Blood concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol in chronic alcoholics

Fifteen adult male alcoholic volunteers were studied before, during, and after a 10- to 15-day period of experimentally induced intoxication. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 0.15 and from 0.04 to 0.08 milligrams per 100 milliliters when blood ethanol concentrations ranged from 1 to 400 milligrams per 100 milliliters after consumption of bourbon or grain ethanol, respectively. No dose or dose-time relationships were found between blood ethanol concentrations and blood acetaldehyde concentrations during any phase of this study.     

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Alcoholic Fermentation and Qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube During Storage

This article investigates the effects of nitric oxide （NO） on alcoholic fermentation and the qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube during storage, and explores the action mechanisms of browning and softening of fruits to provide theoretical proofs for using NO in the storage of Chinese Winter Jujube. Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were fumigated with different concentrations of NO gas （0, 10, 20, 30 μL L^-1） under anaerobic conditions and stored at 22±1℃ and 4± 1℃. The changes in appearance qualities, the contents of pyruvate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） were investigated. The contents of pyruvate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde were significantly reduced, and the peak of pyruvate content was delayed by 20 μL L^-1 NO. The activities of ADH and LDH in 20 μL L^-1 NO treated fruits were also significantly inhibited. However, the alcoholic fermentation and softening of Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were promoted by 30 μL L^-1 NO during storage. The results indicated that 20 μL L^-1 NO could mitigate the injury of ethanol on Chinese Winter Jujube and effectively delay the browning and softening of fruits during storage.     

Alcohol drinking: abnormal intake caused by tetrahydropapaveroline in brain

Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), a dopamine-dopaldehyde condensation product, was delivered directly into the cerebral ventricle of rats automatically every 15 minutes for 12 days. The animals were given access to both water and ethylalcohol, the latter being presented in 12 concentrations from 3 to 30 percent. Within 3 to 6 days of the start of the infusion of THP, the rats, which normally rejected alcohol, drank alcohol solutions in increasingly excessive amounts; this was accompanied by symptoms that were similar to those of withdrawal and intoxication. These results provide evidence that an abnormal metabolite in the brain may produce the addictive state caused by alcoholic beverages.     

Alkaloids from catecholamines in adrenal tissue: possible role in alcoholism

Epinephrine and norepinephrine condensed with acetaldehyde or with formaldehyde in dilute aqueous solution at neutral pH and room temperature to form 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso-quinoline alkaloids. Similar condensation reactions occurred in cow adrenal glands perfused with dilute aldehyde solutions at 37 degrees C. Biosynthesis of these alkaloids in vivo could play a role in altering an individual's behavior during and after the ingestion of alcohol.     

Evidence against a role of acetaldehyde in electroencephalographic signs of ethanol-induced intoxication

Acetaldehyde, the proximate metabolite of ethanol, when injected intravenously in rats produced electroencephalogram (EEG) changes similar to those observed after ethanol administration; that is, low doses activated the cortical EEG and higher doses caused activation followed by synchronization. However, when acetaldehyde was administered as a continuous infusion to simulate production of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde, only synchronization occurred, and then only at the higher doses. At low infusion dosage when the EEG was unaffected, concentrations of acetaldehyde in the blood were equal to or greater than those which occur during intoxication. Thus, acetaldehyde by itself cannot account for ethanol-induced EEG synchronization.     

Alcohol breath tests: gross errors in current methods of measuring alveolar gas concentrations

Transitory contact of ethanol with the mucous membranes of the mouth or nasal passages, or both, is sufficient to drastically alter measurements of concentrations of ethanol in so-called "alveolar" gas for more than 20 minutes after such contact. Various concentrations of ethanol were taken into the mouth by human subjects and were expectorated. Readings of so-called "blood alcohol" were then taken at short intervals by means of the Breathalyzer(R) and were continued up to 1 hour after exposure. These readings were compared with blood-alcohol concentrations measured by quantitative chemical analysis of venous blood. When true concentrations of blood alcohol were at or close to zero (plus possible error of 0.0001 gram per 100 milliliters), readings of greater than 0.40 gram per 100 milliliters were obtained on the Breathalyzer. Repeated mouth washing and gargling with water, changes in the nature of the solvent, and stomach loading each had only a slight effect in diminishing these errors.     

一氧化氮处理对冬枣贮藏期间乙醇代谢及相关品质的影响

 【目的】研究NO处理对冬枣贮藏期间乙醇代谢及相关品质的影响，探讨NO对冬枣褐变软化的作用机理,为NO应用于冬枣的贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。【方法】用0、10、20、30 µl•L-1 NO气体熏蒸4 h白熟期冬枣，研究了冬枣室温[（22±1）℃]贮藏和冷藏[（4±1）℃]期间外观品质变化的相关参数，丙酮酸、乙醇、乙醛等含量以及乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性的变化。【结果】20 µl•L-1 NO处理明显地减少了果实中乙醇、乙醛和丙酮酸的含量，且延缓了丙酮酸含量高峰的出现；显著抑制了乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性。30 µl•L-1 NO处理促进了冬枣果实在室温或冷藏期间的酒化软化。【结论】20 µl•L-1 NO处理可以减少乙醇积累对冬枣的毒害，有效抑制了冬枣果实贮藏期间的褐变软化。     

枳椇醋解酒护肝作用的研究

以枳棋果柄为原料,采用液态深层发酵工艺酿制枳棋果醋,以枳棋果醋为受试物给小鼠灌胃,30 min 后再灌胃酒精,测定灌酒后不同时间段内小鼠血液中乙醇含量的变化.同时建立小鼠肝脏酒精性损伤的病理模型.用试剂盒测定小鼠肝脏中乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量.通过试验确定小鼠的最适急性酒精中毒醉酒剂量;测定枳棋醋组小鼠血液中的乙醇含量、小鼠肝脏中的乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量.结果表明枳棋醋具有明显的解酒护肝作用(P＜0.05).     

Deuterium: natural variations used as a biological tracer

The suggestion is made that isotope tracing be carried out by monitoring the natural variations in deuterium concentrations. As an example, the natural variations in deuterium concentrations between food and water collected in Illinois and food and water collected in Colorado were used to determine the residence time of water in the blood and urine of rats. We observed not only a 5(1/2)-day turnover time of water in the blood and urine, but also evidence for the influx of water vapor from the atmosphere through the lungs into the blood.     

Photo-tautomerization of acetaldehyde to vinyl alcohol: a potential route to tropospheric acids

Current atmospheric models underestimate the production of organic acids in the troposphere. We report a detailed kinetic model of the photochemistry of acetaldehyde (ethanal) under tropospheric conditions. The rate constants are benchmarked to collision-free experiments, where extensive photo-isomerization is observed upon irradiation with actinic ultraviolet radiation (310 to 330 nanometers). The model quantitatively reproduces the experiments and shows unequivocally that keto-enol photo-tautomerization, forming vinyl alcohol (ethenol), is the crucial first step. When collisions at atmospheric pressure are included, the model quantitatively reproduces previously reported quantum yields for photodissociation at all pressures and wavelengths. The model also predicts that 21 ± 4% of the initially excited acetaldehyde forms stable vinyl alcohol, a known precursor to organic acid formation, which may help to account for the production of organic acids in the troposphere.     

纳米乳对雷公藤多苷增效减毒作用研究

    通过透皮给药.考察雷公藤多苷纳米乳(TWP-NE)治疗SD大鼠佐荆性关节炎的增效减毒作用.用TWP-NE和雷公藤多苷片(TWP)对SD大鼠佐剂性关节炎进行治疗,每隔4 d测量足部体积,28d后测定血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、尿素氮(BUN)和尿液中尿蛋白含量,并取肝、肾进行组织病理学观察.结果显示:TWP-NE对佐荆性关节炎的治疗效果优于TWP.与空白对照组相比,TWP-NE组血清ALT、AST,BUN以及尿液中尿蛋白含量无显著性差异:TWP组血清ALT、AST、BUN以及尿液中尿蛋白含量显著升高.病理组织学观察显示TWP组肝、肾的损伤更严重.说明用纳米乳对雷公藤多苷进行包合可以提高药效并降低其对肝、肾的毒性.     

日粮中添加稀土对肥育牛生理生化指标及日增重的影响

本试验主要研究了日粮中添加RE(稀土元素)对肥育牛生理生化指标、日增重及消化代谢的影响。选用断奶后育肥牛20头,随机分为两组,每组10头,经15天预试期后,试验组基础日粮添加0.2％RE。结果表明:日粮中添加RE对肥育牛的23项生理生化指标均没有显著影响(P>0.05);但试验组牛的血糖浓度比对照组显著降低(P<0.05),血清总蛋白质显著升高(P<0.05);试验组牛的平均日增重比对照组明显提高,差异极显著(P>0.01)。     

Induction of liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenase: possible role in ethanol tolerance after exposure tobarbiturates

Mice were injected twice a day for 4 days with saline or phenobarbital or ethanol. Treatment with phenobarbital, but not ethanol, increased the amount of liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity. More rapid removal of acetaldehyde, which is a toxic metabolic intermediate of ethanol, may contribute to the alcohol tolerance exhibited by persons who use barbiturates regularly.     

不同钼水平对生长猪肝脏、肾脏亚硫酸氧化酶活性及尿中SO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-)的影响

在生长猪低钼低硒基础饲粮内,分别添加0、10、100ppm钼(钼酸铵),测定了猪肝、肾组织亚硫酸氧化酶活性、尿中SO_3~2-/SO_4~(2-)以及尿中SO_3~(2-)和SO_4~(2-)日排出量。结果初步表明:加钼能提高组织亚硫酸氧化酶活性,减少尿中SO_3~(2-)排出,提高SO_4~(2-)排出,降低尿中SO_2~(2-)/SO_4~(2-)。肝脏亚硫酸氧化酶活性与尿中SO_3~(2-)/SO_4~(2-)和SO_3~(2-)排出呈显著的强负相关,肾脏亚硫酸氧化酶活性与尿中SO_4~(2-)的排出量呈中等正相关。     

Alcohol self-administration disrupts reproductive function in female macaque monkeys

Female macaque monkeys self-administered high doses of alcohol (2.9 to 4.4 grams per kilogram per day) for 3 to 6 1/2 months. Amenorrhea, atrophy of the uterus, decreased ovarian mass, and significant depression of luteinizing hormone levels were associated with chronic alcohol intoxication. Reproductive system failure in female primates following self-induced dependence on alcohol parallels the results of clinical studies of alcoholic women.     

二氢杨梅素的急性毒理学评价及对酒精性肝损伤的防治效果

二氢杨梅素属黄酮类化合物,具有抗氧化、清除自由基、消炎、止咳、祛痰、镇痛、抑菌、抗高血压、降脂、抗肿瘤、保肝护肝等多种生理活性.通过对二氢杨梅素的急性毒性及对酒精性肝损伤的防治效果进行研究,结果表明:二氢杨梅素毒性很小,且Wistar大鼠口服灌胃的最大耐受量为5.0 g/kg;同时,二氢杨梅素能有效阻止昆明种小鼠体内由酒精导致的肝脏还原型谷胱甘肽耗竭和丙二醛升高,降低甘油三酯含量,减轻肝细胞脂肪变性程度,具有较好的预防和治疗酒精性肝损伤功效.     

家禽血样固定及其DNA的提取

研究了乙醇保存家禽血样的效果,并探索了从该血样中提取DNA的方法。结果表明,利用75％的乙醇按4:1的体积比处理家禽血样,不仅操作简便快捷,而且该血样在常温下可保存较长的时间;另外,利用酚一氯仿方法可从该血样中提取高质量的DNA,这些DNA可用于进一步的分子生物学研究。     

不同类型烤房烘烤对豫西烤烟中性香气成分的影响

对不同类型烤房烘烤条件下的豫西烤烟中性香气成分进行了对比分析.结果表明,与目前大量使用的气流上升式烤房相比,气流下降式烤房和小密集式烤房烘烤对豫西烤烟不同部位烟叶中性香气成分影响均较大.小密集式烤房明显促进豫西烤烟下部叶片中性香气物质的积累,促进了棕色化产物、类西柏烷类、苯丙氨酸类、类胡萝卜素降解产物类香气物质的形成;促进了中部叶片西柏烷类香气物质和新植二烯的形成;促进了烤烟上部叶片苯丙氨酸类、西柏烷类香气物质和新植二烯的产生.随烟叶部位上升,小密集式烤房对叶片中性香气物质的积累效应逐渐下降.     

沙葱及其提取物对小尾寒羊生产性能、胴体特征、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响

【目的】 研究沙葱及其提取物对小尾寒羊生产性能、胴体特征,肉品质及血清生化指标的影响,为舍饲肉羊饲料添加剂的开发提供试验依据。【方法】 选取3月龄、体重相近的小尾寒羊公羊60只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,对照组（CK）饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加沙葱粉(AMR),沙葱水提物(AWE)和沙葱醇提物(AFE),添加剂量分别为10、3.4和2.8 g/（只•d）。试验持续75 d,其中预饲期15 d,正饲期60 d。正饲期内测定小尾寒羊生产性能,正饲期结束空腹颈静脉采血测定血清生化指标,随后每个重复随机选2只羊进行屠宰,立即测定胴体特征（胴体热重、屠宰率、肾周脂肪重、皮下脂肪厚度及硬度）,取胴体左侧背最长肌测定肉品质,取肾周脂肪、尾部脂肪、背部皮下脂肪和大网膜脂肪测定脂肪肉色。【结果】 与对照组相比,①沙葱醇提物组的平均日采食量显著降低（P=0.001）,饲料转化率显著升高（P=0.039）,平均日增重无显著性变化（P>0.05）;②日粮添加沙葱粉及水提物能够显著降低羊肉的剪切力（P=0.029）;③沙葱粉组、水提物组和醇提物组肾周脂肪的黄度值（b^*）无显著性差异（P>0.050）,醇提物组肾周脂肪（P=0.096）和大网膜脂肪（P=0.087）的b^*值与沙葱粉组相比有升高的趋势,而红度值（a^*）（P=0.044）和饱和度（C^*）（P=0.021）显著高于沙葱粉组;④添加沙葱及其提取物能够显著升高血清总蛋白（P=0.006）的含量,沙葱及其醇提物能够显著提高血清白蛋白（P=0.006）的含量,沙葱醇提物能够显著降低血清尿素氮（P=0.024）的含量。【结论】 沙葱及其提取物对舍饲小尾寒羊胴体特征和脂肪肉色无显著影响;日粮中添加沙葱醇提物能够显著提高小尾寒羊饲料转化率,沙葱粉及水提物能够显著降低羊肉的剪切力,提高羊肉嫩度;同时沙葱及其醇提物能够显著提高血清中总蛋白和白蛋白的含量,促进肉羊对蛋白质的吸收。     

肉牛血浆和尿液中莱克多巴胺残留消除规律分析

【目的】研究莱克多巴胺在肉牛血浆和尿液中的残留消除规律.【方法】选取3头中国‘西门塔尔’杂交肉牛,连续饲喂莱克多巴胺28d,给药剂量2.01mg/(kg·d),采集给药第1、7、14、21、28d和停药第3、7、14、28d血浆和尿液样品,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS-MS)检测血浆和尿液中莱克多巴胺含量.【结果】血浆与尿液中莱克多巴胺含量均在给药7d达到峰值,血浆中残留量为(6.55±1.93)ng/mL,未酶解尿液中残留量为(8 402.03±1 307.09)ng/mL.峰值之后莱克多巴胺含量开始下降,停药后下降迅速,停药3d时血浆中残留量为(0.60±0.01)ng/mL,未酶解尿液中残留量为(1 334.93±25.74)ng/mL,停药28d时血浆中未检测到莱克多巴胺,而未酶解尿液仍可检测到(5.77±0.10)ng/mL;酶解后尿液中莱克多巴胺含量显著高于酶解前(P0.05).【结论】与血浆相比,肉牛尿液更适合作为莱克多巴胺的监管靶标.