影响等方面的研究进展.由于高寒地区太阳辐射强,高寒草甸植物光合作用时间长,光饱和点高,植物光合作用明显表现出对低温的适应性;而适度地提高温度,植物水分利用效率增大;水分胁迫对光合作用的影响可以分为气孔限制和非气孔限制,同时水分胁迫对不同植物水分利用效率的影响不同;高寒草甸植物比低海拔地区植物利用CO2更有效,提高CO2浓度,植物水分利用效率增大.高寒草甸植物水分利用效率研究对于合理构建和恢复高寒草甸生态系统具有重要意义.     

不同放牧强度对高寒草甸植物群落返青的影响

针对不同放牧强度下海北地区高寒草甸植物群落进行调查，结果表明，不同放牧强度对植物群落种类组成影响不明显，植株高度随放牧强度的减小而逐渐增高。群落中的优势种矮嵩草、披碱草的密度随放牧强度的减小而逐渐减小，但地上生物量随放牧强度的减小而逐渐增加。次优势种异针茅、紫羊茅、唐松草和黑褐苔草的密度随放牧强度的减小而逐渐减小，地上生物量的变化也逐渐减小。一些适口性差的阳性植物如美丽凤毛菊的密度、地上生物量随放牧强度的减小而逐渐增大，且植物群落随着放牧强度的减小其差异性显著。高寒草甸植物群落在返青期由于对重度放牧条件下过度采食，植物光合叶面积减小，根系营养物质被大量消耗，植株生长发育不良导致植物净生产量下降。因此，适宜地采食有利于植物返青，且植物地上净生产量将有所提高。     

三江源区高寒草甸植物多样性的海拔分布格局

三江源地区是我国受气候变化影响最大且最敏感的区域之一。研究高寒草甸植物多样性海拔分布格局及其与环境的关系,能为预测气候变化对植物多样性的影响和响应提供科学依据。本研究以青海三江源地区的6个样地/海拔梯度共78个样方的高寒草甸样地为研究对象,了解高寒草甸植物多样性和群落结构,分析海拔分布格局及其与环境的关系,旨在以空间替代时间的实验系统来揭示植物对气候变化的响应。统计分析发现,6个高寒草甸样地共有植物21科、51属、74种,且在中海拔和高海拔地区,高寒草甸以藏嵩草、高山嵩草、矮嵩草等莎草科植物占优势,低海拔地区高寒草甸则以针茅、早熟禾、垂穗披碱草等禾本科植物为优势种群。方差分析表明,随着海拔的降低,高寒草甸群落的物种多样性和物种丰富度均呈“单峰”分布格局,而均匀度指数逐渐升高。DCA分析发现,高寒草甸植物群落沿着海拔梯度呈现有规律的变化,具有从高寒草甸向高寒草原化草甸的逐渐过渡的特征,海拔梯度明显的影响了植物群落结构和多样性。此外,CCA结果表明,土壤pH值是影响高寒草甸植物群落分布格局的主要因素,土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤有机碳、碱解氮含量与全钾含量是影响植物群落分布格局的关键因子。综上所述,我们推测气候变化极有可能影响三江源地区高寒草甸植物群落结构与分布格局。     

高原鼠兔影响高寒草甸生态系统服务价值的评价方法

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)干扰与高寒草甸生态系统服务价值的关系,是全面评价高原鼠兔在高寒草甸生态系统中地位和角色的途径之一.本研究采用单位面积价值当量因子法和单位服务功能价格法,同步评价了高原鼠兔干扰对青藏高原高寒草甸家畜食物生产、水源涵养、碳固持、土壤养分物质循环和物种多样性维持等服务价值的影响...     

高原鼠兔与青藏高原北麓河地区高寒草甸植被的关系

作为青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统组分的关键物种,高原鼠兔在高寒草甸生态系统物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用。虽然高原鼠兔数量极端扩张后所产生的消极影响已被广泛认识,但其行为活动对生态系统土壤和植被的积极作用也不容忽略。通过简述青藏高原可可西里北麓河地区危害最严重的高原鼠兔的生物学特征,全面分析了这个种群的行为活动对高寒草甸生态系统植被和土壤的双重作用,指出这个种群在适宜范围内对高寒草甸植被群落结构的种类组成、多样性、生物量及种子传播具有一定的积极效应,但当种群密度过大便会对高寒草甸生态系统的植被和土壤产生巨大的消极作用,加速植被和土壤退化。高原鼠兔活动利害转变的关键在于确定种群致灾密度,从而发挥其积极作用,维持高寒草甸生态系统的平衡。     

Epidemiology of Nematodirus species infections of sheep in a subarctic climate: development and persistence of larvae on herbage

As part of a study on the epidemiology of Nematodirus species of sheep in subarctic Greenland, the development and persistence of eggs and larvae were investigated by experimentally contaminating plots of pasture with infected faeces and by placing tubes containing a suspension of eggs on to or into the soil. Despite low ambient temperatures, infective larvae appeared within a month during the summer. The greatest numbers of larvae were recovered from herbage in August and September. Eggs did not develop synchronously as development beyond the morula stage could be delayed for up to two years. Larvae were found on herbage for up to 37 months after faecal deposition. In the sheep rearing area of Greenland, therefore, Nematodirus species larvae can be present on herbage throughout the whole summer but peak numbers occur late in the grazing season.     

试验增温和放牧对门源草原毛虫生长发育的影响

青藏高原是全球气候变暖的敏感区域之一,门源草原毛虫作为青藏高原东北部高寒草甸的主要害虫之一,虫害爆发时造成牧草短缺,引发家畜口膜炎甚至死亡。因此,未来持续增温情况下,门源草原毛虫的表现对当地畜牧业生产安全至关重要。通过野外控制试验,探讨增温(日增温1.2℃/夜增温1.7℃)和放牧对草原毛虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,放牧显著提高了幼虫生长速率和蛹重,雌蛹增重比率约为雄蛹的2倍。增温显著缩短了草原毛虫幼虫期(雌性幼虫4.4 d、雄性幼虫7.0 d)和蛹期(雌蛹3.6 d、雄蛹4.6 d),而且引发雄性先熟,即雄成虫羽化时间较雌成虫早5.0 d。增温放牧处理下,草原毛虫的生长速率提高9%、雌蛹增重26%。可见,未来持续增温的高寒草甸牧场,门源草原毛虫适合度升高,对当地草场和家畜的威胁加大,需加强害虫的监控和防治力度。     

Dispersal of Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae from bovine faeces in Ireland

An involvement of Pilobolus species fungus in the dispersal of Dictyocaulus viviparus third stage larvae from dung to surrounding herbage under Irish conditions was investigated. The presence of Pilobolus kleinii on artificial dung pats containing first stage larvae of D viviparus was associated with a 19-fold increase (P less than 0.05) in numbers of third stage larvae recovered from the surrounding herbage. A subjective examination of natural dung pats showed that the presence of Pilobolus species was significantly correlated with hours of bright sunshine (r = -0.5, P less than 0.01), total rainfall (r = 0.41, P less than 0.05) and the height of herbage surrounding the pats (r = 0.31, P less than 0.001). A multiple regression analysis showed that meteorological parameters and the height of surrounding herbage accounted for 38 per cent of the variation in growth of Pilobolus species on dung pats. The incidence of extensive damage to natural dung pats within five days of deposition, caused by biotic factors, another possible cause of D viviparus third stage larvae dispersal, varied from 0 to 92 per cent of the pats depending on their degree of dryness.     

Intake of trichostrongylid larvae by goats and sheep grazing together

SUMMARY Cashmere goats and Merino sheep were grazed together at 7.5 animals per ha on annual rye grass and clover pasture in southern Victoria, a winter rainfall area. Intake of parasitic larvae was measured in oesophageal extrusa samples collected from 2 animals of each species, 4 times in one week, on 7 occasions between mid-March (autumn) and mid-June (winter). Pasture contamination with larvae was measured at the same times. The number of larvae per kg of green grass was lower than on green clover; the most heavily contaminated portion of the pasture was the mat of dead herbage on the ground. The diet selected by goats contained more green grass and dead herbage and less clover that that of sheep (P < 0.01). Goats ingested 643 infective trichostrongylid larvae per kg dry matter intake (DMI) versus 274 per kg DMI for sheep in autumn, increasing to 1892 versus 1143 in early winter. The heavier trichostrongylid burdens of goats compared with sheep, when grazed together, are due in part to greater rates of infection consequent on different grazing patterns as well as greater susceptibility to infection.     

青海省四种草原毛虫卵壳表面特征的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了青海省鳞翅目昆虫──青海草原毛虫（Ｑｎａｅｐｈｏｒａｑｉｎｇｈａｉｅｎｓｉｓ），门源草原毛虫（Ｇ．ｍｅｎｙｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ），曲麻莱草原毛虫（Ｃ．ｑｕｍａｌａｉｅｎｓｉｓ），久治草原毛虫（Ｇ．ｊｉｕｚｈｉｅｎｓｉｓ）的卵壳结构特征，并比较了卵壳的受精孔区和气孔等细微结构特征，以作为不同草原毛虫卵壳分类鉴定的参考。     

Effects of microclimatic variables on the availability and movement of third-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi on herbage

Assessments were made of the influence of several microclimatic variables on the availability of third-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi, on pasture herbage. Variables most closely related to recovery of larvae from the lower herbage samples were: maximum air, mat and dung temperatures. Recovery of larvae from the upper portion of the herbage was closely correlated with dung temperature, sampling-time air temperature and maximum air temperature. Bearing in mind that the moisture threshold was maintained throughout the trial the results of this study suggest that under field conditions, larval movement of third-stage O. ostertagi larvae on herbage is regulated primarily by temperature.     

Abundance and survival of infective larvae of the cattle nematodes Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei and Oesophagostomum radiatum from faecal pats in a wet tropical climate

Observations were made on the abundance and survival of Haemonchus placei, Cooperia punctata and Oesophagostomum radiatum infective larvae from cattle faecal pats exposed at various times of the year in north Queensland wet tropics. Pats exposed in the hot, wet season yielded abundant larvae on herbage. In the dry season, although low numbers of infective larvae were usual, considerable numbers were produced under conditions of heavy dews on dense herbage. Irrespective of season of deposition of pats, the resulting larvae persisted generally for not longer than 10 to 12 weeks, and in large numbers for only 2 to 6 weeks. The findings suggest that prevention of contamination in the wet season, and in the dry season when light rainfalls are accompanied by heavy dews on dense herbage, will result in low levels of larval infestation on herbage. Rotational grazing in the area is suggested as a means of worm control.     

Isolation of infective Dictyocaulus larvae from herbage

A technique is described in which Dictyocaulus larvae are stimulated to activity and isolated free from any debris by migration in agar gel.Microscopical recognition and enumeration was carried out on stained parasitic larvae while the free living species were decolourized.The technique was found suitable for routine use. Its efficiency was tested by adding larvae to the debris from parasite free herbage samples. Average recovery rates for Dictyocaulus viviparus and D. filaria larvae were found to be 60 and 80% respectively.