Relationships between Seed Yield and Chemical Composition of Field Peas Grown under Semi-arid Mediterranean Conditions

Relationships between seed protein, lipid, starch and sugar concentrations and seed yield of 14 pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars were examined under rain-fed conditions in northern Jordan. Significant differences amongst cultivars for each character were noted. The cultivar-by-environment interaction was significant for each character except lipid and starch concentrations. A negative correlation was noted between seed yield and seed protein and fructose concentrations. Positive non-significant correlations between seed yield and seed lipid and starch concentrations were noted. The cultivars DMR-8, P 350-1 and 88P022-6 had similar seed yields, but varied seed chemical components. Seeds of the Praire No. 11 cultivar had the highest protein concentration amongst cultivars, although it produced the lowest seed yield. These results indicate that factors other than seed yield are important for determining the chemical composition of seeds, and that one-sided selection for high seed yield tends to reduce the nutritional quality of the pea seed.     

Analysis of genotypic variation of sugar and acid contents in peaches and nectarines through the Principle Component Analysis

Genotypic variations and correlations were estimated for sugar and acid contents on afresh flesh weight basis in peach and nectarine genotypes derived from a clone of a wild peach (Prunus davidiana) by three generations of crosses with commercial nectarine varieties. 107genotypes were studied in Avignon (France), 40 in Gotheron (France), and 18 of them were common to both locations. Considerable variations in sugar and acid contents were found among genotypes in both locations. Though location significantly affected sucrose, sorbitol and acid contents of the18 common genotypes, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that genotypic correlations among sugar and acid contents were stable in both locations. Almost all sugars and acids analysed exhibited positive loadings for the first principal component (PC). Variations of dry matter content among genotypes only partially explained this general trend as shown by the PCA on a dry flesh weight basis. Glucose and fructose contents were closely correlated and were similar in amount inmost genotypes, while fructose content was lower than glucose content in about 12% of the genotypes. A positive but loose relationship was found between malic and citric acid contents in both locations. Likewise, sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid contents were positively associated. The first PC could be used as a general flavour component. In addition, three groups of closely associated variables (fructose and glucose; malic and citric acids; sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid) were detected through PCA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Sugars in Wheat Anther Culture Media

Sugars are critical components in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture media for successful somatic embryo initiation and plant regeneration. In this experiment, anthers from three wheat genotypes were cultured on a modified Liang's 85D12 initiation medium with seven sugar combinations (I-sugars: galactose, mannose, maltose, fructose, sucrose, glucose, maltose + glucose) at 0.26 M, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 mg/L), 1-naphthalene acetic acid (1 mg/L), and glutamine (254 mg/L). Wheat starch (5 % W/V), a potential source of sugars, was used as the medium gelling agent. No previous research has studied the effect of different sugars with wheat starch. A split-plot experimental design with 42 replications was used with genotypes as whole plots and sugar combinations as subplots. Galactose and mannose did not support embryoid initiation and were dropped from the analysis. Averaged over the three genotypes, maltose was the best sugar (105 embryoids/100 anthers), followed by glucose (47 embryoids/100 anthers) and maltose + glucose (37 embryoids/100 anthers). These three sugar combinations were superior to the standard medium sugar, sucrose (24 embryoids/100 anthers), and to fructose (12 embryoids/100 anthers). The embryoids were divided into two groups for plant regeneration. The first group was transferred to regeneration medium (Liang 85D12 salts, sugars at 0.06 M, and wheat starch at 7 % w/v as gelling agent) with the same sugar (R-sugar) used as in initiation. The second group was transferred to regeneration media with sucrose. I+R-maltose (0.55)     

Phenological Development–Yield Relationships in Dry Pea in Semiarid Mediterranean Conditions

Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) growers in the semiarid Mediterranean region require cultivars that are both early maturing and high yielding. However, negative relationships between these two characteristics limit their simultaneous improvement. A better understanding of the relative importance of the developmental stages in determining yield would assist in pea improvement. Sixteen dry pea cultivars were grown for 2 years under semiarid Mediterranean conditions (Maru, north Jordan) in order to see if differences in growing degree days (GDD) to flowering and GDD from planting to physiological maturity exist and to study their relationships with seed yield. Seed yield was negatively correlated with GDD to maturity, but not significantly correlated with GDD to flowering. Increasing GDD to flowering resulted in higher seed yield, while increasing seed fill duration had little effect. Rapid seed fill rate was positively correlated with seed weight and negatively correlated with seed fill duration. These results indicate that Mediterranean-adapted cultivars would have preflowering periods lasting as long as possible, followed by short seedfill periods. Simultaneous selection for early maturity and a relatively long time to flowering is recommended for the development of early-maturing, high-yielding cultivars adapted to semiarid Mediterranean environments.     

鲜食糯玉米室温货架期间籽粒糖代谢规律研究

为探寻鲜食糯玉米采后籽粒糖代谢规律,以不同熟期的鲜食糯玉米品种为试材,测定了不同货架期糯玉米籽粒中几种可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量及相关酶的活性。结果表明,随着货架期的延长,3种熟期鲜食糯玉米籽粒中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖和山梨醇含量均呈明显下降趋势,其中晚熟玉米下降幅度较大,果糖、葡萄糖和麦芽糖含量下降幅度达到97.3%~99.8%,而总淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈明显上升趋势,其中早熟玉米上升幅度最大,货架8 d时其含量上升幅度均超过了20%,淀粉合成关键酶腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）和尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UDPGPPase）活性主要呈单峰曲线变化趋势,其峰值出现在货架2~4 d,其趋势在变化时间上与几种可溶性糖含量的变化能够契合;室温货架期间,不同熟期的鲜食糯玉米籽粒中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的变化规律不完全一致。上述研究结果可为筛选适于贮藏的鲜食糯玉米品种和贮藏时间提供理论依据。     

不同品种梨汁中糖和有机酸含量测定及相关性分析

利用反相高效液相色谱法测定了不同品种梨汁中的糖和有机酸含量,并应用SAS统计软件对各种糖和有机酸含量之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,梨汁中的糖主要为果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,其中果糖和葡萄糖含量较高;不同品种梨汁中果糖、葡萄糖及总可溶性糖含量变异较小,相对稳定,果糖与葡萄糖、总可溶性糖之间表现出显著的相关性;有机酸有苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、莽草酸、酒石酸、奎宁酸、乳酸和富马酸,以苹果酸含量最高;不同品种梨汁中各有机酸含量差别较大,其中琥珀酸与乳酸、富马酸,莽草酸与柠檬酸、奎宁酸的含量之间表现出极显著的相关性。     

脱水敏感的黄皮种子在发育过程中的碳水化合物变化研究

脱水敏感的黄皮种子发育至生理成熟时淀粉积累达最大值,但其胚轴中淀粉含量远低于子叶且在种子成熟以后明显下降。花后65d子叶中可溶性糖含量最高而胚轴中可溶性糖随种子发育而一直上升。还原性葡萄糖和麦芽糖含量随种子发育而逐渐降低．非还原性果糖和蔗糖则逐渐增加。生理成熟期子叶中还含有较多的水苏糖和棉籽糖。外源ABA可提高成熟林子子叶中蔗糖的含量和未成熟种子的淀粉含量、但不能提高种子的耐脱水能力。因此我们认为黄皮种子的碳水化合物变化与其所在组织（子叶和胚轴）的不同代谢模式有关,而不是与种子的脱水敏感性有关。     

Effect of Ethephon Spraying at Three Developmental Stages of Barley Planted in Arid and Semiarid Mediterranean Locations

To determine the effects of ethephon [(2‐chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] on yield and yield components of rainfed barley in arid (150 mm rainfall) and semiarid (346 mm) regions, the present study was conducted during the growing seasons of 1999–2001. Ethephon was applied at the tillering, stem elongation and flowering stages. Acomparison of the effect of ethephon on rainfed and irrigated barley performed at the semiarid location in the following season confirmed the results. Ethephon decreased grain yield when sprayed at tillering and stem elongation compared with the later flowering stage for both the arid and semiarid locations. All arid‐location barley plants had lower grain yields than the semiarid‐location plants. There was a reduction in spikes m^?2 in the tillering and stem elongation stage sprayings compared to the control for both locations. In the semiarid and arid locations no difference in earliness (50 % heading) was observed between spraying times but ethephon always delayed heading. All arid‐location plants were earlier than semiarid‐location plants. However, when ethephon was used with supplementary irrigation it was found to increase grain yield, spikes m^?2 and earliness.     

菜用大豆食用品质关键组分及其积累动态研究

选用30个菜用大豆品种(系),测定其食用品质与籽粒的化学组分,分析二者的相关性;再选其中3个可溶性糖含量不同的品种(系)测定食用品质组分,并采用主成分分析方法探讨每个组分的作用,研究其积累动态。结果表明,蔗糖、果糖+葡萄糖、蜜三糖、水苏糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸和脂肪对菜用大豆食用品质的总贡献率为67.8%;其中蔗糖含量与菜用大豆食用品质呈极显著正相关(0.864**),蛋白质含量与菜用大豆食用品质评分呈显著负相关(–0.439*)。鲜食期不同菜用大豆品种籽粒中蜜三糖和水苏糖的平均含量仅有成熟期的7.4%和12.4%,对菜用大豆食用品质影响有限。菜用大豆的鲜食期一般在开花后42 d,可维持一周左右。此期蔗糖含量最高,蛋白质含量比成熟期低3%左右,氨基酸含量明显高于成熟期,而蜜三糖、水苏糖含量最低,果糖+葡萄糖居中,食用品质最佳;鲜食期过后,籽粒中蔗糖和单糖含量降低,脂肪与蛋白质积累增加,蜜三糖和水苏糖含量显著增高,导致食用品质下降。     

Maternal inheritance of sugars and acids in peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch) fruit

Maternal inheritance of sugars and acids in peach fruit were investigated during two successive years using reciprocal populations derived from ‘low acid’ (LA) flat peach ‘Zaolupan’ and non-LA round peach ‘Zaoxing’. The reciprocal populations segregated into LA round, LA flat, non-LA round and non-LA flat-fruited offspring. Generally, the reciprocal populations had similar range and mean values of sugar and acid. Mean values were to different degree lower than or similar to mid-parental values. Maternal inheritance did not show significant effects on sugars and acids. Broad sense heritability of sugars and acids was high, ranging from 0.61 to 0.90. The correlations among sugars and acids were studied, and positive correlations were always found between glucose and fructose, and quinate and shikimate. Generally, mean glucose, fructose, sorbitol, quinate and shikimate contents did not show significant difference among LA round, LA flat, non-LA round and non-LA flat-fruited progenies. Mean sucrose and total sugar contents of flat-fruited progenies tended to be higher than round-fruited progenies, while mean malate, citrate and total acid contents did not significantly differ with fruit shape (round vs. flat).     

柑橘果实发育成熟中果肉游离糖、 肌肌醇及钾含量的变化

以龟井（无籽）温州蜜柑和鄂柑1号（有籽）橘为试材，对果实发育成熟过程中果肉游离糖（果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖）、肌肌醇及钾含量变化进行了测定。结果表明：(1)果实增大初期鄂柑1号果肉果糖和葡萄糖含量明显上升，蔗糖变化小，肌肌醇却趋下降，进入果实增大中后期，蔗糖含量显著上升，其它变化小；而龟井的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖均于果实增大初期和中期出现明显积累，肌肌醇除在增大中期出现一峰值外趋于平稳；采前果实发育期两品种总糖含量变化趋势均与各自的蔗糖较一致；(2)采后贮藏期内两品种果肉总糖和肌肌醇含量均趋于稳定，而二者的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量变化趋势却均趋相反；(3)两品种果肉钾含量均在果实增大期内出现明显上升并居相对较高水平。     

“贝达”和“赤霞珠”叶片中可溶性糖类对光合作用的调节作用

以2个葡萄品种"贝达"和"赤霞珠"为材料,研究了开花期过后1年生枝条功能叶片光合指标;以及葡萄糖、果糖、淀粉等碳水化合物含量与转化酶和淀粉酶活性的变化与联系。结果表明:开花期过后,"贝达"和"赤霞珠"功能叶片的净光合速率和Rubisco羧化效率呈下降趋势;果糖含量基本不变,葡萄糖、蔗糖及总可溶性糖含量波动上升;中性转化酶活性变化较小,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性分别在前期和后期较高。"贝达"和"赤霞珠"功能叶片的Rubisco羧化效率与净光合速率呈极显著正相关;与葡萄糖/(果糖+蔗糖)呈显著负相关。在"贝达"和"赤霞珠"功能叶片中葡萄糖含量与β-淀粉酶活性分别表现出极显著和显著的正相关性。推断,开花期后"贝达"和"赤霞珠"功能叶片中葡萄糖的积累可能主要是通过β-淀粉酶代谢途径产生,并对其光合作用产生了反馈抑制的效应。     

花生籽仁发育过程中糖分积累特征及蔗糖代谢酶活性分析

花生籽仁的含糖量与其食用品质和加工特性密切相关,为了明确花生籽仁发育过程中糖分积累特征以及与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系,以3个不同蔗糖含量的花生品种为材料,分别比较了它们在籽仁发育不同时期可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量以及蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(SAI)等蔗糖代谢关键酶的活性差异。结果表明不同品种在籽仁发育过程中的糖组分含量及酶活性变化规律相似;无论是合成方向还是分解方向,都以SS活性值相对最高;相关性分析显示,籽仁发育后期蔗糖含量与NI呈极显著负相关,与SPS呈显著正相关。推测可以在花生籽仁趋于成熟时,通过调节NI和SPS活性来提高其蔗糖含量。     

豌豆主要农艺和品质性状的相关性及灰色关联度分析

采用灰色关联分析和相关分析相结合的方法,对8份豌豆品种（系）的主要农艺和品质性状进行了综合描述和客观评价。结果表明,单株产量与单荚粒数、百粒重呈正相关;产量与主要农艺性状的关联度表现为单荚粒数>单株荚数>生育日数>百粒重>株高>单株分蘖数>主茎节数>单株产量;豌豆品质性状与品质优劣的关联度表现为粗蛋白含量>粗淀粉含量>赖氨酸含量>水分含量>粗脂肪含量,这与相关分析结果一致,可以将两种方法结合起来进行品种的客观评价。     

Total phenolics and condensed tannins in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)

Seed samples of seventeen field pea cultivars grown at five locations, and nine grass pea lines grown at two locations, in western Canada during 1993 and 1994 were analysed for total phenolics and condensed tannins. Each location in each year was considered as one environment. Total phenolics in field pea differed significantly among cultivars, ranging from 162 mg/kg DM (dry matter) (CE, catechin equivalents) for AC Tamor to 325 mg/kg DM (CE) for Richmond. Field pea had barely detectable levels of condensed tannins. Total phenolics in grass pea ranged from 868 mg/kg DM (CE) for L880388 to 2059 mg/kg DM (CE) for LS89110. Condensed tannins in grass pea ranged from 0.89 g/kg DM (CE) for L880388 to 5.18 g/kg DM (CE) for LS89125. Cultivar had a larger relative contribution to total phenolic levels in field pea and to total phenolic and condensed tannin levels in grass pea than environment. Total phenolic and condensed tannin levels were not correlated with seed yield and seed protein content in field pea or grass pea. Levels of total phenolics and condensed tannins were positively correlated in grass pea. Grass pea seeds with darker seed coat colour contained higher levels of condensed tannins. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高肥力土壤氮钾配施对鲜食型甘薯产量及品质的影响

为了探明高肥力土壤氮钾配施对烟薯25产量和品质的影响,采用二因素三水平完全随机区组试验设计,分别设3个N处理(0,45,90 kg/hm~2)和3个K_2O处理(0,75,150 kg/hm~2),共计9个氮钾组合处理,分别于收获期调查甘薯地上部性状,测定块根干鲜质量、Vc、淀粉、蛋白质、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:高肥力土壤上施用氮肥可增加甘薯蔓长、茎叶鲜质量、T/R值,并提高甘薯块根内蛋白质、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量,高肥力土壤上施用氮肥情况下,块根干鲜质量、淀粉和果糖含量有所降低。施用钾肥能显著提高块根干鲜质量、薯干率及淀粉和葡萄糖的含量;促进了甘薯对Mg的吸收,降低了甘薯对Ca的吸收。在氮钾互作条件下,甘薯分枝数、结薯数及Vc、蛋白质、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量与不施肥处理相比均有所提高;鲜薯产量与氮肥、钾肥的施用存在交互作用,即在不施N、施K_2O 150 kg/hm~2时,甘薯产量达到最高,较不施肥处理增产10 825.5 kg/hm~2,增幅为29.2%。同时在施N 90 kg/hm~2、不施K_2O时,甘薯产量最低,较不施肥处理减产1 435.5 kg/hm~2,降幅为3.9%。因此,在高肥力土壤,应不施或少施氮肥并配施适量钾肥以期获得鲜食型甘薯的高产优质。     

不同品种桑椹糖酸组分分析

分析了不同品种桑椹的糖酸组分。以33个品种桑椹的果实为试材,利用高效液相色谱技术检测,相关性分析采用相关系数法,聚类分析采用快速聚类法。结果表明,果糖和葡萄糖是桑椹的主要糖类,同一品种二者含量相当,品种之间存在差异,没有发现桑椹中含有蔗糖。所有桑椹品种含有柠檬酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸、草酸、丙酸和富马酸,绝大部分品种含有酒石酸,部分桑椹品种含有丙酮酸,柠檬酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸是桑椹中含量较高的3种有机酸,柠檬酸质量分数为41.30%～68.80%。总酸与柠檬酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。33个品种桑椹可分成五大类群,分别由10,1,5,7,10桑椹品种组成。     

Genetic analysis of edamame seed composition and trait relationships in soybean lines

Edamame, a vegetable or specialty soybean (Glycine max) with high nutritional and market value, is relatively new to North America. Because of its health and nutritional benefits and globalized trade, the edamame market and acreage in the United States are steadily increasing. To facilitate edamame breeding and commercial production, we genetically analyzed edamame seed composition using 86 breeding lines and cultivars developed in the U.S. Significant genotypic differences based on a single year or 2-year joint analysis were observed for most traits investigated, including protein, oil, dietary fiber, starch, sucrose, stachyose and total sugar content. No significant genotypic difference was observed for ash content in both years and for raffinose content in year 2016. Yearly differences were also significant except for sucrose, stachyose and total sugar. Genotype-by-year interaction was significant for protein, sucrose, raffinose and total sugar, but insignificant for other traits. The heritability was high and relatively stable for protein and oil content, followed by stachyose content, but was low for ash and starch content. The heritability for sucrose, total sugar and dietary fiber content varied from 38 to 75%. Genotypic correlations were insignificant among most traits. However, protein content was negatively correlated with oil content and dietary fiber, but positively associated with stachyose. Oil content was negatively correlated with starch and individual sugars. Although positive phenotypic or Pearson’s correlation existed between total sugar content and individual sugars, and between sucrose and starch content, their genotypic correlations were insignificant.     

Combining management and breeding advances to improve field pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis> L.) grain yields under changing climatic conditions in south-eastern Australia

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is widely grown across southern Australia. Delayed sowing is recommended to minimise yield losses caused by the disease ascochyta blight. However, drier and hotter springs in recent seasons have resulted in greater yield penalties from delayed sowing than from this disease. Field pea breeding in these shorter growing seasons has rapidly shifted the selection intensity towards genotypes with earlier flowering. Research was conducted to identify optimal management strategies that reduce losses from both disease and delayed sowing. Experiments comprising differing sowing dates (conventional, and 2–3 and 4–6 weeks earlier), various genotypes (including Alma—tall trailing type, and Kaspa—semi-leafless erect and OZP0602—earlier flowering, semi-leafless) and six fungicide treatments (combinations of P-Pickel T^® seed dressing and mancozeb foliar fungicide) were conducted in multi-location sites in South Australia from 2007 to 2009. Ascochyta blight infection occurred in all years irrespective of treatment and location, but only reduced grain yield in one experiment in 2008 and two in 2009. The two earlier sowing dates were generally higher yielding than the conventional sowing date for all genotypes. However under severe disease pressure yield loss was observed with the earliest sowing date. Genotype differences were also observed in terms of yield response to sowing date and in levels of disease infection, although these small improvements in disease resistance did not translate to a yield advantage. The combination of seed treatment and strategic foliar fungicides resulted in a positive yield response in 2009 but this was variable between sowing dates and genotypes. Under recent weather patterns of lower rainfall and shorter growing seasons, this study suggested the optimum planting period is within a week of the first autumn rains in low rainfall regions and 3 weeks after the first autumn rains in medium and medium–high rainfall regions. Grain yield can be optimised in these conditions by using earlier flowering genotypes together with strategic fungicide application and early time of sowing. These earlier flowering genotypes were also found to have broader adaptation to a range of sowing dates providing increased management flexibility. Fungicides with greater efficacy than mancozeb are required to maximise yield at the earliest sowing time.     

马铃薯品种（系）淀粉与产量表现稳定性分析

为选育高淀粉加工型马铃薯品种（系）,以21份马铃薯品系和黑龙江垦区2个主栽品种垦薯1号、大西洋为试验材料,测定马铃薯块茎产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量及直链淀粉含量。结果表明,马铃薯的块茎产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量及直链淀粉含量存在着环境与基因型极显著的互作关系（P<0.01）,但基因型影响效应大于环境因素（P>0.05）;参试品种（系）的产量为17 552~49 639kg/hm²,淀粉含量13.17%~19.66%,淀粉产量2428.17~8792.31kg/hm²,直链淀粉含量13.21%~21.30%;通过与对照品种比较,从21份马铃薯品系中筛选出高产、稳产、高淀粉含量和高淀粉产量的品系4份。结果为选育高淀粉含量、稳定性强的马铃薯品种提供科学依据。