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1.
OBJECTIVES: To explore the nutritional quality of supplementary foods and additional energy consumption by the recipients in a pilot nutrition initiative of BRAC. DESIGN: In-depth interviews, observations during feeding at feeding centres, and laboratory analyses of supplementary foods for nutrient contents performed at the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. SETTING: Muktagacha thana (sub-district) in Mymensingh district, a rural area of Bangladesh. SUBJECTS: Pregnant and lactating mothers and children below 2 years of age. RESULTS: Analysis revealed that supplementary food, if taken completely, could provide daily energy equivalent to 752 kcal to a mother and 212 kcal to a child below 2 years of age. Mothers consumed about 75% of the food provided (approximately 564 kcal day(-1)). The food was shared mostly with young children and husbands. In-depth interview with mothers also suggested that they usually skipped breakfast if the food was given in the morning. The children liked the taste of food, and unless the child was sick or had some food before coming to the centre, she/he ate all the food provided. Although the main purpose of the project was to provide nutrition education, it was observed that activities at feeding centres were limited to food distribution with little time devoted to the communication of nutritional messages. CONCLUSIONS: Training should be given to service providers to communicate nutritional messages effectively as part of understanding the goal of the initiative. It is important to explore whether the regular diets of the recipients are replaced by the food supplementation or not. 相似文献
3.
This study evaluated soil health in fields of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv Shatabdi) and potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum L.) irrigated by different blends of municipal wastewater (hereafter called wastewater). The crops were grown with and without added fertilizers over three consecutive years. The wastewater contained high concentrations of organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn) and boron (B). It also contained negligible concentrations of a few heavy metals. Irrigation by wastewater resulted in an increase in the porosity of the surface soil and thus a reduced bulk density. Wastewater enhanced the saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention capacity of the soils. The organic carbon, total N, available P and S, and exchangeable Na, K, Ca and Mg of the soils increased proportionately with the quantity of applied wastewater. C, N and K increased significantly (α = 0.05) when fields were irrigated using raw wastewater after applied fertilizers; the other elements accumulated in the soil insignificantly under both fertility levels. Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the upper 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers increased with the application of wastewater; the increase was significant only under raw wastewater irrigation. In the 40–60 cm soil layer, both EC and pH remained unchanged. The applied inorganic fertilizers raised EC but reduced soil pH. The wastewater contained large counts of total coliform (TC: 17.2 × 10 6 cfu/100 mL) and faecal coliform (FC: 13.4 × 10 3 cfu/100 mL). Irrigation using municipal wastewater is proposed for improving soil fertility as well as for alleviating water scarcity with the exception of some crops whose edible parts come in direct contact with wastewater and/or are eaten uncooked. 相似文献
5.
This study was conducted to evaluate the simultaneous use of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (QS1) and different combinations of urea-nitrogen and biogas slurry-nitrogen for improving growth, yield, and nutritional quality of field grown okra. The isolate QS1 was identified as Bacillus sp. QS1 based on its ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequence analysis. Results revealed that among the combinations, the application of 50% urea-nitrogen + 50% biogas slurry-nitrogen was optimal for improving crop performance. This combination significantly (p ≤ 0.05) promoted okra growth viz. plant height (69.63–80.03 cm), no of branches per plant (14–18), shoot fresh weight (86.66–136.25 g/plant), root fresh weight (22.5–26.58 g/plant), and fruit yield (8.5–13.5 kg/plot) compared to the plants receiving 100% urea-nitrogen. The interactive effective of this nitrogen combination and QS1 inoculation produced the highest growth and yield response. Similarly, the same treatment improved nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and protein contents in shoot and fruit of okra compared to other treatments. 相似文献
7.
OBJECTIVE: In stating the Millennium Development Goals, the United Nations aims to halve malnutrition around the world by 2015. Nutritional status of the elderly population in low-income countries is seldom focused upon. The present study aimed to evaluate the magnitude of malnutrition among an elderly population in rural Bangladesh. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data collection for a multidimensional cross-sectional study of community-based elderly people aged 60 years and over was conducted in a rural area in Bangladesh. SUBJECTS: Of 850 randomly selected elderly individuals, 625 participated in home interviews. Complete nutritional information was available for 457 individuals (mean age 69+/-8 years, 55% female). Nutritional status was assessed using an adapted form of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) including body mass index (BMI). Age, sex, education, household expenditure on food and self-reported health problems were investigated as potential predictors of nutritional status. RESULTS: BMI<18.5 kg m(-2), indicating chronic energy deficiency, was found in 50% of the population. MNA revealed a prevalence of 26% for protein-energy malnutrition and 62% for risk of malnutrition. Health problems rather than age had a negative impact on nutritional status. Level of education and food expenditure were directly associated with nutritional status. CONCLUSION: In order to reduce world hunger by half in the coming decade, it is important to recognise that a substantial proportion of the elderly population, particularly in low-income countries, is undernourished. 相似文献
10.
The combination of a rising population and increased food demand has placed tremendous pressure on the land resources of Bangladesh. These pressures are exacerbated by the annual wet-season floods which frequently devastate much of the agricultural land. Successive governments have therefore sought international aid to assist in the development of flood control measures. Of particular importance are 14 major schemes which aim to provide protection from 20–25 year return floods by the construction of earth-embanked enclosures. There is no doubt that these schemes have been very successful in protecting valuable agricultural areas from floods and hence increasing agricultural production. There is, however, growing evidence from a range of sources for long-term deterioration in soil fertility within the project areas. The study reported here is the first to systematically examine the changes taking place in soil properties following the establishment of a flood control, drainage and irrigation project. Comparison of two soil series, sampled from within and without the project area, demonstrate that within six years of project establishment, significant adverse changes have occurred in several soil properties; these include increasing acidity and a decline in available nutrients. The changes are attributable to a combination of poor management strategies and the absence of the annual flood input of silt. As Bangladesh cannot afford any decline in agricultural output, it is vital to establish whether adverse changes recorded here are occurring in other projects. This can be achieved by the establishment of a nationwide programme of soil fertility monitoring. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
OBJECTIVE: This study employed a multilevel design to test the contribution of individual, social and environmental factors to mediating socio-economic status (SES) inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption among women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was linked with objective environmental data. SETTING: A community sample involving 45 neighbourhoods. SUBJECTS: In total, 1347 women from 45 neighbourhoods provided survey data on their SES (highest education level), nutrition knowledge, health considerations related to food purchasing, and social support for healthy eating. These data were linked with objective environmental data on the density of supermarkets and fruit and vegetable outlets in local neighbourhoods. RESULTS: Multilevel modelling showed that individual and social factors partly mediated, but did not completely explain, SES variations in fruit and vegetable consumption. Store density did not mediate the relationship of SES with fruit or vegetable consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition promotion interventions should focus on enhancing nutrition knowledge and health considerations underlying food purchasing in order to promote healthy eating, particularly among those who are socio-economically disadvantaged. Further investigation is required to identify additional potential mediators of SES-diet relationships, particularly at the environmental level. 相似文献
12.
To circumvent drought conditions persisting during seed fill in the mid-south U.S. soybean production region, researchers have developed the early soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) production system (ESPS), which entails early planting of short-season varieties. Because soybean supplies a preponderance of the world's protein and oil and consumption of soy-based foods has been associated with multiple health benefits, the effects of this agronomic practice on seed quality traits such as protein, oil, and isoflavones should be investigated. Four cultivars of soybean, two from maturity group IV and two from maturity group V, were planted in April (ESPS) and May (traditional) in a two-year study at Stoneville, MS. Near-infrared analysis of soybean seed was utilized to determine the percentages of protein and oil. Dependent upon variety, the oil content of the early-planted crop was increased by 3-8%, whereas protein was not significantly changed. Visualization of protein extracts fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and fluorescence two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis revealed that early planting did not affect the relative accumulation of the major seed-storage proteins; thus, protein composition was equal to that of traditionally cultivated soybeans. Maturity group IV cultivars contained a higher percentage of oil and a lower percentage of protein than did the maturity group V cultivars, regardless of planting date. Gas chromatographic separation of fatty acids revealed that the percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were not significantly altered by planting date. Methanol extracts of seed harvested from different planting dates when analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography showed striking differences in isoflavone content. Dependent upon the variety, total isoflavone content was increased as much as 1.3-fold in early-planted soybeans. Irrigation enhanced the isoflavone content of both early- and late-planted soybeans as much as 2.5-fold. Accumulation of individual isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, was also elevated by irrigation. Because this cultural practice improves the quality traits of seeds, ESPS provides an opportunity for enhancing the quality of soybean. 相似文献
14.
PurposeThe possibility of using chemical and microbial additives to enhance the phytoextraction of mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) from a multi-contaminated soil could be very effective, leading to a significant saving in terms of time and costs of the reclamation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the addition of (i) thiosulfate and (ii) metal-tolerant bacteria isolated from the polluted soil having plant growth promotion (PGP) potential to perform As and Hg phytoextraction by Brassica juncea and Lupinus albus.Materials and methodsA collection of 13 bacterial isolates able to tolerate As and Hg was obtained from the contaminated soil, identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and tested in vitro for PGP activities. The most promising strains were further tested in vivo for the evaluation of plant growth ability and rhizocompetence on model plants. Pot experiments were conducted in microcosms, with polluted soil vegetated with B. juncea and L. albus. Ammonium thiosulfate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were used as mobilizing agents, together with a bacterial consortium composed by the most promising PGP isolates.Results and discussionThirteen indigenous metal-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated, and their in vitro characterization highlighted their great potential in assisting the phytoremediation process; most of them tolerated both trace elements and showed, at the same time, multiple PGP traits. The results were confirmed in vivo on model plants and lead to the selection of the most promising PGP strains to be applied in microcosm-scale phytoextraction experiments. Thiosulfate addition significantly increased the mobilization of both elements, promoting bioavailability and phytoextraction. When a selected bacterial consortium was supplemented in addition to thiosulfate, the efficacy of the phytoaccumulation was increased up to 85 % for As and up to 45 % for Hg.ConclusionsThe use of the common fertilizer thiosulfate appeared to have great potential in phytoextraction practices since it was able to facilitate the uptake by plants of both Hg and As. Moreover, the application of a consortium of indigenous PGP bacteria (PGPB) produced a further positive effect on the plant biomass, supporting and enhancing the phytoextraction strategy, thus demonstrating their potential in a microbe-assisted phytoremediation intervention. 相似文献
18.
Role of informal seed system in landrace diversification, in situ conservation on-farm and sustainability in production were investigated as a case study for rice diversity in Indian Himalayas.
The diachronic pattern of landrace occurrence revealed substantial increase, both in landrace number and frequency, in time.
The local level seed supply in Uttarakhand Himalaya revealed that about 96% seed supply originated from informal system and
a mere 4% seed supply is met from formal seed supply networks. In higher elevation ranges, beyond 1200 masl, largely landrace
cultivation is practiced and a greater landrace diversification in traditional production was observed. Substantial variations
due to environmental adaptations in niche habitats help provide important donor germplasm for crop improvement to users. Further,
the population genetic structure also indicated enough diversity being maintained on-farm. Developing pathways for strengthening
local level seed system for landrace diversification linked to sustainability in food production and conserving agro-biodiversity
has been emphasized. 相似文献
19.
PurposePhosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are two important essential nutrient elements for plant growth and development but their availability is often limited in calcareous soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of applying microbial inoculants (MI, containing effective strains of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginous) on the availability of P and K, plant growth, and the bacterial community in calcareous soil. Materials and methodsA greenhouse experiment was conducted to explore the effects of the addition of MI (control: without MI addition; treatment: with MI addition at the rate of 60 L ha?1) on the concentrations of P and K in soil and plant, soil bacterial community diversity and composition, and chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growth. Results and discussionThe results showed that MI inoculation significantly increased the fruit yields by 28.5% (p?<?0.01), available P and K in the rhizosphere soil by 32.1% and 28.1% (p?<?0.05), and P and K accumulation in the whole plants by 40.9% and 40.2%, respectively (p?<?0.05). Moreover, high-throughput sequencing revealed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant phyla of soil bacteria. MI application did not significantly impact the diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities, but increased relative abundances of bacterial genera Flavobacterium responsible for promoting root development across growing stages (p?<?0.05), and changed the soil bacterial community structure associated closely with soil properties of available P, K, and pH in soil. ConclusionsThe application of MI improved the bioavailability of P and K and plant growth due to its impact on the soil bacterial community structure. 相似文献
20.
Abstract The rapid expansion of mandarin ( Citrus reticulata L.) production areas with high agrochemical input in the highland areas of northern Thailand has resulted in negative effects in terms of production, environment, soil quality, and public health. The use of microorganisms as plant growth promoters is an alternative method to reduce agrochemical input. Thus, we studied the diversity of endophytic actinomycetes in mandarin and their potential as plant growth promoters. A total of 252 endophytic actinomycete isolates were recovered from mandarin. Based on spore chain morphology, cell wall type, and 16S rRNA gene sequence, the isolates were classified into six genera: Streptomyces, Nocardia, Nocardiopsis, Spirillospora, Microbispora and Micromonospora. The most frequent isolates recovered were members of Streptomyces (85.3%). Selected isolates (64 isolates) from these genera were evaluated for their indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production potential in a medium with 2 mg mL ?1 tryptophan, and all the selected isolates showed the potential to produce IAA, with average values of IAA production of 13.34, 3.36, 140.38, 12.55, 1.40, and 6.19 µg IAA mL ?1, respectively. Isolates of genus Nocardiopsis showed a very high ability to produce IAA that was the highest among all the genera, with values ranging from 62.23 to 222.75 µg mL ?1. Twelve isolates selected from these genera were inoculated onto mandarin seedlings, and the results indicated that the shoot height, fresh shoot weight and fresh root weight of the seedlings were promoted by the inoculation of endophytic actinomycetes, with values ranging from 20.2 to 49.1%, 14.9 to 53.6%, and 1.6 to 102% over the control, respectively. 相似文献
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