水稻灌浆期耐热性的品种间差异及其与剑叶光合特性和内源多胺的关系

 对65个不同来源的早籼稻品种进行了灌浆期耐热性的鉴定研究,并比较了耐热性相差很大的品种灌浆期高温胁迫前后的生理反应。结果表明：秕粒率、实粒重、整精米率、垩白度、蛋白质含量的胁迫指数可作为水稻品种灌浆期耐热性田间直接鉴定的 5个指标,可采用隶属函数值法对各品种的耐热性进行综合评价;不同品种的耐热性存在相当大的差异,筛选出了几个耐热性很强的品种;高温胁迫严重影响水稻的光合能力,但耐热性强的品种剑叶的光合速率高温胁迫后下降幅度明显较小,胁迫解除后恢复的程度也更高,叶绿素含量、RuBPc 活性及内源多胺含量的变化趋势与光合速率相一致,是水稻耐高温逼熟的重要生理特征。     

水稻灌浆期耐热性研究进展

灌浆期是水稻产量和品质形成的关键时期,灌浆期高温通过影响C、N代谢途径和淀粉合成相关基因的表达,使叶片光合效能降低、呼吸链受阻、淀粉合成及相关酶活性下降,进而导致水稻产量降低、米质变差。综述了灌浆期高温对水稻生理生化特性的影响,以及水稻灌浆期耐热QTL定位及基因表达、蛋白质组等方面的研究进展。     

多胺与乙烯对水稻籽粒灌浆、粒重和品质的调控作用

研究水稻产量与品质特性对水稻优质高产育种和栽培具有重要意义。多胺与乙烯作为两类重要的内源植物生长调节物质,对水稻籽粒灌浆充实、粒重和品质形成具有重要的调控作用。本文分别介绍了水稻籽粒多胺与乙烯、灌浆充实、粒重和品质特性,简述了灌浆与粒重和品质形成的关系,重点综述了水稻灌浆期籽粒多胺与乙烯对灌浆充实、粒重和品质(稻米加工、外观和营养品质及籽粒淀粉品质)的调控作用及其生理机制,讨论了存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

水稻灌浆期耐热害的数量性状基因位点分析

 利用由98个家系组成的Nipponbare / Kasalath // Nipponbare回交重组自交系群体及其分子连锁图谱，以粒重感热指数\[（适温粒重-高温粒重）/适温粒重×100\]为评价指标，采用混合线性模型的QTL定位方法，对水稻灌浆期耐热性的主效、上位性数量性状基因位点及其与环境的互作进行分析。共检测到3个灌浆期耐热性主效QTL，分别位于第1、4和7染色体上，LOD值为8.16、11.08和12.86，贡献率8.94%、17.25%和13.50%。其中位于第4染色体标记C1100-R1783之间的QTL，没有显著的上位性和环境互作效应，表明在不同环境和遗传背景中的表达较为稳定，在水稻耐热性育种中可能具有较大的利用价值，其耐热性等位基因来自亲本Kasalath，高温热害时可减少粒重损失3.31%。位于第1染色体标记R1613-C970之间的QTL和第7染色体标记C1226-R1440之间的QTL，耐热性等位基因来自亲本Nipponbare，分别可减少粒重损失2.38%和2.92%。这两个QTL均具有与环境的互作效应，其中第7染色体上的QTL还和其他基因位点有互作。检测到8对加性×加性上位性互作QTL，分布于第1、2、3、5、7、8、10和12染色体上。没有检测到上位性QTL与环境的互作效应。     

水稻开花期高温胁迫条件下生理生化特性的变化及其与品种耐热性的关系

以5个杂交水稻组合为材料,研究了开花期人工高温胁迫处理对剑叶部分生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,水稻开花期高温胁迫处理降低了剑叶光合速率、叶绿素含量,增加了可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、MDA含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性。相关分析表明,开花期高温胁迫处理后叶绿素含量、游离脯氨酸含量、MDA含量和SOD活性的变化幅度与品种的热敏感指数呈显著或极显著相关关系,此4项指标的变化幅度可作为水稻开花期耐热性鉴定的生理指标。耐热性强的水稻品种,在开花期高温胁迫处理后剑叶叶绿素含量下降幅度小,游离脯氨酸含量和SOD活性增加幅度大,MDA含量增加小。建立了热敏感指数与MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量和SOD活性变化幅度的逐步回归方程,可用于对水稻开花期的耐热性进行定量分析。     

水稻适应广幅光强的光合特性及品种间差异

在自然条件下,水稻总是生活在一个开放变动的环境系统中,而强光和弱光都会使其光合受到抑制。近年来的研究指出,水稻品种间对光强的适应性存在明显差异。有关耐光氧化、耐荫特性及其鉴定技术也有大量报道。另外,还初步研究了水稻品种适应广幅光强的光合特性。在上述基础上,本文比较了籼粳杂交稻和籼型杂交稻的耐光氧化和耐荫特性,探讨了杂种F_1和亲本的关系及适应广幅光强品种的筛选技术和鉴定指标,为杂交稻抗逆稳产育种提供生理依据。     

水分胁迫下外源多胺对水稻叶片光合速率与籽粒充实的影响

 以汕优63和PC311/早献党18为材料,研究了不同程度土壤干旱胁迫下水稻叶片中多胺含量变化以及外源多胺对籽粒充实和粒重的影响。在水分胁迫条件下,叶片中腐胺含量和腐胺与亚精胺以及精胺的比值提高。无论在土壤水分充足或水分胁迫条件下,抽穗期施用低浓度Spd和Spm后,叶片中的腐胺和MDA含量降低,而亚精胺和精胺、光合作用速率和籽粒的胚乳细胞数,饱满籽粒百分率以及千粒重显著增加。     

低温对杂交水稻及其亲本灌浆期剑叶果糖1,6—二磷酸酯酶活性的影响

叶绿体果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶(FBPase)是绿色植物Calvin循环调节作用的关键酶,已经证明光合作用同化CO_2生成的糖磷酸酯可向外运输,以致在叶绿体内形成淀粉和细胞质中合成蔗糖、脂肪酸,并提供能量,而光合产物的输出与环中的果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶有关。袁晓华和李锡泾研究证明:水稻剑叶叶绿体中FBPase活性明显高于下层叶,尤其在灌浆期其活性高2～3倍。“寒露风”是华南地区晚稻生产的主要危害,由于低温引起不正常结实,造成水稻大面积减产。为了解“寒露风”     

水稻光合对不同光强的响应及品种间差异

 报道了水稻光合对不同光强的响应能力及品种间差异。应用14C同位素示踪技术在连续强光和遮荫条件下，测定了籼粳杂交稻亚优2号及其亲本粳稻02428，籼稻3O37和籼型杂交稻汕优63的光合速率，双磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(RuBPC)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性。结果表明：籼粳杂交稻亚优2号在强光和弱光下光合速率和C3光合酶RuBPC活性比籼型杂交稻汕优63抑制较少，表现有比较稳定的光合特性。值得注意的是在光抑制条件下，耐光抑制水稻品种的C4光合酶PEPC有诱导增加活性的现象。与其两个亲本相比较，籼粳杂交稻亚优2号的光合特性更相似于粳稻02428。因此，在配组具有优良光合性状的籼粳杂交稻品种时，广亲和高光效种质02428是一个值得利用的材料。     

Mapping QTL for Heat-Tolerance at Grain Filling Stage in Rice

A mapping population of 98 lines (backcross inbred lines, BILs) derived from a backcross of Nipponbare/Kasalath// Nipponbare was planted at two experimental sites, Nanjing and Nanchang, and treated with high and optimal temperature during grain filling, respectively. The grain weight heat susceptibility index [GWHSI= (grain weight at optimum temperature-grain weight at high temperature) / grain weight at optimum temperature ×100] was employed to evaluate the tolerance of rice to heat stress. A genetic linkage map with 245 RFLP markers and a mixed linear-model approach was used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their main effects, epistatic interactions and QTL×environment interactions (Q×E). The threshold of LOD score=2.0 was used to detect the significance of association between marker and trait. A total of 3 QTLs controlling heat tolerance during grain filling were detected, on chromosomes 1, 4 and 7, with LOD scores of 8.16, 11.08 and 12.86, respectively, and they explained the phenotypic variance of 8.94, 17.25 and 13.50 %, correspondingly. The QTL located in the C1100-R1783 region of chromosome 4 showed no QTL×environment interaction and epistatic effect, suggesting that it could be stably expressed in different environments and genetic backgrounds, and thus it would be valuable in rice breeding for heat tolerance improvement. This QTL allele, derived from Kasalath reduced 3.31% of the grain weight loss under heat stress. One located between R1613-C970 on chromosome 1 and the other between C1226-R1440 on chromosome 7, with additive effect 2.38 and 2.92%, respectively. The tolerance alleles of both these QTLs were derived from Nipponbare. Both of these QTLs had significant QTL×environment interactions, and the latter was involved in epistatic interaction also. Eight pairs of epistatic effect QTLs were detected, one pair each on chromosomes 1,2,3, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 12. The results could be useful for elucidating the genetic mechanism of heat-tolerance and the development of new rice varieties with heat tolerance during grain filling phase.     

早稻灌浆期淹水对剑叶理化特性及产量和品质的影响

以天优998和桂农占为试验材料,盆栽条件下在灌浆期进行2/3淹水和没顶淹水处理(淹水历时0 d、1 d、3 d、5 d和7 d,0 d为对照),对淹水后早稻剑叶理化特性以及产量和品质进行分析。 结果表明,灌浆期水稻在1 d~3 d短期2/3和没顶淹水后产量和品质显著下降,淹水5 d~7 d产量下降最为严重。有效穗数下降是淹水导致产量下降的主要因素。相同淹水条件下,两个水稻材料间产量和品质变化差异不显著。灌浆期水稻淹水后水稻剑叶的游离脯氨酸和MDA含量升高,SPAD值和SOD酶活性下降,随淹水深度和持续时间的延长变幅增大。灌浆期淹水后水稻剑叶SPAD值和MDA含量与产量和品质呈显著或极显著相关,是反映淹水后水稻产量和品质变化生理指标。     

南方晚粳杂交稻与常规稻籽粒灌浆及后期叶片光合特性的差异

以南方杂交晚粳秀优5号和常规晚粳秀水110为材料,应用Richards方程对两个品种的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,研究了两个水稻品种的灌浆特性,并测定分析了两类品种的后期叶片光合特性。 秀优5号的起始灌浆势、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率均略低于秀水110,但活跃灌浆时间明显长于秀水110,说明杂交晚粳灌浆更为平缓、灌浆期长,有利于获得较高粒重,也有利于缓解其穗型较大引起的籽粒间物质的激烈竞争。齐穗后10 d,秀优5号的光合和叶绿素荧光参数与秀水110无显著差异,但齐穗后25 d,秀优5号除初始荧光值的增加幅度未达显著水平外,其他参数均显著高于秀水110。研究结果表明,南方杂交粳稻在灌浆后期仍保持较高的物质生产能力,是它具有较长籽粒灌浆持续期,大穗与较高粒重相协调,最终实现高产的重要生理基础。     

氮肥调控对川麦39灌浆期旗叶光合特性的影响

为明确氮肥调控对小麦光合作用的影响。采用盆栽试验研究了氮肥调控对川麦39灌浆期旗叶光合特性日变化及其相互关系的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥水平及不同追氮时期和比例处理下川麦39光合特性日变化曲线不同。随着施氮量的增加和氮肥后移,川麦39旗叶净光合速率的平均值和峰值呈先升高后降低的趋势,川麦39旗叶净光合速率的平均值和峰值均以施氮180kg／hm。最高,且各个氮肥处理的上午净光合速率平均值均显著高于下午的。通径分析表明,中、低氮水平和氮肥后移影响净光合速率主要是由于蒸腾失水严重．高氨水平和氮肥前移影响净光合速率主要是由于相对湿度过大、叶片肥厚使得蒸腾作用减弱。     

Relationship Between Changes in Leaf Endogenous Hormone Contents and Senescence During Grain Filling Stage of a Rice Hybrid and its Parents

A major problem in hybrid rice production is the occurrence of leaf senescence during the grain filling stage that can result in reduction of yield. Changes in contents of several endogenous hormones are related to leaf senescence. The relationship between endogenous hormones and leaf senescence in the rice hybrid Tiyou 418 and its parents Tijin and C418, was undertaken for investigation. Indicators of leaf senescence, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and chlorophyll content, as well as the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellin (GA1/3) and auxin (IAA) in the leaves were determined. Different rates of leaf senescence were observed in the three materials. Senescence occurred earliest and fastest in Tijin, followed by Tiyou 418 and then C418. A similar trend was recorded in ABA, ZR, and IAA contents during the grain filling stage in the three materials. Changes in (GA1/3 ZR IAA)/ABA ratios were also similar, being quite stable during the early stage of leaf senescence, and decreasing markedly during the late stage. The ratio declined more dramatically in Tijin, in accordance with its faster leaf senescence. The results suggest that the ratio of (GA1/3 ZR IAA)/ABA regulates chlorophyll content, SOD activity, MDA content and membrane lipid peroxidation. It is postulated that endogenous hormones may play a role in the regulation of leaf senescence in a systematic way.     

Relationship Between Changes in Leaf Endogenous Hormone Contents and Senescence During Grain Filling Stage of a Rice Hybrid and its Parents

A major problem in hybrid rice production is the occurrence of leaf senescence during the grain filling stage that can result in reduction of yield. Changes in contents of several endogenous hormones are related to leaf senescence. The relationship between endogenous hormones and leaf senescence in the rice hybrid Tiyou 418 and its parents Tijin and C418, was undertaken for investigation. Indicators of leaf senescence, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and chlorophyll content, as well as the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellin (GA1/3) and auxin (IAA) in the leaves were determined. Different rates of leaf senescence were observed in the three materials. Senescence occurred earliest and fastest in Tijin, followed by Tiyou 418 and then C418. A similar trend was recorded in ABA, ZR, and IAA contents during the grain filling stage in the three materials. Changes in (GA1/3 ZR IAA)/ABA ratios were also similar, being quite stable during the early stage of leaf senescence, and decreasing markedly during the late stage. The ratio declined more dramatically in Tijin, in accordance with its faster leaf senescence. The results suggest that the ratio of (GA1/3 ZR IAA)/ABA regulates chlorophyll content, SOD activity, MDA content and membrane lipid peroxidation. It is postulated that endogenous hormones may play a role in the regulation of leaf senescence in a systematic way.