中国水仙离体诱变研究

以带鳞片叶的鳞茎盘为外植体,接种在添加激素的MS培养基上,通过激素组合筛选合适的培养基获得不定芽,同时对在预分化培养基上接种7D的外植体、接种25D后转接到分化培养基上3D的外植体、诱导产生的试管小鳞茎进行辐照诱变处理,研究了60COΓ射线对中国水仙丛生芽分化以及小鳞茎生长的影响。结果表明,接种7D的外植体更适合作为水仙离体诱变的材料,其不分化剂量为50~60GY,半剂量为15~20GY,在10和15GY处理中,发现了两种小鳞茎突变类型,一种为叶片数增多的矮化突变体,一种为试管小球茎膨大速度加快,所以适宜辐射诱变的剂量为10~20GY。试管小鳞茎的辐射致死剂量约为50GY,半致死剂量为25GY。     

腐植酸与氮肥互作对烤烟生长和氮素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了腐植酸的三个水平(H1:0 mg kg~(-1)、H2:300 mg kg~(-1)、H3:900 mg kg~(-1))与氮肥三个水平(N1:0mg kg~(-1)、N2:40 mg kg~(-1)、N3:120 mg kg~(-1))互作对烤烟品种中烟100生长和氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,腐植酸与氮肥互作对烤烟干物质和氮素积累的影响达到极显著水平(P0.01)。其中腐植酸用量H2、H3与氮肥N2、N3互作时,与H1N1(CK,不施肥)相比,H2N2、H2N3、H3N2、H3N3处理的烤烟干物质积累量分别提高了97.6%、89.7%、77.7%和114.4%,氮素积累量提高了1.7、1.2、1.1和2.0倍;H3(900 mg kg~(-1))与N3(120 mg kg~(-1))二者互作效果较好。     

红壤水稻土上双季稻氮素减施增效方法比较

目前我国正在大力推进化肥零增长战略,各种减肥增效措施的实际应用效果越来越受到关注。本文通过连续3年的田间定位试验,探索在红壤地区双季稻种植模式下减氮增效的方法。在江西省典型的红壤水稻土上,设置不施氮肥(CK)、常规施氮量下的农民习惯施氮(C1)、减氮30 kg/hm_2下分次施氮(C2)、减氮30 kg/hm_2下20%缓释尿素一次施用(H1)、减氮30 kg/hm_2下50%缓释尿素一次施用(H2)和减氮30 kg/hm_2下80%缓释尿素一次施用(H3)共6个处理。结果表明:C2、H1、H2和H3处理在早晚稻上比C1处理减施氮素30 kg/hm_2的情况下,产量、秸秆生物量、有效穗数、千粒重、籽粒和秸秆的养分含量没有显著性差异(P0.05);同样除CK外,其他处理植株吸氮总量和氮收获指数也没有显著差异(P0.05);试验3年后各处理的土壤全氮和速效养分也没有显著性差异(P0.05)。但是C2、H1、H2和H3处理的氮肥偏肥生产力和氮肥吸收利用率都显著高于C1处理(P0.05),其中C2、H1、H2和H3处理的氮肥偏生产力6季平均分别提升了19.0%、17.8%、19.9%和24.5%,而氮肥吸收利用率6季平均分别提升了61.7%、44.9%、57.3%和72.3%。而C2处理的氮肥偏肥生产力和氮肥吸收利用率与H1、H2和H3处理之间无显著差异(P0.05)。分次施氮和施用缓释尿素两种方法均是红壤水稻土上减氮增效的有效方法。减氮30 kg/hm_2下,普通尿素配合施用20%比例的缓释尿素可以满足水稻生长的需求,而施用更高比例的缓释尿素(50%和80%)并不会提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。综合考虑成本,一次性施用20%的缓释尿素是更为切实可行的减氮增效方法。     

Previous cropping and soil mineral nitrogen as predictors of yield response of winter wheat to nitrogen on silt soils in United Kingdom

Abstract. The fertilizer nitrogen requirement of winter wheat was assessed in sixteen experiments on marine silt soils in Eastern England. Eight experimental sites followed potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum ), six vining peas ( Pisum sativum ) and two wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). The yield response to nitrogen fertilizer was much less following peas than potatoes or wheat, five sites following peas showed little response to more than 30 kg N ha^–1. Previous crop explained some 79.7% of the variation in nitrogen optima. When autumn soil mineral nitrogen was also taken into account 81.9% of the variation in optimum nitrogen rate was explained ( P <0.001). The study revealed noticeably higher levels of autumn soil mineral nitrogen following vining peas on some sites than those found elsewhere in the UK and as assumed in the standard national fertilizer recommendation system.     

水肥耦合条件下作物产量、水分利用和根系吸氮的试验研究

根据1998～2000年两年在北京市水科所永乐店节水灌溉中心开展的冬小麦、夏玉米水肥耦合的田间试验成果的分析研究表明，氮肥效益的发挥与农田水分状况密切相关，低供水水平时(本研究中为冬小麦仅灌拔节水的节水灌溉处理)，肥料的增产效益十分显著，但氮肥贡献率随施肥量的增加而呈递减的趋势。不同的分析方法都表明，在永乐店节水灌溉中心，冬小麦施尿素400 kg/hm²和200 kg/hm²两个施肥水平的试验处理所获得的水(肥)分生产率最高(在不同农田供水状况下)，由于两者的水分生产率差异不大，为提高施肥效率，建议在生产上考虑选择200 kg/hm²的施肥方案较合理。     

施肥对食用百合植株氮磷钾分布、鳞茎产量和品质影响的研究进展

食用百合作为药、食兼用型植物,近年来受到了极大的关注,其产品远销海内外。食用百合的地下鳞茎部分具有食用品质优良、营养丰富、药用价值突出的特点,因此有着很大的开发利用空间和研究意义。通过梳理众多学者依食用百合施肥效益所取得的丰硕成果,为食用百合高产优质的栽培工作的开展及相关施肥技术的研究提供理论依据,助力农田食用百合的生产实现"高产量、优品质"这一长远目标。通过借助CNKI文献库资料,分析了二十多年来国内外对食用百合在生产过程中关于大田施肥的现状和研究进展,重点就施肥对食用百合中氮、磷、钾分布的影响,对食用百合地下鳞茎产量及品质的影响进行了阐述和总结。食用百合在栽培过程中,虽然各地区的百合的施肥量和时期不一,但均以施钾量的变化为关键,其次是氮肥和磷肥。为解决食用百合地下鳞茎近年来出现的产量下降、品质低劣等问题,提出研究发展趋势:(1)多种耕作措施的应用;(2)生物有机肥的施用;(3)专用肥施用;(4)施肥对百合植株代谢物质影响的研究。     

不同氮肥用量及其生育期分配比例对四川丘陵区带状种植小麦氮素利用的影响

【目的】带状种植是四川小麦的典型种植方式,主要分布在丘陵旱地,与玉米构成小麦/玉米复合种植系统。本文通过两年大田试验研究了不同氮肥用量和生育期分配比例对四川丘陵旱地带状种植小麦氮素吸收累积、 分配与转运的影响,以及氮素利用效率和土壤氮残留问题,筛选适合于该地区带状种植小麦的适宜氮肥用量和分配比例,为生产应用提供理论和技术依据。【方法】试验在四川省仁寿县进行,试验材料为四川主推品种川麦42,带状种植(即2 m为一带,种5行小麦,行距20 cm,小麦幅宽80 cm,预留行1.2 m),2BSF-4-5A型谷物播种机播种,密度150104 plant/hm2。试验采用二因素裂区设计,施氮量为主区,设N 90(N1)、 135(N2)、 180(N3)、 225(N4) kg/hm2 4个水平;生育期分配比例为裂区,设基肥一次性施入(R1)、 底肥:苗肥=7:3(R2)、 底肥:拔节肥=7:3(R3)和底肥:苗肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥=5:1:2:2(R4)4个水平,并以不施肥(CK)为对照。【结果】 1)施用氮肥后收获期地上部植株总吸氮量显著提高,开花期植株各营养器官氮素积累量、 成熟期叶和茎鞘中氮素残留量以及转运氮的贡献率均随施氮量的增加而增加,而花后氮素同化量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率随施氮量增加呈先增后降的趋势,在施氮量为N 135 kg/hm2时达最大。底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式有利于提高花后氮素同化量及其对籽粒氮贡献率,而底肥:苗肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥=5:1:2:2的施氮方式有效地促进了花前贮存氮素向籽粒转移,同时也增加了成熟期氮素在营养器官中的残留,降低了氮素在籽粒中的分配比例;2)氮利用效率和植株氮生产力均随施氮量的增加而降低,土壤中残留的全氮、 NO-3-N及NH+4-N含量则随施氮量的增加而增加;在施氮量较高(N 180～225 kg/hm2)的条件下,底肥一次施极大地增加了土壤中氮的残留,且随施氮量增加,拔节期一次性追肥土壤中氮残留也增加,氮肥分次追施和加大分配比例能够有效降低土壤中的氮素残留; 3)在四川丘陵旱地套作条件下,施氮量和籽粒产量的关系可用二次曲线方程来拟合,平均每生产100 kg籽粒需N 3.6 kg;施氮量为180 kg/hm2、 分配比例为底肥:拔节肥=7:3时籽粒产量最高,可达4800 kg/hm2(第二年4706 kg/hm2),较CK增产27.6%(第二年增产25.6%)。【结论】综合考虑小麦籽粒产量、 氮吸收利用特性以及土壤中残留氮量,在保证获得较高小麦产量(4650 kg/hm2以上)的前提下,应适当减少氮肥用量,采取氮肥后移及分次施用的方式。本试验条件下带状种植小麦推荐的氮肥用量为N 135～180 kg/hm2,分配比例为底肥:拔节肥=7:3。     

多层包膜控释掺混肥基施对大蒜产量及土壤养分的影响

为明确多层包膜控释掺混肥在农业生产中的应用效果,通过田间试验研究了其对大蒜鳞茎、蒜薹产量,不同器官养分吸收及土壤速效养分状况的影响.在总养分减量10％的条件下,多层包膜控释掺混肥处理较当地常规处理的蒜薹和鳞茎产量分别提高了32.74％和10.61％,较单层包膜控释掺混肥处理蒜薹产量提高了23.22％,同时能够提高土壤速...     

Different water and nitrogen fertilizer rates effects on growth and development of spinach

Water and nitrogen (N) nutrition are two key factors affecting nutrient absorption growth and biomass production of vegetables. However, less information is available to the interaction between water utilization and nitrogen use efficiency in vegetable production. In this study, a combination of three water levels and three nitrogen fertilizer rates was applied to optimize water and nitrogen application in field experiments. Plant traits, biomass production, and allocation were determined. The fresh and dry weight of leaf, stem, and root significantly decreased when irrigation water was short. Total aboveground biomass decreased in response to deficit irrigation. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations decreased when nitrogen fertilizer reduced. The leaf area was highest when spinach was grown under 170 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 70–80% of field capacity. These results suggested that spinach could be planted with good growth and quality by implementing effective water and nitrogen managements.     

Organically fertilized onions (Allium cepa L.): effects of the fertilizer placement method on quercetin content and soil nitrogen dynamics

Field-cured onions cv. Hyskin ( Allium cepa L.) supplied with organic nitrogen fertilizer were studied. The fertilizer was applied by broadcasting and harrowing, broadcasting and rotary cultivation, or placement between rows. Nitrogen dynamics were monitored throughout the growing season by soil sampling. Variation in quercetin content in the onion scales was analyzed by HPLC. The organically fertilized onions were compared with inorganically fertilized onions grown in the same field. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the row at sowing or during commercial transplant production was tested but did not significantly affect mycorrhizal root colonization levels in the field. Onions that received no fertilizer at all or that had fertilizer placed between rows had better establishment, probably due to more favorable soil nitrogen concentrations for seedling emergence. Broadcast application led to higher nitrogen concentration in the root zone, resulting in fewer but larger individual onions. Quercetin levels were not significantly altered as a result of nitrogen fertilizer source (inorganic or organic), application method, or mycorrhizal inoculation. However, variation between years was significant, with quercetin levels in 2004 almost twice as high as those in 2005.     

Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (QNMR) spectroscopy for assessing the purity of technical grade agrochemicals: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and sodium 2,2-dichloropropionate (Dalapon sodium)

Comparison of quantitative NMR spectroscopy (QNMR) with chromatographic methods such as gas chromatography (GC) or high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of the purity of and impurities in technical grade agrochemicals, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1, and Dalapon sodium (sodium 2,2-dichloropropionate), 10, has revealed that QNMR is more precise and accurate than the chromatographic methods. Quantitative impurity profiling of technical grade 1 is rapid and accurate using 600 MHz (1)H NMR. Extra dispersion at the relatively high frequency allowed full assignment of the NMR spectrum of 1 and its related organic impurities in technical samples. The percentage purity of 1 was measured by the difference QNMR method, which involves summing the amounts of impurities and subtracting from 100%. Results are superior in consistency to those obtained by chromatographic methods. The percentage purity of Dalapon sodium, 10, in technical grade batches is readily obtained by (1)H QNMR, using either the difference method or the internal standard method, using dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) internally as a reference material, that is chemically unrelated to the analyte. The latter method also allows the simultaneous identification and quantification of impurities, many of which are either not accessible to or detectable by the chromatographic methods. Uncertainty budgets for the QNMR method are presented and demonstrate that the major contributors to uncertainty lie in the weighing of the chemicals and in purity of the standard reference material prior to the QNMR experiment.     

不同地力水平和施氮量下水稻优质高产的氮肥有机替代比例

【目的】氮肥有机替代可减少化肥投入同时消纳有机废弃物,是促进水稻绿色生产的关键技术之一。然而,适宜的氮肥有机替代比例还有待进一步明确。【方法】本研究综合已发表有关水稻氮肥有机替代的71篇文章,分别获取水稻产量和籽粒含氮量田间试验相关数据412组和133组,通过整合分析(meta-analysis)量化不同氮肥有机替代比例对水稻产量和籽粒含氮量的影响,并探究不同土壤条件和施氮水平下适宜的有机替代比例。【结果】适宜的氮肥有机替代比例有利于水稻产量和籽粒含氮量的提升,土壤有机质含量高(>25 g/kg)、中(15～25 g/kg)、低(≤15 g/kg)水平下,获取最高水稻产量的适宜有机替代比例分别是60%、70%、30%;无论土壤全氮含量高(>1.5 g/kg)、中(1～1.5 g/kg)或者低(≤1 g/kg),适宜的有机替代比例均不超过60%。土壤速效氮含量高(>150 mg/kg)和低(≤90 mg/kg)水平下,适宜的有机替代比例均是10%～30%,速效氮中等水平下(90～150 mg/kg)有机替代处理产量增加不显著。高水平施氮量(>250 kg/hm     

黄土高原苹果过量施氮因素分析

【目的】 黄土高原苹果氮过量施用现象普遍,了解其主要影响因素有利于指导果园科学施肥,提高氮肥利用效率,保障苹果产业可持续发展,推进化肥用量零增长目标实现。 【方法】 通过对黄土高原苹果优势区进行调研和取土,收集了 2012～2013 年苹果产量、收购价格、氮肥用量、生产管理技术和 2013～2014 年的果园土壤有机质含量等指标数据,分别从苹果市场、土壤质量和配套技术采用三个方面对影响黄土高原苹果过量施氮的因素进行了论述,分析了氮肥用量对苹果产量和果实大小 (收购价格) 的影响,果园土壤有机质含量对氮肥用量的影响,不同生产管理技术下的果农采用率和氮肥偏生产力 (PFP_N) 差异。 【结果】 当前黄土高原苹果氮肥用量大,中位数和算术平均值分别为 921 kg/hm2 和 (1032 ± 32) kg/hm2,氮肥过量施用的果农比例高达 90% 以上。果园土壤有机质含量低,中位数和算术平均值分别为 9.8 g/kg 和 (10.2 ± 0.3) g/kg,远低于我国丰产优质果园有机质含量标准 (> 15 g/kg)。随着氮肥用量的增加,苹果产量没有受到显著影响,而果实大小 (收购价格) 却与其显著正相关。随着果园土壤有机质含量的不断降低,果农氮肥用量呈上升趋势,但未达到显著水平 (原因是果园有机质普遍较低,区组间差异较小)。不同生产管理技术间的果农采用率差异较大,其中减氮增效配套技术的采用率普遍低于其他技术。果农间减氮增效配套技术应用效果差异大、技术到位率 (正确的应用方式) 低。 【结论】 苹果市场偏爱大果、果园土壤质量低、减氮增效配套技术普及不足是影响黄土高原苹果过量施氮的重要因素。因此,建立苹果品质评价体系并引导农户,加快果园提质工作的开展,加强减氮增效配套技术的推广力度,是今后我国苹果减氮增效工作的重点方向。      

Precursors and formation of pyrithione and other pyridyl-containing sulfur compounds in drumstick onion, Allium stipitatum

Two novel, structurally unusual cysteine derivatives were isolated from the bulbs of Allium stipitatum (Allium subg. Melanocrommyum) and shown to be S-(2-pyridyl)cysteine N-oxide and S-(2-pyridyl)glutathione N-oxide. The former compound is the first example of a naturally occurring alliinase substrate that contains an N-oxide functionality instead of the S-oxide group. In addition, S-methylcysteine S-oxide (methiin) and S-(methylthiomethyl)cysteine 4-oxide (marasmin) were found in the bulbs. Presented data suggest that the previously reported identification of S-(2-pyridyl)cysteine S-oxide was most likely erroneous. The alliinase-mediated formation of pyridyl-containing compounds following disruption of A. stipitatum bulbs was studied by a combination of HPLC-MS, HPLC-PDA, DART-MS, and NMR techniques. It was found that no pyridyl-containing thiosulfinates are present in homogenized bulbs in detectable quantities. Instead, various pyridine N-oxide derivatives are formed, including N-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thione (pyrithione), 2-(methyldithio)pyridine N-oxide, 2-[(methylthio)methyldithio]pyridine N-oxide, di(2-pyridyl) disulfide N-oxide, and di(2-pyridyl) disulfide N,N'-dioxide. This represents the first report of pyrithione formation as a natural product.     

水氮耦合对苗期葡萄叶片氮素代谢酶活性的影响

为研究水氮耦合对苗期葡萄叶片氮代谢影响及最佳施氮量的制定,以一年生葡萄品种红提为研究试材,利用人工控制环境的方法,在温室内采用水、氮两因素各4水平的全面设计进行实验,水分处理分别为正常灌溉W1（田间最大持水量的70%～80%）、轻度胁迫W2（60%～70%）、中度胁迫W3（50%～60%）和重度胁迫W4（30%～40%）。4个氮素施用水平分别为1.5倍推荐施肥N1（施纯氮25.5g·m⁻²）、正常推荐施肥N2（17g·m⁻²）、0.5倍推荐施肥N3（8.5g·m⁻²）、不施用氮肥N4（不施氮）。处理时间为10、20、30、40d。结果表明,在水分条件适宜时,葡萄叶片硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量随施氮量增加而提高;在轻度干旱胁迫时,增施氮肥可缓解干旱胁迫;在重度干旱胁迫时,高氮处理使设施葡萄叶片中氮代谢酶活性、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量降低。葡萄叶片内氮含量始终随处理时间增加而降低,在轻度水分胁迫下氮的转运率较高,而水分胁迫严重时,高氮处理与无氮处理时氮转运率均偏低。最终得出：在水分条件适宜（W1）和轻度水分胁迫（W2）下,N1处理葡萄叶片的氮代谢能力最高;在中度水分胁迫（W3）和重度水分胁迫（W4）下,N3、N4处理氮代谢能力最高。研究结果可为实际生产中设施葡萄的干旱灾害防控提供理论依据,既能有效缓解水分胁迫带来的危害,又避免生产中肥料的浪费。     

Replacing Conventional Nutrient Inputs for Basal Application with Anaerobically Digested Pig Slurry for Bulb Onion Production

A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of application rates of anaerobically digested pig slurry (ADPS) on onion growth, bulb yield, and quality during the 2009–2010 growing season. Three levels of swine slurry were used; 50%, 100%, and 150% of the recommended nitrogen (N) rate for basal fertilizer. Bulb dry matter and total soluble solids content decreased with increasing ADPS rates at harvest, while pyruvic acid and total phenol content increased as the rates of ADPS increased. Bulb yield with ADPS of 100% or 150% rates were not significantly different from chemical fertilizer. ADPS at a 150% application rate resulted in a significant increase in N, sulfur (S), and sodium (Na) in bulbs as compared to ADPS having an application rate of 50%. In conclusion, while substituting for chemical fertilizers, ADPS at a rate of 100% based on the N recommendation for basal fertilization can be used to produce quality onions.     

川东北麦秆还田对水稻氮素吸收转运的影响

为合理利用秸秆,于2014和2015年两个水稻生长季,在大田条件下,以当地平均施肥量为标准,设置不同量的化肥配施秸秆处理,研究秸秆还田下水稻氮素吸收转运特征。结果表明:较纯化肥处理,秸秆替代一部分氮肥处理对水稻产量、地上部氮素积累量、氮素收获指数及氮肥生产效率无显著影响(P0.05);在不同程度上降低氮素在穗部的分配比例、营养器官吸收氮素向穗部转运量、转运率、转运氮对籽粒氮素贡献率;在不同程度上提高成熟期营养器官氮素积累量,显著提升抽穗后氮素吸收量及其对籽粒氮素贡献率(P0.05)。综合氮素吸收转运及利用效率,川东北稻麦轮作区水稻季在化肥减施30%基础上,麦秆还田量以6 000 kg/hm~2为宜。     

优化施氮条件下添加生物炭对宁夏灌区土壤条件和水稻生长的影响

以水稻品种宁粳43号为材料,在宁夏灌区就施用氮肥和添加生物炭进行田间裂区试验,设计不施氮（N0,0kg·hm-2）、优化施氮（N1,240kg·hm-2）和常规施氮（N2,300kg·hm-2）3个氮肥水平以及4个生物炭水平（C0,0kg·hm-2;C1,4500kg·hm-2;C2,9000kg·hm-2;C3,13500kg·hm-2）,共12个处理。在水稻收获期利用土钻取样,测定土壤基本性质;在分蘖期、拔节期、灌浆期随机取植株样,分别对水稻总根长、根系表面积、根尖数等根系生长指标和根冠比、植株地上生物量等水稻生长指标进行测定;成熟期采用五点取样法对各处理水稻产量进行测定,以探究不同施氮水平下添加生物炭对土壤条件和水稻生长的影响。结果表明,（1）施加氮肥无法改善土壤养分状况,而生物炭的添加可以增加土壤养分含量;（2）施用氮肥和添加生物炭均能促进水稻根系生长,且优化施氮水平与常规施氮处理间不存在显著差异;（3）优化施氮与常规施氮处理间水稻产量无显著性差异,而生物炭添加可以增加水稻产量,其中优化施氮处理中,9000kg·hm-2的生物炭添加水平增加了15.5%的理论产量。因此,生物炭的添加可改善土壤养分状况,促进水稻生长,进而增加水稻产量,可配合施用生物炭对宁夏稻田进行氮肥减量。     

氮素形态对解磷细菌发酵液解磷效果及小白菜生长和品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了施用硝态氮、铵态氮对解磷细菌发酵液不同组分解磷活性及其对小白菜产量、品质的影响。结果表明,施用相同氮肥时,浇灌解磷细菌原发酵液处理 T3的作用效果明显优于菌体悬浮液T2及菌液上清T1;以硝态氮为底肥时,施用发酵原液的土壤有效态磷含量较高,小白菜产量最高,品质明显优化,即硝态氮含量下降, Vc、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、纤维素以及植株磷含量显著增加,且增加变幅均高于以铵态氮为底肥的效果。由此可知,硝态氮与解磷细菌发酵原液配施时, W1菌株解磷效果更好,可能是解磷菌株W1最适的氮源。因此,种植小白菜时直接向其根际施用解磷细菌发酵液并配施硝态氮肥,更有利于提高小白菜的品质及产量。     

不同释放期控释肥和水氮用量对冬小麦产量的综合影响

为揭示不同释放期控释肥及其水肥用量对冬小麦产量的影响,优化冬小麦水氮管理措施,采用裂区设计进行田间试验,以灌水量为主处理,施氮量和控释肥类型分别为副处理和次副处理,其中,灌水量设30、60和90 mm;施氮量设0、75、150和225 kg/hm2的施肥梯度;控释肥类型包括释放期分别为60、120 d的聚氨酯包膜尿素（PCU60,PCU120）,以普通尿素作为对照（U）。结果表明：灌水量、施氮量、控释肥类型单一因素均对冬小麦有效穗数、千粒质量、干物质质量、籽粒产量有显著影响。各因素两两之间的交互作用对籽粒产量有显著影响。相较于U处理,增加灌水使PCU60产量平均提高308 kg/hm2,PCU120产量平均下降270 kg/hm2;增施氮肥刚好相反,使PCU60产量平均下降289 kg/hm2,PCU120产量平均提高118 kg/hm2。根据所构建3种肥料的水氮生产函数可知,在U处理取得最高理论产量6 823 kg/hm2时的水氮用量下,2种释放期的控释肥PCU120和PCU60可分别获得14.31%和12.08%的增产效果。利用水氮生产函数和频率分析法得到不同控释肥类型获得较高产量的水氮用量区间,以PCU120产量最高、所需灌水量最低,分别为7 744～7 826 kg/hm2、47.72～52.28 mm;PCU60所需施氮量最低,为145.42～187.91 kg/hm2。综合考虑增产节肥节水效果,推荐PCU120为冬小麦季适宜的控释肥类型,其适宜水氮用量区间分别为47.72～52.28 mm、159.23～199.47 kg/hm2。