大豆杀虫剂氧化乐果降解菌的分离

采用富集驯化培养方法,从哈尔滨农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中筛选获得2株能彻底降解氧化乐果的菌株.氧化乐果浓度为100 mg·L-1时,两株菌在1 d内可完成降解,氧化乐果浓度为400 mg·L-1时,两株菌在3 d内可完成降解,浓度在1 000 mg·L-1时7 d内可完成降解,浓度达2 000 mg·L-1时7 d内降解率可分别达到75.28%和72.42%;当农药浓度较高时,菌株生长速度表现为延后.降解谱实验表明:菌株具有较宽的有机磷农药降解谱;通过生理生化分析及16S同源性分析发现,这两株菌与假单胞菌属和气球菌属极其相似.     

增香型菠萝果酒活性干酵母制备过程中内源海藻糖积累条件优化

以自行筛选的优良菠萝果酒酵母菌为出发菌株,添加一定比例的生香酵母后采用前期正常培养,后期胁迫培养的分段式培养方法,积累较高浓度的海藻糖以提高干酵母的活性.主要研究了后期胁迫培养过程中不同胁迫培养条件对菠萝果酒酵母菌菌体内源海藻糖含量及菌体生成量的影响.结果表明:培养液初始糖质量分数为14％,培养温度34.5℃,250 mL三角瓶装液量80 mL,添加1.3％的NaCl所得培养液菌体生成量最多,菌体内源海藻糖含量最高,活性最强.     

毒死蜱降解细菌WJl-063的鉴定及酶促降解特性

从海南某农药厂地土壤中分离到1株能很好降解毒死蜱的菌株WJI-063,经形态特征、生理生化及16s rDNA序列分析,将该菌株初步鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).降解酶降解性能研究表明,该菌株能以毒死蜱作为唯一碳源生长,并且对毒死蜱起主要降解作用的是胞内酶,其传代降解代谢活性稳定.以牛血清白蛋白为标准蛋白,测得粗提酶中可溶性蛋白含量为0.044 mg/mL;在pH5.0～8.0范围内,酶活力表现稳定,通过双曲线法认为该酶降解毒死蜱的最适pH值为8.0;毒死蜱降解酶热稳定性差,最适温度为25℃;该酶与毒死蜱底物结合力强,对毒死蜱具有较好的降解效果,米氏常数Km为201.92nmol/L,最大降解速率为399.36nmol/mg·min.     

高效油脂降解菌的筛选与鉴定

[目的]筛选并鉴定高效油脂降解菌。[方法]采用富集分离法从食堂下水道口的污泥、污水池、油脂加工厂和发霉菜籽饼中分离出8株具有油脂降解能力的菌种,经复筛最终得到1株降解油脂能力较高的菌株,通过从菌株形态和生理生化特征进行鉴定。[结果]菌株CS-4的初始酶活力为10 U/mL,在牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基上表面光滑,单菌落,湿润,革兰氏阳性杆菌,有运动性,好氧,葡萄糖发酵产酸,初步确定该菌为芽孢杆菌属。[结论]该研究为在油脂下脚料及油脂污染中采用生物降解提供一定的理论依据。     

阿特拉津降解菌节杆菌菌株TW-1的分离及其在大豆中的初步应用分析

为缓解药害，通过选择培养基富集培养，从黑龙江省安达市农田中分离出一株以阿特拉津为唯一氮源生长的降解菌TW-1，经鉴定该菌株为节杆菌属（Arthrobacter sp.）。菌株TW-1对培养基中100 mg/L的阿特拉津降解率在48 h内可达到99.5％。盆栽实验结果表明，菌株TW-1可使大豆植株的叶绿素含量提高，并且可增加过氧化氢酶与过氧化物酶含量，有效缓解大豆植株的阿特拉津药害，具有良好的应用潜力。     

香蕉纤维脱胶菌的筛选及其产酶条件的初步研究

香蕉纤维是纺织行业的一种新型纤维原料,其脱胶方法和工艺研究的缺乏制约着相关的开发与利用。本文就香蕉纤维的微生物脱胶进行了初步研究,采用透明圈法从土壤中筛选到一株具有降解香蕉半纤维素能力的放线菌菌株51181,利用它脱胶可去除香蕉纤维38%的胶质;对菌株51181产半纤维素酶的条件优化后,该菌株所产的半纤维素酶活达48.63U/mL,表明该菌株在香蕉纤维微生物脱胶及酶法脱胶方面具有一定的应用前景。     

一株溶磷真菌的分离鉴定及其溶磷能力的初步研究

利用有机磷液体培养基进行生物富集,无机磷固体培养基平板稀释法进行分离筛选,分离到一株具有溶磷能力的菌株PSFM,经过形态观察和核糖体间隔区ITS扩增序列分析,确定该菌株为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。以Ca3(PO4)2为唯一磷源的液体培养基接种参试菌株PSFM,在28℃,180r/min条件下通过不同时间取样测定培养液的pH、速效磷含量,同时研究溶磷真菌PSFM的生长动态及在固体平板上的溶磷能力。结果表明,PSFM菌株具有高效溶磷能力,培养144 h溶磷量达到511.28 mg/L,继续培养菌株溶磷能力降低;溶磷菌株的培养液中pH值随溶磷量的增大而下降,在144 h时该培养液的pH值降到2.03,以后仍继续保持在低pH值水平。对供试菌株PSFM的生长曲线研究发现其在第6天时菌丝体重量达到最大值。     

玉米黑粉菌菌瘤内内生细菌对黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发的影响

利用高通量测序分析明确玉米黑粉菌菌瘤内菌粉培养液中内生细菌种类，结合16SrDNA分析，分离并鉴定在培养液中占比最高的菌株。以溶菌酶及Amp处理玉米黑粉菌冬孢子为对照，显微镜下观察菌瘤内内生细菌对玉米黑粉菌冬孢子萌发的影响。结果表明，在4份样品的菌粉培养液中，肠杆菌属细菌的占比在90%以上。当肠杆菌大量增殖时对黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发产生影响，可引起黑粉菌的冬孢子发生质壁分离，释放原生质体，部分原生质体再生成菌体；也可以使冬孢子壁直接被降解，原生质体萎缩。研究发现，玉米黑粉菌菌瘤内的内生细菌以肠杆菌为主，该内生细菌对黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发产生影响。     

香蕉枯萎病菌及其粗毒素对香蕉的致病性比较

从8种培养液中筛选出能诱导香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense race4)FOCAAA315菌株高产毒素的改良CzapekB培养液,FOCAAA315菌株在该培养液中培养第15d,镰刀菌酸(FA)产量高达669.2mg/L,蔗糖为诱导产毒的最佳碳源。采用伤根浸渍法接种,测定枯萎病菌和病菌发酵粗毒素对香蕉组培苗的致病性。结果表明,粗毒素接种可诱发与病原菌类似的病害症状。受侵染的植物组织在细胞水平上发生一系列形态结构和生理生化代谢的病理变化,包括细胞壁消解、侵填体堵塞气腔、粘胶质减少、淀粉量减少、细胞木质化和黄褐色胶状物堵塞导管等。香蕉枯萎病菌的粗毒素是重要的致病化学物质;利用病菌孢子悬浮液在香蕉苗期接种,可以作为室内快速鉴定香蕉品种抗病性的方法。     

锰掺杂的碳点作为纳米模拟酶用于比色检测毒死蜱

以碳酸锰、脲、柠檬酸、双氧水为原料,采用微波加热法合成具有纳米模拟酶催化活性的锰掺杂碳点(Mn-CDs)。Mn-CDs可催化3,3’,5,5’-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)产生蓝色的ox-TMB。乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)催化底物乙酰硫代胆碱(ATCh)生成的硫代胆碱(TCh),还原所生成的ox-TMB使溶液蓝色褪去。有机磷类农药能有效抑制AChE的活性,使TCh的生成量减少,溶液的蓝色变深。根据吸光度的变化可以定量检测有机磷农药含量,由溶液颜色的深浅可以构建毒死蜱的可视化半定量检测方法。本研究表征了Mn-CDs的表面结构及微观形貌,以有机磷类农药主要品种毒死蜱作为分析模型,初步探讨了比色法检测毒死蜱的原理;考察了毒死蜱检测的最优条件,检测的线性范围是0~3.5μg/mL,检测限为0.013μg/mL。将该检测方法用于苹果实际样品中毒死蜱的测定,回收率为95.2%~102.8%,表明该方法有望应用于实际样品中有机磷的高灵敏测定。     

Influence of treatment of soil with carbofuran on the subsequent performance of insecticides against cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and carrot fly (Psila rosae)

A sandy loam soil was treated with 2·5 kg carbofuran/ha on each of five occasions between May and October 1984. In 1985, the field performance of benfuracarb, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and furathiocarb against cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and carrot fly (Psila rosae) was studied in this soil and in identical but previously untreated soil by applying exponentially increasing doses of granular formulations to radish and carrots at drilling. Chlorfenvinphos reduced numbers of larvae of both pests by >90% in both soils but the performance of all the carbamates was significantly worse in the previously treated soil than in the previously untreated soil. Dazomet, a partial soil sterilant, was applied to part of the experimental area in October 1985 and the performance of aldicarb, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and thiofanox against cabbage root fly was assessed in 1986. The efficiency of aldicarb and chlorfenvinphos was not affected by any of the pre-treatments but that of carbofuran and carbosulfan was reduced in all the pre-treated soils, including the soil treated with dazomet. Carbofuran residues in radish were detectable only in plants grown in previously untreated soil. In laboratory incubations, a dustless base formulation of carbofuran was degraded more quickly in pre-treated than in untreated soils but a granular formulation was degraded more slowly and at a similar rate in both soils.     

Effects of insecticides applied to control cucumber beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on watermelon yields

Foliar insecticides applied to control the striped and spotted cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittatum (Fab.) and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, on watermelon, Citrullus lanatus, were of little or no value in three studies conducted in two locations over 2 years. However, an at-planting application of the systemic, soil insecticide carbofuran resulted in higher early yields, although the differences were not statistically significant in small plots. In 1991, large plots comparing carbofuran-treated watermelons with untreated watermelons in two commercial fields showed large and statistically significant increases in melon yield when carbofuran was applied, especially in early yield. Studies in 1992 and 1993 showed that the application of carbofuran at planting stimulated root and shoot growth after transplating and increased yields when compared with untreated plots, plots treated with methyl bromide, or another soil insecticide, terbufos. These studies suggest that carbofuran may be acting as a growth stimulant, as well as an insecticide.     

丁硫克百威原药和制剂对蚯蚓的毒性及其降解产物克百威的动态变化

为了解蚯蚓急性毒性试验过程中丁硫克百威降解产物克百威的动态变化。采用固相萃取高效液相色谱柱后衍生荧光检测法检测土壤中克百威的动态变化，比较不同浓度的90％丁硫克百威原药和20％丁硫克百威乳油制剂在土壤主要代谢产物克百威中的动态变化及其对蚯蚓的毒性。结果表明：当90％丁硫克百威原药的浓度为42.74、85.47、170.94、341.88、512.82 mg/kg时，试验第7天，土壤中克百威的浓度分别为12.941、25.272、56.652、104.984、143.870 mg/kg；而当20％丁硫克百威制剂的浓度为42.74、85.47、170.94、341.88、512.82 mg/kg时，试验第7天，克百威的浓度分别18.445、41.793、67.709、119.515、144.538 mg/kg。第7天时丁硫克百威原药和制剂在土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50分别为170.514、113.757 mg/kg，实际测得的丁硫克百威对土壤中蚯蚓的毒性已演变成丁硫克百威及其降解产物的联合毒性。土壤中克百威的浓度，与添加丁硫克百威的浓度、时间呈正相关，20％丁硫克百威乳油制剂在土壤中的代谢能力及其对土壤中蚯蚓的毒性均高于原药。     

Determining the toxicity and hazard to fish of a rice insecticide

The experiments described were carried out to establish whether the effects of the insecticide, Ripcord (active ingredient cypermethrin), on fish, would limit its use in rice. Laboratory and field experiments were carried out, and the effects of cypermethrin were compared with those of a ‘standard insecticide’, carbofuran, widely used for pest control in rice, and a ‘positive control’, chlorfenvinphos, expected to be toxic to fish in rice paddies at insecticidally effective rates. Acute toxicity tests in the laboratory with the technical materials on the fish Tilapia nilotica showed cypermethrin, with a 96 h LC₅₀ value of 2 μg/l, to be some 20 times more toxic than chlorfenvinphos, with a 96 h LC₅₀ value of 39 μg/l, and some 250 times more toxic than carbofuran with a 96 h LC₅₀ of 480 μg/l. The LC₅₀ values obtained from laboratory tests with formulated products (cypermethrin EC, chlorfenvinphos granules and carbofuran granules) on T. nilotica and Cyprinus carpio were broadly in agreement with those obtained from the tests with the technical materials and confirmed C. carpio to have a similar susceptibility to that of T. nilotica. However, a field experiment carried out in paddy rice in Korea with commercial formulations and at commercial application rates showed that mortality of caged C. carpio was much less with cypermethrin (< 15%) than with chlorfenvinphos (97%) or carbofuran (67%). A second field experiment in Spain where cypermethrin was applied by air resulted in no mortality of caged C. carpio held in the paddy. It is concluded that the limited toxic effects of cypermethrin on fish in the field, when compared with those of chlorfenvinphos and carbofuran, make it acceptable for use in rice. The effects of cypermethrin were limited in comparison with those of chlorfenvinphos and carbofuran because only very low application rates of cypermethrin are needed to give pest control. The penetration of the liquid cypermethrin formulations into the water was also lower than that of the granular insecticides and, finally, cypermethrin was more rapidly lost from water. Together, these factors are sufficient to explain the minimal toxic effects of cypermethrin in the field when compared with chlorfenvinphos and carbofuran, despite its considerably higher acute toxicity determined in laboratory tests.     

The effect of systemic pesticides on total glycoalkaloid content of potato tubers at harvest

Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of systemic pesticides on the potato tuber total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content at harvest. In a field study, a pretuberization application of three systemic insecticides (disulfoton, aldicarb, carbofuran) and three systemic fungicides (thiabendazole, benomyl, thiophanate methyl) on three potato cultivars (Cobbler, Katahdin and B5141-6) showed carbofuran to be the only treatment significantly different (P= .05) from the control. The tuber TGA content of the carbofuran treatment was lower than that of the control. In a greenhouse study, carbofuran applied during tuberization to three potato varieties (Norland, Kennebec, Abnaki) produced a highly significant increase (P= .01) in the tuber TGA content. A significant varietal difference (P=.01) in response to the carbofuran treatment was also evidenced.     

Evaluation of potential biocides for control of the earthworm Eukerria saltensis (Oligochaeta: Ocnerodrilidae), a pest of rice in southern Australia

The earthworm Eukerria saltensis can cause severe crop establishment problems in aerially sown rice grown on heavy clay soils in southern Australia. Damage occurs indirectly through destabilization of the topsoil, increased water turbidity, and mobilization of soil nutrients into the water column which leads to increased algal growth. We investigated the possibilities for chemical control of E. saltensis using laboratory bioassays and a series of field trials involving either the use of enclosures in flooded crops or soil incorporation of pesticides into rice fields during fallow periods or shortly before flooding. The four most toxic compounds in 7 day soil/water laboratory bioassays were carbofuran, acetamiprid, bendiocarb and lambda-cyhalothrin which provided corrected mortalities of 86–100% at 2 mg a.i. L⁻¹. Other compounds that showed some level of efficacy (corrected mortality >20% at one or more rates) were imidacloprid, esfenvalerate, thiacloprid, niclosamide and alpha-cypermethrin. Twenty-six of the 38 pesticides evaluated failed to produce mean corrected mortalities >6% at application rates of up to 2 mg a.i. L⁻¹. Eight trials were conducted in flooded rice crops using small stainless steel enclosures and carbofuran, thiodicarb, niclosamide and bendiocarb at rates of 1 and 2 kg a.i. ha⁻¹. Trials were assessed 8–14 days after chemical application. None of these treatments produced a statistically significant decrease in Eukerria biomass, although consistent downward trends in response to higher treatment rates were evident in 2 trials (one with carbofuran and one with bendiocarb). Three trials with liquid pesticides watered into fallow rice fields were conducted with carbofuran (0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 kg a.i. ha⁻¹) and thiodicarb (0.94 and 1.87 kg a.i. ha⁻¹) however only the 5.0 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ carbofuran treatment provided significant (P < 0.05) levels of control. Preflood soil applications of liquid carbofuran, thiodicarb and niclosamide (2 kg a.i. ha⁻¹), granular carbofuran and granular ethoprophos (0.5–2 kg a.i. ha⁻¹) also did not provide statistically significant levels of control, although the 2 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ liquid and granular carbofuran treatments did provide moderate levels of suppression (49–84%). Although further field trials with compounds such as acetamiprid and lambda-cyhalothrin may prove valuable, our results suggest chemical control of E. saltensis may be difficult to achieve with environmentally acceptable pesticides applied at economically viable rates. Cultural approaches such as appropriate crop rotations and landforming to ensure uniformly shallow water should continue to form the basis of Eukerria management programs.     

Row treatment of potatoes with systemics for meadow nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) control

Granular aldicarb and carbofuran, systemic carbamate insecticides, were applied at 3 lbs active per acre to compare their control of the meadow nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans). These systemic pesticides were applied either in two bands 2–3 inches from both sides of and at the lower plane of the seed-piece or in one band 4–5 inches wide and 1/2 inch above the seed. Two months after planting, nematode populations were greatly reduced in soil and roots from plots treated with either chemical and with both placement methods. Aldicarb provided effective control longer into the growing season than did carbofuran. When compared with carbofuran, aldicarb-treated potao plants lived longer and produced a greater increase in yield over the untreated plots. Yield increases were greater when either systemic was applied in side bands than when placed over the seed.     

广东高胡萝卜素甘薯品种广薯79的示范推广

结合固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱技术,运用批量平衡法测定不同土壤对克百威的吸附-脱附量,拟合Freundich、Langmuir和DMM双模型方程,分析吸附-脱附量与土壤理化性质相关关系。实验表明,在高浓度时,土壤对克百威的吸附/脱附量与吸附平衡溶液中克百威的浓度呈良好线性关系,而低浓度时,克百威吸附-脱附量波动明显。实验结果拟合Freundich方程效果最佳,检验参数Kf和n值与受试土壤理化性质间呈相关关系。土壤中粘粒、有机质含量和阳离子交换量(CEC)对吸附量影响大,而在脱附行为中,CEC、砂粒、     

药剂拌种处理对大麻病虫害的防治

本文研究了利用药剂拌种方法,对大麻病虫害进行综合防治。首先通过药剂筛选试验,选出对大麻出苗率、保苗率、收获株数提高和原茎、纤维增产及防病虫效果优异的药剂组合两个;然后再进行比较试验,对这两个药剂组合防治大麻病虫害效果进行研究。研究结果表明：每公顷用10%甲霜灵（0.75kg）＋48%代森锰锌（0.9kg）＋75%克百威（1.0kg）拌种,对大麻虫害跳甲、螟虫和病害茎腐病、灰霉病的防治效果分别达71.4%、80%和75.0%、58.3%;每公顷用15%多菌灵（1.0kg）＋75%克百威（1.0kg）＋10%福美双（1.2kg）,对大麻虫害跳甲、螟虫和病害茎腐病、灰霉病的防治效果分别达57.1%、60.0%和100%、75.0%。     

Effectiveness of carbofuran applied to the soil and as a seed treatment for the control of aphids on wheat in Northwestern Mexico

The effectiveness of carbofuran 300 ST and 350 L applied to the soil and as a seed treatment was evaluated with two wheat cultivars ‘Genaro’ and ‘Sonoyta’ in the Valle del Yaqui, Ciudad Obregon, Sonora in Northwestern Mexico. Both the soil and seed treatment significantly (P < 0·05) reduced greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) and corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) populations. Infestations of greenbugs and corn leaf aphids were 97·8% and 98·3% less, respectively, with the soil application of carbofuran 350 L in the Genaro wheat plots and 91% less for both aphids in the Sonoyta wheat plots than on the untreated controls. Greenbug and corn leaf aphid infestations in the seed treatment with carbofuran 300 ST on the Genaro wheat plots were 93·4% and 52·5% less, respectively, and in the Sonoyta wheat plots, infestations of greenbugs and corn leaf aphids were 92% and 78·9% less, respectively, than on the untreated controls. The wheat plots where carbofuran 350 L was applied to the soil had yields 18% and 16% greater for the Genaro and Sonoyta cultivars, respectively, than the untreated controls, while those plots where carbofuran 300 ST was applied as a seed treatment had yields 15% and 12% greater for the Genaro and Sonoyta cultivars, respectively, than the untreated controls.