(A)ngstr(o)m-Prescott系数选取对参考作物蒸散量的影响-以黄河中游站点为例

利用黄河中游三个站点近50a的气象资料,研究了(A)ngstr(o)m-Prescott系数不同取值对参考作物蒸散量的影响.结果显示,当ngstrm-Prescott系数as和bs分别相差56%和93%时,引起的ET0差异月值在0.6%～26.2%,年值在173.1～197.4mm(18.2%～21.9%).ngstrm-Prescott系数不同取值对ET0的影响程度随地点而变化,即随海拔和日照时数的增加,对ET0的影响程度相应增大.因此在高海拔和高辐射地区,应对ngstrm-Prescott系数进行校正.尽管FAO56 PM推荐的(A)ngstr(o)m-Prescott系数在世界各地广泛应用,但依据本文结果尚不能确定其在中国能否直接使用.随着辐射数据的不断积累,有必要对这些系数进一步研究、验证和校正.     

ngstrm-Prescott系数选取对参考作物蒸散量的影响—以黄河中游站点为例

利用黄河中游三个站点近50a的气象资料,研究了ngstrm-Prescott系数不同取值对参考作物蒸散量的影响。结果显示,当ngstrm-Prescott系数as和bs分别相差56%和93%时,引起的ET0差异月值在0.6%~26.2%,年值在173.1~197.4mm(18.2%~21.9%)。ngstrm-Prescott系数不同取值对ET0的影响程度随地点而变化,即随海拔和日照时数的增加,对ET0的影响程度相应增大。因此在高海拔和高辐射地区,应对ngstrm-Prescott系数进行校正。尽管FAO56PM推荐的ngstrm-Prescott系数在世界各地广泛应用,但依据本文结果尚不能确定其在中国能否直接使用。随着辐射数据的不断积累,有必要对这些系数进一步研究、验证和校正。     

A^°ngstrǒm—Prescott系数选取对参考作物蒸散量的影响-以黄河中游站点为例

利用黄河中游三个站点近50a的气象资料，研究了A^°ngstrǒm—Prescott系数不同取值对参考作物蒸散量的影响。结果显示，当A^°ngstrǒm—Prescott系数as和bs分别相差56％和93％时，引起的ET0差异月值在0．6％-26．2％，年值在173．1—197．4mm（18．2％-21．9％）。A^°ngstrǒm-Prescott系数不同取值对ET0的影响程度随地点而变化，即随海拔和日照时数的增加，对ET0的影响程度相应增大。因此在高海拔和高辐射地区，应对A^°ngstrǒm—Prescott系数进行校正。尽管FAO56PM推荐的A^°ngstrǒm-Prescott系数在世界各地广泛应用，但依据本文结果尚不能确定其在中国能否直接使用。随着辐射数据的不断积累，有必要对这些系数进一步研究、验证和校正。     

云南省(A)ngstr(o)m-prescott辐射模型的参数化研究

现行的太阳辐射通常采用常规数据进行估算.其中,基于日照的(A)ngstr(6)m-prescott公式的估算精度最高、应用最广.但模型应用的关键是如何获得适宜的模型参数.该文采用FAO和Liu等推荐的6种参数化方法,在云南省3个站点应用(A)ngstr(6)m-prescott公式计算太阳辐射值,并与实测值进行比较.结果表明,Liu等的2种方法太阳辐射值的估算效果最好,精度与校正参数相当.二者在昆明和丽江的平均偏差(MBE)、均方根误差(RMSE)及相对均方根误差(PRMSE)分别在-0.28～0.50、2.09～2.39 MJ/(m2·d)及12.4％～15.8％之间.相比之下,FAO推荐值在这两地点预测的MBE、RMSE及PRMSE分别为-0.43～0.84、2.61～5.37 MJ/(m2·d)及17.2％～31.7％,估算精度远低于前两种参数化方法.鉴于目前国内直接使用FAO推荐值的做法还相当普遍,该文结果有助于加深人们对(A)ngstr(6)m-prescott模型参数选择的重要性的认识,进而实际应用中更多地使用校正值或估算值.     

基于气象资料的日辐射模型在中国西北地区适用性评价

地表总辐射(Rs)是作物生长模型率定、蒸散量估算、灌溉制度制定和太阳能资源利用的重要基础数据。为有效提高辐射资源利用率,该文基于中国西北地区10个气象站点1993-2016年气象数据对9种不同日辐射模型进行适用性评价。采用非线性回归分析法对Bristow-Campbell(B-C)模型进行参数属地化修正,得到B-C校正模型。模型适用性评价结果表明:9种模型在西北地区的辐射模拟值和实测值均呈极显著相关(P0.01);基于日照时数的日辐射模型(?ngstr?m-Prescott、Ogelman、Bahel、Louche、Almorox-Hontoria、Glower-Mc Culloch,其R2介于0.875~0.954)计算精度高于基于温度的模型(Hargreaves-Samani、Annandale、Bristow-Campbell,其R2介于0.652~0.813);其中基于日照时数的模型中Bahel模型精度最高,其次是Ogelman和Glower-Mc Culloch模型,其RMSE分别为2.282、2.309和2.313 MJ/(m~2·d),n RMSE分别为14.0%、14.2%和14.2%,MAE分别为1.666、1.701和1.697 MJ/(m~2·d),Nash-Sutcliffe系数(NS)分别为0.905、0.903和0.902;基于温度的日辐射模型中B-C校正模型精度最高,其RMSE为3.819 MJ/(m~2·d),n RMSE为23.3%,MAE为2.680 MJ/(m~2·d),NS为0.741。因此,西北地区日辐射计算当仅有日照时数资料时推荐使用Bahel模型,当仅有温度资料时推荐使用Bristow-Campbell校正模型。     

遗传算法率定参照作物腾发量相关参数的研究

用气象资料计算参照作物腾发量(ET0)的方法需要各种气象(候)和物理参数,净辐射是其中的重要数据之一,而专业测量净辐射的设备在农业气象站里很少安装。为解决计算ET0时缺少太阳净辐射(Rn)测量值这一实际问题,该文采用浑善达克沙地东南缘南沙梁草甸草原区气象站观测的气象资料,用遗传算法模型对联合国粮农组织56号文本(FAO56)推荐值(as和bs)进行率定,计算了对应夏半年(4—9月)和冬半年(1—3月和10—12月)的太阳净辐射和参照作物腾发量,并将率定前后的模拟太阳辐射进行对比分析,用残差估计指数法对该方法模拟的参照作物腾发量模拟精度进行了分析。结果表明:在缺少太阳净辐射测量值的地区,采用FAO56参数(as和bs)推荐值与遗传算法模型率定参数(as和bs)相比,净辐射年内变化趋势一致,采用率定后参数计算的净辐射相对更不稳定,波动更大,但能有效提高参照作物腾发量计算精度。误差较大的模拟值均出现在降雨日前后,降雨虽然并未直接出现在Penman-Monteith公式中,但是降雨必然会对湿度和温度等气象条件造成一定影响,而as和bs是受湿度等因素影响而变化的,其深层次的原因有待进一步分析。     

洮河流域潜在蒸散发的气候敏感性分析

潜在蒸散发(ET0)的气候敏感性分析是变化环境下陆表能-水通量过程研究的重要内容,对气候变化背景下区域水文循环和农业水资源有效利用具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。为探讨气候变化对区域潜在蒸散发的可能影响,以洮河流域为研究区,采用Penman-Monteith模式和Beven敏感性公式计算该区ET0及其对关键气候要素的敏感系数,按Sen斜率和Mann-Kendall方法对敏感系数的变幅和显著性进行检验,基于此,对洮河流域ET0的气候敏感性进行了综合分析,并探讨了1981-2010年间该区ET0发生变化的气候原因。结果表明:洮河流域ET0对关键气候因素的敏感性排序为:净辐射相对湿度最高气温最低气温风速,其中,净辐射、最高气温和风速的敏感系数与ET0的相关性较强,特别是前2个要素在敏感性和相关性方面均具有较高系数;1981-2010年间,洮河流域ET0敏感性以净辐射的降低和最高气温的增强为主,净辐射和气温共同造就了洮河流域ET0的增加,且气温占主导。     

基于称重式蒸渗仪实测日值评价16种参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)模型

参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的准确估算是作物需水量及区域农业水分供需计算的关键,尽管已提出大量方法,但缺乏基于实测值的严格检验。本文利用北京小汤山2012年称重式蒸渗仪实测日值,检验16个ET_0模型,包括5个综合法、6个辐射法、5个温度法模型。依据均方根误差RMSE值,各模型估算效果的排序为FAO79 Penman=1963 Peman1996 Kimberly PenmanFAO24 PenmanFAO56 Penman-Monteith(PM)TurcFAO24 Blaney-Criddle(BC)DeBruin-KeijmanJensen-HaisePriestley-Taylor(PT)FAO24RadiationHargreavesMakkinkHamonMcloudBlaney-Criddle(BC)。总体而言,综合法表现最好,其RMSE在1.33~1.47mm·d~(-1),以FAO79 Penman和1963 Penman为最好;辐射法次之,其RMSE在1.48~1.77mm·d~(-1),以Turc最好;温度法检验效果最差,其RMSE在1.50~2.68mm·d~(-1),以FAO24 BC为最好。FAO79Penman和1963 Penman比最好的辐射法和温度法模型的精度分别高10%和13%。综合法、辐射法模型普适性好于温度法的原因在于其均含有影响ET_0的关键因子——辐射或饱和水汽压差VPD。所有模型均具有低蒸发条件下高估、高蒸发条件下低估的阈值特点,综合法及辐射法平均低估0.14mm·d~(-1)和0.33mm·d~(-1),而温度法平均高估0.52mm·d~(-1)。前两类方法 ET_0阈值相对较低,更适于低蒸发力条件,而温度法较适于高蒸发力条件。所有综合法、辐射法模型及温度法的Hargreaves和FAO24 BC法估算值与实测值变化趋势一致,说明模型结构合理,可通过参数校正提高精度;但对于与实测值趋势不吻合的温度法,模型结构尚需优化。VPD和最大湿度RHx是影响综合法、辐射法估算偏差的两大主要因子,其中VPD对低估类模型偏差影响最大,且偏差随着VPD增加而增大;而RHx对高估类综合法模型(1963 Penman、FAO79 Penman)偏差影响最大,且偏差随RHx增加而减小。校正后的PT(1.38)、Makkink(0.83)、Turc(0.014)及Hamon(1.248)系数大于原系数,而Hargreaves(0.0019)和BC(0.192)校正系数低于原系数。此外,PT与Hamon的系数利用最小相对湿度、Turc和Makkink系数利用VPD、Hargreaves和BC系数利用辐射或日照时数能得到最佳估算。FAO56 PM表现不佳(RMSE=1.47mm·d~(-1))的原因与站点气候干燥程度、较低的空气动力项权重有关。后人对原始Penman式的诸多修正并没有显著改善精度,因此建议在类似气候条件地区继续使用老版本Penman式。同时,对FAO56 PM的进一步检验将有助于回答"FAO56 PM是否真正比其它综合法具有优势,在何种气候下表现好,在高蒸发条件下低估是否为普遍现象"等科学问题。     

参考作物潜在蒸散量的人工神经网络模型研究

根据河套灌区多年气象资料和Penman-Monteith法计算得到的参考作物蒸散量(ET0),对影响ET0的主要气象因子进行了回归分析,并比较了以4因子(平均气温、净辐射、相对湿度、2 m处风速)和3因子(平均气温、净辐射、相对湿度)为输入向量,由Penman-Monteith法计算所得ET0为输出向量的BP网络ET0预报模型.研究表明,BP网络可以用于ET0的预报计算,四因子法和三因子法均简便可行,能满足生产的需要.相比之下,四因子法的精度更高.此研究是对传统ET0计算的补充.     

网室内作物蒸散量的变化和影响要素研究

在香蕉种植网室内,研究了网室内外作物蒸散量和参考作物蒸散量的关系,以及网室内小气候变化对参考作物蒸散量的影响.研究结果显示,网室内参考作物蒸散量(ET0)和A级蒸发皿水面蒸发量分别比大田减少39%和42%,网室内香蕉树蒸腾量较网室外下降53%.网室内净辐射降低和风速减小是网室内香蕉树蒸腾量和参考作物蒸散量降低的主要原因,而网室内温度和饱和水汽压差变化对蒸散量的影响较小.建立了网室内参考作物蒸散量和网室内外水面蒸发量的关系,计算出该地区的A级蒸发皿系数为0.84.     

and Its Expression in Pichia pastoris

利用RT-PCR技术扩增出草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的leptin基因，将leptin基因克隆至真核表达载体pPIC9K，电穿孔转化GS115菌株, 经G418筛选和甲醇诱导后，对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE琼脂糖凝胶电泳和Western blot分析。结果表明，草鱼leptin基因cDNA序列由438个核苷酸组成，编码146个氨基酸组成的多肽（GenBank登陆号AY551335），与鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)leptin基因相比， 核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性为99%； 与人、猪和鼠相比，核苷酸同源性分别为84%、86%和95%, 氯基酸的同源性分别为84%、82%和96%；与河豚(Takifugu rubripes)相比，氨基酸具有较大的差异，仅有9％的同源性，表明leptin在物种的进化上具有一定的差异；实现了草鱼leptin基因在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中的表达，表达蛋白的分子量约为16 kD， Western blot 分析表明，表达产物具有一定的免疫学活性。     

in Gastrointestinal Tracts of Chicken

以30 d Arbor Acre (AA)肉鸡为模型，采集胃肠道样品，采用相对定量RT-PCR方法研究了生长抑素(SS ) mRNA在鸡胃肠道分布的组织特异性。结果表明，腺胃SS mRNA的表达量高于所有肠段，差异极显著 (P＜0.01)；十二指肠和空肠SS mRNA的表达丰度相似，二者均显著高于回肠(P＜0.05)。定性研究显示，肌胃和结直肠均有SS mRNA表达，但其表达量显著低于腺胃、十二指肠、空肠和回肠。SS mRNA在主要的消化(腺胃)、吸收(十二指肠和空肠前段)器官的高丰度表达，提示SS对营养物质的消化吸收具有重要的调控作用。     

Effects of Cd and Pb on the survival and juvenile production of Sinella coeca and Folsomia candida

Degradation factors can cause both quantitative and qualitative changes in fauna and thus affect soil functioning. The use of bio-indicators may help to detect environmental changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lead and cadmium on the biology (mortality, reproduction, egg hatching) of two euedaphic collembolans, Sinella coeca and Folsomia candida and to evaluate sensitivity differences between the two species. The results showed that low concentrations of lead did not cause dramatic effects on the survival and reproduction of both species. Reproduction of both species was reduced when the soil contained a nominal concentration of Pb at 1000 μg g^–1. S. coeca and F. candida showed a high sensitivity to cadmium and both their reproduction and survival were significantly reduced on exposure to 50 μg g^–1. Moreover, egg hatching of F. candida was affected by the cadmium concentrations in the soil, and by the amount of time that the eggs stayed in contact with cadmium. This study showed that the inhibition determined by Cd on F. candida juvenile production was caused in part by inhibition of deposition and, in part, by reduction of egg viability.     

of Goat Follicle-stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) Gene

利用PCR-SSCP技术检测山羊(Capra hircus)包括西农萨能奶山羊、关中奶山羊、陕南白山羊、安哥拉山羊和波尔山羊173个个体FSHR基因第10外显子的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)。结果未发现SNP位点。测序后获得山羊FSHR基因第10外显子的核苷酸序列， 并在NCBI数据库中获得GenBank登录No.DQ069909和DQ069910。通过DNA序列分析发现， FSHR基因第10外显子第120位碱基不存在C→T的转换，也不存在颠换等其它遗传变化。山羊、绵羊 (Ovisaries L.) 和普通牛( Bos taurus) FSHR基因第10外显子序列同源性比较和聚类分析结果表明，山羊、普通牛和绵羊该部分序列的相似性最高为99.3%；在物种间比较中，绵羊和普通牛纯合子该基因外显子序列的不相似性最高为3.4%；据FSHR基因外显子序列构建的分子系统树结果显示，山羊、绵羊和普通牛物种内的个体各自聚为一类；山羊和绵羊先聚为一类，然后再与普通牛聚为一类。提示FSHR基因第10外显子的核苷酸序列适合于物种间的动物分子树的构建。     

The effect of two ant species Lasius niger and Lasius flavus on soil properties in two contrasting habitats

Ants significantly change the soil environment within the nest. The aim of this study is to contribute to ecology and thus the importance of two ant species Lasius niger and Lasius flavus in a post-mining landscape near the town of Sokolov in northwest Bohemia where both species are common. Chemical (total C, N, and available P) and microbiological parameters (respiration, cellulose decomposition and direct counts of bacteria) were investigated in both ant species in two different habitats: a tertiary clay heap after brown coal mining with a weakly developed organic layer and semi natural meadows with well developed organic horizons. Total C and N in the L. flavus mound was lower than in the surrounding soil in both stands, the same was true for total N in L. niger on the heaps. L. niger nests in both sites were significantly enriched by available P. A litter bag test with cellulose indicated lower decomposition in the ant nest in comparison with the surrounding soil. Respiration seems to be limited by lower soil moisture in the nest. However, microbial respiration, even in suitable moisture conditions, did not differ between the nest and soil (on heaps) or nest respiration was significantly lower (in L. flavus nests in the meadow). In meadow soil both species had a lower bacteria count than the surrounding soil, but the L. niger nest on the heap had higher bacterial numbers. Both species significantly alter soil conditions, although the effect on selected parameters is variable. Moreover, the result with lower nest moisture and lower decomposition rate in ant mounds indicates that soil moisture should be the next important factor limiting soil processes inside ant mounds.     

Effects of disturbance on the biodiversity and abundance of isopods in temperate grasslands

Connell's ‘intermediate disturbance hypothesis’ was tested using a relatively simple, species poor isopod community in grass heaths and in a coastal sand dune grassland. Variation in diversity resulted from disturbance both to the soil profile and sward structure due to grazing. Predictions from a spatial survey were tested using a 20 years time series. These changes were related to changes in rabbit activity, anthropogenic soil disturbance and on one site, deposition of blown sand. Changes in the soil profile resulted in diversity initially increasing due to decreases in the density of the commonest species, leading to an increase in equitability. Prolonged disturbance to the soil profile both due to sand blowing onto one site and rotavating on another, lead to a reduction in diversity due to one of the species being eliminated. The isopod community was most diverse when least disturbed by grazing, of intermediate diversity under intermediate grazing intensity and least diverse when most heavily grazed. In these simple communities, differences in diversity were mostly determined by differences in equitability rather than in species richness. We conclude that maximising heterogeneity of sward structure could have advantages for the conservation of both invertebrate biodiversity and vertebrates that feed on them.     

The influence of livestock dung on the abundance of exotic and native earthworms in a grassland in south-eastern Australia

It is well known that organic matter in the form of dung is utilised as a food source by some earthworms, but little has been reported on the preferences of earthworms for different types of dung in agricultural settings. An experiment was carried out in spring in south-eastern Australia to evaluate the effect that dung from different livestock has on the abundance of earthworms in a grassland environment. We were particularly interested to compare the responses of native Australian earthworms (Megascolecidae) with those of exotic earthworms (Lumbricidae and Acanthodrilidae). The attractiveness of dung from sheep, cattle and horses was measured by determining the abundance and biomass of the resident earthworm species under each dung type at varying times after adding the dung to the soil surface (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). The earthworm population consisted of three exotic species, Apporrectodea trapezoides, Microscolex dubius and M. phosphoreus, and two native species, Spenceriella macleayi and S. bywongensis. Both the number of days that the dung was available to earthworms and the type of dung influenced the numbers and biomass of the earthworms found beneath the dung pats. Significant interactions existed between time and dung type when all adult earthworms were considered as one group and also when adults were split into individual species. The various species responded differently to the dung, but horse dung was generally the more preferred dung type. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the management of dung in an Australian pastoral context.     

Purification and isotopic signatures (<Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>13</Superscript>C, <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>15</Superscript>N, Δ<Superscript>14</Superscript>C) of soil extracellular DNA

The aim of this work was to obtain pure extracellular DNA molecules so as to estimate their longevity in soil by an isotope-based approach. Extracellular DNA molecules were extracted from all horizons of a forest soil and purified by the procedure of Davis (Purification and precipitation of genomic DNA with phenol–chloroform and ethanol. In: Davis LG, Dibner MD, Battey JF (eds) Basic methods in molecular biology. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, 16–22, 1986) without (DNA1) or with (DNA2) a successive treatment with binding resins followed by elution. The two differently purified DNA samples were compared for their A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ ratio, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and natural abundance of stable (¹³C and ¹⁵N) and radioactive (¹⁴C) isotopes. The purity index and the PCR amplification did not differentiate the efficiency of the two purification procedures. The isotopic signature of DNA was more sensitive and was strongly affected by the purification procedures. The isotopic measurements showed that the major contaminant of extracellular DNA1 was the soil organic matter (SOM), even if it is not possible to exclude that the similar δ ¹³C, δ ¹⁵N and Δ¹⁴C values of DNA and SOM could be due to the use of SOM-deriving C and N atoms for the microbial synthesis of DNA. For extracellular DNA2, extremely low values of Δ¹⁴C were obtained, and this was ascribed to the presence of fossil fuel-derived substances used during the purification, although in amounts not revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The fact that it is not possible to obtain contaminant-free DNA molecules and the potential use of soil native organic compounds during the microbial synthesis of DNA make it not achievable to estimate the age of soil extracellular DNA by radiocarbon dating.