绣球小冠花提取物的除草活性研究

以黄瓜、小麦、油菜和高粱为供试对象,用种子萌发法测定绣球小冠花地上部分石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇3种溶剂提取物的除草活性。结果绣球小冠花的乙酸乙酯、乙醇溶剂提取物对4种供试作物均显示出很强的抑制生长作用,质量浓度达100 mg/mL时对黄瓜、小麦、油菜和高粱幼苗、幼茎的抑制率均为100%。低质量浓度乙酸乙酯提取物对小麦幼根及幼茎的生长有较强抑制作用;0.5 mg/mL的乙酸乙酯提取物对黄瓜、小麦、油菜、高粱幼茎和幼根生长的抑制率分别为:11.57%、73.35%、3.06%、47.20%和65.06%、61.8 5%、29.96%、2.98%;1.0 mg/mL的乙醇提取物对黄瓜、小麦、油菜、高粱幼茎和幼根生长的抑制率分别为52.07%、22.58%、12.23%、0.93%和84.57%、24.47%、56.25%、0。表明绣球小冠花乙酸乙酯和乙醇提取物具有优秀的除草活性。     

果园常用除草剂的正确安全施用

果园、林地、地埂、塄边杂草丛生，对植物生长和病虫为害影响极大。人工锄草费工、成本大、效率低。用化学除草成本低、效率高，可节省用工资金40％，还能达到“斩草除根”的效果。     

芍药不同器官除草活性的研究

<正>除草剂等农用化合物在保持粮食稳产和高产方面起着非常重要的作用,但随着有机合成化学除草剂的大量使用,环境污染及抗性杂草等问题不断出现,寻找高效、低毒、环境友好的除草活性化合物变得越来越重要。植物作为地球上重要的生物资源,     

Quantitative analysis of steroidal glycosides in different organs of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) by LC-MS/MS

The bulbs of the Easter lily ( Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) are regularly consumed in Asia as both food and medicine, and the beautiful white flowers are appreciated worldwide as an attractive ornamental. The Easter lily is a rich source of steroidal glycosides, a group of compounds that may be responsible for some of the traditional medicinal uses of lilies. Since the appearance of recent reports on the role steroidal glycosides in animal and human health, there is increasing interest in the concentration of these natural products in plant-derived foods. A LC-MS/MS method performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for the quantitative analysis of two steroidal glycoalkaloids and three furostanol saponins, in the different organs of L. longiflorum. The highest concentrations of the total five steroidal glycosides were 12.02 ± 0.36, 10.09 ± 0.23, and 9.36 ± 0.27 mg/g dry weight in flower buds, lower stems, and leaves, respectively. The highest concentrations of the two steroidal glycoalkaloids were 8.49 ± 0.3, 6.91 ± 0.22, and 5.83 ± 0.15 mg/g dry weight in flower buds, leaves, and bulbs, respectively. In contrast, the highest concentrations of the three furostanol saponins were 4.87 ± 0.13, 4.37 ± 0.07, and 3.53 ± 0.06 mg/g dry weight in lower stems, fleshy roots, and flower buds, respectively. The steroidal glycoalkaloids were detected in higher concentrations as compared to the furostanol saponins in all of the plant organs except the roots. The ratio of the steroidal glycoalkaloids to furostanol saponins was higher in the plant organs exposed to light and decreased in proportion from the aboveground organs to the underground organs. Additionally, histological staining of bulb scales revealed differential furostanol accumulation in the basal plate, bulb scale epidermal cells, and vascular bundles, with little or no staining in the mesophyll of the bulb scale. An understanding of the distribution of steroidal glycosides in the different organs of L. longiflorum is the first step in developing insight into the role these compounds play in plant biology and chemical ecology and aids in the development of extraction and purification methodologies for food, health, and industrial applications. In the present study, (22R,25R)-spirosol-5-en-3β-yl O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranoside, (22R,25R)-spirosol-5-en-3β-yl O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[6-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside, (25R)-26-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranoside, (25R)-26-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-glucopyranoside, and (25R)-26-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-glucopyranoside were quantified in the different organs of L. longiflorum for the first time.     

龙眼不同品种各营养器官多糖含量分析

分析比较了龙眼各营养器官之间、同品种不同结果母枝类型间、同品种不同植株之间、不同龙眼品种之间的多糖含量。结果表明:龙眼各营养器官皆含有多糖成分,且差异显著,依次为叶(4.575%)>新梢(1.928%)>枝条(1.644%)>根(0.918%);同一营养器官仅在不同成熟期的部分龙眼品种间多糖含量存在显著差异。     

Accumulation of specific flavonoids in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) as a function of the early tripartite symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan

This study is the first report assessing the effect of soil inoculation on the signalling interaction of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soybean plants throughout the early stages of colonisation that lead to the tripartite symbiosis. In a study using soil disturbance to produce contrasting indigenous AMF treatments, the flavonoids daidzein, genistein and coumestrol were identified as possible signals for regulating the establishment of the tripartite symbiosis. However, it was unclear whether soil disturbance induced changes in flavonoid root accumulation other than through changing the potential for AMF colonization. In this study, soil treatments comprising all possible combinations of AMF and B. japonicum were established to test whether (1) modifications in root flavonoid accumulation depend on the potential for AMF colonization, and (2) synthesis and accumulation of flavonoids in the roots change over time as a function of the early plant-microbial interactions that lead to the tripartite symbiosis. The study was comprised of two phases. First, maize was grown over 3-week periods to promote the development of the AM fungus Glomus clarum. Second, the interaction between soybean, G. clarum and B. japonicum was evaluated at 6, 10, 14 and 40 days after plant emergence. Root colonization by G. clarum had a positive effect on nodulation 14 days after emergence, producing, 30% more nodules which were 40% heavier than those on roots solely inoculated with B. japonicum. The tripartite symbiosis resulted in 23% more N₂ being fixed than did the simpler symbiosis between soybean and B. japonicum. The presence of both symbionts changed accumulation of flavonoids in roots. Daidzein and coumestrol increased with plant growth. However, development of the tripartite symbiosis caused a decrease in coumestrol; accumulation of daidzein, the most abundant flavonoid, was reduced in the presence of AMF.     

Population recovery following differential harvesting of Allium tricoccum Ait. in the southern Appalachians

Over 100 native herbaceous forest perennials are harvested in the United States. Management of these populations for continued survival requires information on the long-term effects of varied harvesting levels on populations of forest perennials. Allium tricoccum Ait. is a species that is harvested throughout its range for its edible bulb. We examined the recovery of A. tricoccum populations over a 5-year period following experimental harvests of different intensity to predict the number of years required to return to pre-harvest levels and to establish guidelines for sustainable harvesting. Our harvest treatments included removal of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of plants within experimental plots. Treatments were repeated at three sites. Population recovery was monitored for 4 years at two sites and 7 years at one site. We found a relationship between the level of harvest and the negative impacts on populations of A. tricoccum, with limited population recovery in the 4 years following harvesting. We projected recovery times as a function of harvest level using a population projection model. Deterministic projections of recovery time ranged from 148 years for a 95% harvest to 2.5 years for a 5% harvest. Incorporating stochasticity into our projections increased the uncertainty in our estimates of recovery time. For example the recovery time from a 5% harvest ranged from 1 to 89 years (95% confidence limit). Based on our results, a 10% harvest once every 10 years would, on average, be a sustainable level of harvest for A. tricoccum in southern Appalachian forests.     

Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) under different grassland management regimes

Declines in the natural populations of several bumblebee species across Britain and Europe are an increasing cause for concern. In this study the habitat use of bumblebees was investigated on Salisbury Plain Training Area, the largest remaining area of unimproved chalk grassland in north-west Europe. Habitat characteristics influencing the overall abundance, species richness and foraging activity of bumblebees included the diversity and abundance of flowering plant species (particularly of favoured forage plants such as Trifolium pratense), vegetation structure and height. It is suggested that different Bombus species respond to these habitat characteristics depending on their specific foraging and nesting requirements, the case of Bombus humilis being especially relevant. The effects of several grassland management practices were considered in terms of their suitability for the conservation of bumblebee habitats. Cattle grazing was shown to be preferable to both sheep grazing and the absence of any management, although the timing and intensity of such grazing was important. Small-scale disturbances caused by vehicle activity were also of value in producing locally abundant forage resources in less intensively managed grasslands.     

紫苏对不同浓度镉胁迫的生理响应

为探讨紫苏的耐镉生理机制, 通过水培试验, 研究了镉离子浓度为0 mg·L^-1(对照)、2.0 mg·L^-1、5.0 mg·L^-1、10.0 mg·L^-1 条件下紫苏的生长、镉富集作用及叶片的保护酶活性。结果表明, 2.0 mg·L^-1、5.0 mg·L^-1、10.0 mg·L^-1 镉胁迫下, 紫苏单株生物量比对照分别减少28.4%、42.4%、66.0%, 不同处理间均存在极显著差异;3 个镉离浓度下紫苏的镉富集量依次为462.4 μg·株^-1、705.0 μg·株^-1、609.7 μg·株^-1, 富集系数依次为91.9、70.0、51.1, 具备镉超积累能力。此外, SOD、POD、CAT 酶活测定结果显示, 随镉离子浓度升高, 紫苏叶片的SOD 活性和MDA 含量显著升高, POD 和CAT 活性显著下降, 破坏了体内保护酶系统的平衡, 抑制紫苏生长。     

Invasion of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. in a former grazed meadow in relation to different grazing intensities

The invasion of Alnus glutinosa in a former grazed meadow in Hørret Wood near Århus (Eastern Jutland, Denmark) has been investigated. A dense Filipendula ulmaria vegetation, which has been developing since the grazing stopped, seems to prevent the establishment of seedlings of Alnus glutinosa, although the seeds are able to germinate in the spring, before the growth of Filipendula ulmaria starts. By reconstructing the development of four Alnus glutinosa thickets, it was concluded that moderate grazing favours the spread of Alnus glutinosa, whereas intensive grazing or cessation of grazing inhibits further invasion. The optimal grazing intensity for establishment of trees and bushes in meadows is discussed and related to the ‘floristic optimum’. Two situations in the management of meadows with grazing animals are proposed.     

Dynamics of phosphatase activities in a cork oak litter (Quercus suber L.) following sewage sludge application

As part of a study of the processes involved in litter biodegradation following sewage sludge (SS) addition, the variations over 14 months of phosphatase activities in a cork oak litter (Quercus suber L.) were investigated. A field experimental design was carried out using the litter-bag method on both a fertilized plot receiving SS applications (twice ) and a control plot. Acid (APH) and alkaline (BPH) phosphatases were measured, along with several biotic and abiotic variables potentially involved in the regulation of these enzymes. These included moisture, temperature, pH, water-extractable inorganic P (P_W), culturable heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. Sludge addition had significant effects on all the variables measured. Indeed, sludge increased significantly BPH activities, available P_W, microbial densities (i.e. bacteria and fungi) and pH in the fertilized plot. In contrast, APH activities decreased significantly following sludge addition. As a consequence, the BPH/APH ratio increased markedly and immediately in the fertilized plot, but only after the 1st amendment. Following the 1st preconditioning SS amendment, the 2nd fertilization had fewer effects on biological variables, because of summer dryness. The different properties examined varied significantly with incubation time, and most were significantly related to the seasonal patterns of litter moisture in this Mediterranean forest ecosystem. Hence, sewage sludge application modified the intensity of microbial responses to environmental factors, but biological patterns regulating P turn-over were maintained.