高蛋白膳食对小鼠胰腺功能的氧化损伤

为探讨高蛋白膳食对小鼠胰腺功能的影响,试验选用30只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠,按体重随机分成对照组、高蛋白组和抗氧化剂组3组。试验2周后处死小鼠,取胰腺组织进行检测。结果表明,与对照组相比,高蛋白组MDA显著升高（P＜0.05）,SOD、GSH-Px活性和T-AOC显著下降（P＜0.05）,脏器中胰腺重影响较大,表现为显著增加,蛋白质、DNA和RNA浓度显著提高,消化酶活性显著降低,生长抑素和胰岛素水平显著提高（P＜0.05）。添加抗氧化剂—半胱胺后,自由基水平被降低,抗氧化能力被提高,胰腺功能也有所改善。因此,高蛋白膳食可通过破坏胰腺氧化和抗氧化平衡状态,增加自由基对胰腺内外分泌功能的氧化应激损伤。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对小鼠胰腺氧自由基水平的影响

为研究大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对小鼠胰腺氧自由基水平的影响,试验选用36只昆明种雄性小鼠,按体质量随机分为3组。第一组为对照纽,饲喂基础日粮;第二组为试验组,饲喂含有大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子的基础日粮,第三组为抗氧化剂组,饲喂舍大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子＋维生素C的日粮。试验期3周,空腹屠宰,眼球采血制备血清,迅速取出胰腺进行氧化和抗氧化指标检测。结果表明,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子能显著增加氧自由基水平。与对照组比较,试验组小鼠血清和胰腺的MDA（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量分别显著地增加了98．17％,185．58％,抗超氧阴离子自由基和抑制羟自由基能力被显著降低,TAOC、S013（superoxidedismutase）、CAT和GSH—Px活性被显著减少（P〈0．05）。添加维生素C后,氧化应激被减轻,但氧化指标仍高于对照组。上述结果表明,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子能够导致氧化和抗氧化不平衡,从而使其处于氧化应激状态。     

暴露纳米氧化锌对雄性小鼠糖、脂代谢及组织学的影响

根据小鼠的体质量,以不同剂量经口连续染毒纳米氧化锌,90d后摘眼球取血,对血脂、血糖、肝脏抗氧化指标进行检测。结果显示:对照组、80mg/kg剂量组小鼠血糖显著高于160mg/kg剂量组(P<0.05)。对照组、80mg/kg剂量组小鼠血糖极显著高于40mg/kg剂量组(P<0.01);40,80 mg/kg剂量组小鼠血脂含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),160mg/kg剂量组小鼠血脂含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);40,160 mg/kg剂量组小鼠血清总胆固醇含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);40mg/kg剂量组小鼠血清低密度脂蛋白含量显著高于对照组、80mg/kg剂量组(P<0.05),各组间血清高密度脂蛋白含量无显著差异;80,160mg/kg剂量组小鼠肝脏过氧化氢酶活性显著高于对照组、40mg/kg剂量组(P<0.05),80mg/kg剂量组小鼠肝脏过氧化氢酶活性极显著高于40 mg/kg剂量组(P<0.01);40,80mg/kg剂量组小鼠肝脏Cu-Zn SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);160 mg/kg剂量组小鼠肝脏抑制羟自由基能力显著低于对照组、40mg/kg剂量组及80mg/kg剂量组(P<0.05);随染毒剂量增加,小鼠肝脏MDA含量增加,但各组间含量差异不显著;随染毒剂量增加,小鼠肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性提高;但各组间活性差异不显著。各组间肝脏H2O2含量、总SOD活性无显著性差异。病理学检查发现,大脑细胞存在噬神经现象,脾脏红髓与白髓的界限不清晰;肺泡壁增厚,局部炎性细胞浸润,曲精小管间的间隙增大,生精细胞排列紊乱、脱落。结果表明:经口连续染毒纳米氧化锌90d能影响雄性小鼠肝脏抗氧化系统,导致小鼠糖、脂代谢紊乱,引起高脂血症,纳米氧化锌对雄性小鼠具有神经毒性及生殖毒性。     

维生素C对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子诱导氧化应激的干预

旨在研究不同剂量的维生素C(Vc)对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子(STI)诱导的小鼠胰腺氧化应激的干预作用。试验分为4个处理组,每组12只清洁级雄性小鼠,第1组为正常对照组,饲喂基础日粮;第2组为模型组(STI组),饲喂添加STI的日粮;第3组为Vc1组,饲喂添加STI和低剂量Vc的日粮;第4组为Vc2组,饲喂添加STI和高剂量Vc的日粮。3周后处死小鼠,测定其氧化及抗氧化指标的变化。试验结果所示,STI组胰腺和血清中的MDA含量与对照组相比显著升高(P0.05),总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等酶活性与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05)。低剂量Vc组胰腺和血清中的MDA含量与STI组相比显著降低(P0.05),CAT、T-SOD等活性与STI组相比显著升高(P0.05)。高剂量Vc组胰腺和血清中MDA含量与低剂量组相比显著升高(P0.05),CAT、T-SOD等活性与低剂量组相比显著降低(P0.05)。本研究表明,适当剂量的Vc可以降低STI诱导的小鼠胰腺氧化应激程度,起到抗氧化作用,但其抗氧化能力与添加剂量密切相关,过量摄入Vc反而会促进氧化。     

沙门菌感染小鼠氧化应激模型的建立及其分子机制研究

试验旨在建立鼠伤寒沙门菌诱导的昆明小鼠氧化应激模型并探讨其分子机制。将18只小鼠随机分为3组,每组6只,分别灌胃生理盐水（对照组）、低剂量沙门菌菌液（试验组1）和高剂量沙门菌菌液（试验组2）。灌胃24 h后解剖小鼠并采集样品,检测血清氧化应激指标,观察肝脏、十二指肠、空肠和回肠切片并评分,测定肝脏和十二指肠抗氧化酶、抗氧化信号通路关键蛋白和紧密连接蛋白的mRNA表达量。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组2小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx1）活力显著或极显著降低（P<0.05;P<0.01）,而丙二醛（MDA）含量极显著上升（P<0.01）;试验组1和2小鼠十二指肠表现为绒毛断裂脱落和肠道固有层溃疡坏死,肝脏出现炎性细胞浸润、肝索紊乱和点状坏死;试验组2小鼠十二指肠和肝脏中锰超氧化物歧化酶（SOD2）、GPx1、血红素加氧酶（HO-1）、自噬相关蛋白（p62）、核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2） mRNA表达量显著或极显著降低（P<0.05;P<0.01）,十二指肠闭锁小带蛋白1（ZO-1）和密封蛋白（OCLN）以及肝脏ZO-1和紧密连接蛋白-8（CLDN8） mRNA表达量极显著降低（P<0.01）。综合上述试验结果,使用高剂量沙门菌成功建立了小鼠氧化应激模型,并发现高剂量沙门菌可能通过降低p62和Nrf2的转录来抑制十二指肠和肝脏中抗氧化酶的表达,造成十二指肠和肝脏细胞屏障功能损伤。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对力克斯兔消化酶活性的影响

选择42±4日龄、平均体重为711.4±108.8 g健康美系力克斯断奶幼兔50只,公母比例为1∶1,根据性别、体重将50只兔随机分为5组,每组10只,5只公兔,5只母兔,单笼饲养。预试期1周。5个组日粮为等能等蛋白设计,日粮中分别含有25%生大豆、25%化学钝化大豆、25%热处理大豆、25%豆粕和13%生大豆+12%豆粕。胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量(实测值)分别为6.55、1.99、1.73、0.81和3.97 m g/g。试验6周末,从每1个组中随机选出3只公兔进行屠宰(91±4日龄,平均体重为1544.2±114.8 g),用于测消化酶活性的胰腺样和十二指肠内容物在液氮中速冻,然后转移至-20℃低温冰箱中保存。结果表明:家兔采食25%生大豆后,胰腺和十二指肠内容物胰蛋白酶活性被显著抑制(P<0.05),胰腺中脂肪酶活性降低,但未达显著水平(P>0.05)。胰腺和十二指肠淀粉酶活性,各组间无显著差异。     

棉酚对小鼠肝脏SOD GSH-Px和MDA的影响

为了探讨不同浓度棉酚对小鼠体重及肝脏组织抗氧化能力的影响,将32只小鼠随机分成4组(对照组和低中高剂量棉酚组),连续灌胃20 d后处死并取肝脏称重计算脏器指数,用分光光度法测定肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)或活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果随着灌胃天数的增加,对照组和低剂量组体重呈上升趋势,中、高剂量组体重呈下降趋势;各剂量组肝脏脏器指数明显增加,低、中剂量组显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),高剂量组高于对照组(P0.05)。随着棉酚剂量的增加,中、高剂量组SOD活力显著低于对照组(P0.01),低剂量组和中高剂量组GSH-Px活力显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),中、高剂量组MDA含量显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),表明口服中、高剂量的棉酚可抑制小鼠体重的增加,降低肝脏的抗氧化能力,使脂质过氧化反应增强,导致肝脏氧化损伤,使肝脏功能受损。     

牛磺酸对脂多糖诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤的缓解作用

本试验旨在研究牛磺酸对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤的缓解作用。选用30只体重(22±3)g的ICR雄性小鼠,随机分为3组(每组10只小鼠,n=10):对照组和LPS组饲喂基础饲粮,牛磺酸组在基础饲粮中添加2.5%的牛磺酸。饲喂1周后LPS组和牛磺酸组小鼠腹腔注射10 mg/kg的LPS(LPS溶解于生理盐水,注射剂量为0.2 mL/只),对照组小鼠腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水。LPS注射24 h后,各组小鼠眼眶采血并处死,采集肝脏。血液用于血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性的测定,肝脏称重后检测氧化应激参数,抗氧化基因及转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、Kelch样ECH相关蛋白(Keap1)的相对表达量。结果表明:1)LPS处理显著升高了小鼠的肝脏指数(P0.05),而添加牛磺酸显著抑制了由LPS引起的肝脏指数升高(P0.05)。2)LPS处理显著增加了血清ALT和AST活性(P0.05),添加牛磺酸后抑制了血清ALT和AST活性的增加,且其AST活性达到对照组水平(P0.05)。3)LPS组小鼠肝脏出现明显的损伤,而牛磺酸组小鼠肝脏组织损伤较轻。4)与对照组相比,LPS组小鼠肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著上升(P0.05),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性显著降低(P0.05),而牛磺酸组上述指标未发生显著变化(P0.05)。5)牛磺酸显著缓解了LPS对肝脏GPx1和Nrf2表达的抑制作用(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加2.5%的牛磺酸对LPS诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤起到了一定的缓解作用。     

大豆生炒饲喂兔子的血液生化指标值的比较分析

本文研究了用生炒大豆饲有兔后血液生化指标的变化情况。结果表明，生大豆饲喂家兔后血液指标有显著变化，血清总蛋白、球蛋白、谷丙转所酶、谷草转氨酶显著高于健康对照组，生大豆饲喂家兔后表现出明显腹泻、胰腺、肝脏明显肿大。这些差异与生大豆中大量抗营养因子的作用有关。     

蛹虫草多糖对注射环磷酰胺小鼠抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在阐明蛹虫草多糖（CMP）对小鼠抗氧化活性的影响。选取90只雄性BALB/c小鼠,体重18~20 g,随机分为6组,3个CMP组（低、中、高CMP组）,模型对照组（CY组）、阳性对照组（PC组）及空白对照组（BC组）各1个。CMP组和CY组分别腹腔注射80 mg/kg环磷酰胺,连续3 d,然后3个CMP组分别灌胃给予17.5、35.0、70.0 mg/kg体重的CMP,BC组和CY组给予生理盐水,PC组灌胃给予70 mg/kg体重的CMP,持续18 d。于最后一次给药24 h后,采集小鼠内脏,测定心脏、肝脏及肾脏匀浆液中T-AOC、MAD、CAT、SOD和GSH-Px水平。结果显示,与CY组相比,3个CMP处理组小鼠内脏匀浆液中的SOD和T-AOC活性均极显著增加（P<0.01）,MDA水平极显著降低（P<0.01）;低剂量CMP组心脏CAT无显著变化（P>0.05）,中、高剂量CMP组心脏CAT水平分别显著（P<0.05）、极显著（P<0.01）提高;除低剂量CMP组肝脏GSH-Px活性显著增加（P<0.05）外,其余CMP组内脏GSH-Px活性均极显著增加（P<0.01）。本试验中CMP可以有效提高小鼠心脏、肝脏及肾脏的抗氧化活性,这为抗氧化新药的研发提供了借鉴。     

大豆凝集素与大鼠和小鼠小肠黏膜上皮细胞结合规律的研究

试验分别选择怀孕的6只SD大鼠和ICR小鼠,单笼饲养。仔鼠于分娩后19日龄断奶,在仔鼠第1、7、14、21、28日龄和第35日龄时分别从6窝仔鼠中每窝随机取1只,每个日龄6只,屠宰后取十二指肠、空肠和回肠制作石蜡切片,免疫组化染色后用图像分析仪检测其阳性染色物的光密度值。结果表明:大鼠和小鼠呈现相似的结合规律,大豆凝集素在十二指肠、空肠和回肠的结合没有显著差异,但不同日龄之间大豆凝集素的结合程度差异极显著(P<0.01)。在大鼠和小鼠出生时结合程度很低,然后逐渐增加,28日龄时达到最高。     

大豆抗营养因子对生长蛋鸡生产性能、氮代谢和小肠内胰蛋白酶活性的影响

为了观察不同梯度大豆抗营养因子（Ａｎｔｉｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓ、简称ＡＮＦｓ）对不同生理阶段的生长蛋鸡的影响，本试验采用４８０只海兰褐蛋用雏鸡，以熟豆饼日粮为对照，从３或９周开始给饲３个水平的生大豆日粮（４％，９％和１３％），每期每个日粮４个重复。在３～８周和９～１８周观察雏鸡的采食量，日增重和饲料效率。在第８和１７周分别测定各组的粗蛋白质和干物质的代谢率。并于８、１３和１８周末每个重复随机抽取试鸡两只屠宰，观察小肠内胰蛋白酶活性的变化。结果表明，３个水平的大豆ＡＮＦｓ对育雏期雏鸡的增重没有影响，育成期对照组的增重明显高于采食生大豆组（Ｐ＜０．０５），大豆ＡＮＦｓ使饲料效率降低，但对氮和干物质的代谢影响不显著；８、１３和１８周龄雏鸡小肠内胰蛋白酶活性亦无显著变化。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对獭兔胰腺组织学结构的影响

选择(42±4)日龄、平均体重为(711.4±108.8)g的健康美系獭兔断奶幼兔30只,公母比例为1∶1,根据性别、体重,将30只兔随机分为3组,每组10只,公母各半,单笼饲养。3个组日粮为等能等蛋白质设计,日粮中分别含有25%生大豆、25%化学钝化大豆、25%豆粕。胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量(实测值)分别为6.55、1.99和0.81 mg/g。试验6周后,从每一个组中随机选出3只公兔进行屠宰((91±4)日龄、平均体重为1544.2 g±114.8 g),宰前空腹4~6 h,取胰腺样品在10%中性甲醛液中固定,常规石蜡切片,HE染色,用于光学显微镜组织学观察。电子显微镜观察样品用2.5%戊二醛固定,常规树脂包埋,超薄切片,铀—铅染色。光学显微镜对胰腺组织结构观察结果表明,25%生大豆组幼兔胰腺间纤维性结缔组织增生,叶间水肿,局部腺组织消失,细胞水肿,边界模糊。电子显微镜对胰腺细胞观察结果表明,生大豆组幼兔的胰腺细胞核不规则,线粒体水肿,嵴消失,局部膜破裂,内质网减少,分泌颗粒极少或消失。25%生大豆组獭兔胰腺组织结构发生异常变化,而豆粕组和化学钝化大豆组正常。     

Nutritional value of raw and autoclaved kabuli and desi chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) for growing chickens.

1. Two experiments were carried out to determine the effect of inclusion of raw (kabuli and desi) and autoclaved (desi) chickpea seeds in wheat-based starter diets in chickens grown to 28 d of age on the performance, digestive organ sizes, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), ileal apparent protein and starch digestibilities (APD and ASD) and intestinal alpha-amylase and trypsin activities. 2. In the first experiment, diets were formulated to contain 0, 150, 300 and 450 g/kg of raw kabuli chickpea seeds. Increasing the proportion of seed in the diet negatively influenced body weight gain, food intake and food efficiency. The relative weights of the pancreas, liver and gizzard and the relative lengths of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caeca were increased significantly when the chickpea seeds were included in the diets. Correspondingly, APD, ASD, alpha-amylase and trypsin activities and AMEn were reduced significantly when the chickpea seed was incorporated in the diets. 3. In the 2nd experiment, diets were formulated to contain 75 and 150 g/kg of raw and autoclaved desi chickpea seeds. Weight gain and food intake of the chicks given desi chickpea diets were significantly reduced compared with those fed on the control diet. Increasing the proportion of seed in the diet negatively influenced body weight gain, food intake and food efficiency. Moreover, a significant increment in the relative weights of liver and pancreas, and in the relative lengths of duodenum, ileum and caeca was observed when the concentration of chickpea seeds in the diets was increased. Feeding autoclaved seeds significantly increased the weight gains and the food intakes. However, food efficiency was not modified by the autoclaving. Relative weights of gizzard and liver and relative lengths of ileum were decreased significantly by the inclusion of autoclaved desi chickpea in the diet. 4. We concluded that the inclusion of kabuli (up to 450 g/kg) and desi (up to 150 g/kg) chickpea seeds produced a negative effect on the performance of the birds, and an increment in the relative weights and lengths of the digestive organs. In addition, the incorporation of kabuli chickpea produced a reduction of protein and starch digestibilities, alpha-amylase and trypsin activities, and AMEn of food compared with the birds given the control diet. Autoclaved treatment of desi chickpea improved the performance of the birds.     

The effects of dry extrusion temperature of whole soybeans on digestion of protein and amino acids by steers

Five Holstein steers (450 kg) with cannulas in the rumen, proximal duodenum, and terminal ileum were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design to study the effects of extrusion temperature on site of digestion of nitrogenous compounds in whole soybeans. The basal diet contained 50% corn silage, 24% alfalfa hay, 16.6% corn starch, 4.05% ground corn, 1% urea, and 3.4% soybean oil. Raw soybeans or soybeans extruded at 116, 138, or 160 degrees C (diets 116, 138, and 160, respectively) replaced the soybean oil and most of the corn starch in the test diets. Total N (g/d) reaching the duodenum was 232, 293, 285, 308, and 299 for the basal, raw, 116, 138, and 160 diets, respectively. No differences were observed between the raw and extruded soybeans (P = 0.81), or for the linear or quadratic effects of extrusion temperature (P = 0.56 and P = 0.45, respectively). Nonbacterial N (g/d) reaching the duodenum was 63.1, 104.6, 106.7, 101.9, and 113.9 for the same diets, respectively, and was not influenced by extrusion or extrusion temperature. Nitrogen disappearance from the small intestine (g/d) was 150 for the basal diet, 194 for the raw soybean diet, and 187,221, and 213 for the 116,138, and 160 degrees C extruded diets, respectively; no differences were observed between the raw and the extruded soybeans, or for diets containing soybeans extruded at different temperatures. Nitrogen disappearance (% of N entering) from the small intestine was lower (P < 0.05) for steers fed the basal diet than for steers fed the soybean-supplemented diets (64.1 vs 68.5%). No differences (P > 0.10) due to extrusion temperature were detected for flows of individual, essential AA, nonessential AA, and total AA at the duodenum. As extrusion temperatures increased, there were linear increases (P < 0.10) in disappearance (g/d) of all individual AA from the small intestine except for methionine and glycine. Essential, nonessential, and total AA disappearance from the small intestine were increased linearly (P < 0.10) with increasing extrusion temperature. Extrusion of soybeans can protect soy protein against extensive ruminal degradation without compromising intestinal digestibility.     

The effect of raw and roasted soybeans on intestinal health,diet digestibility,and pancreas weight of broilers

Soybeans have high protein and energy content; however, they also contain antinutritional factors that limit inclusion in feeds for nonruminant animals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of feeding raw (RFFS), deactivated (DFFS), or over-heated (OFFS) full-fat soybeans on the intestinal health, diet digestibility, and pancreas weight of broilers. One hundred twenty broilers were fed diets containing 15% DFFS, 10% DFFS + 5% RFFS, 15% RFFS, or 10% DFFS + 5% OFFS; data were submitted to ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey's test. Broilers fed 15% RFFS presented higher goblet cell counts and sialic acid levels compared with those fed diets containing DFFS and OFFS. Intestinal villi were shorter in birds fed 15% RFFS than those fed 10% DFFS + 5% RFFS. The coefficient of apparent digestibility of nutrients was affected by the dietary treatments. The pancreas of the broilers fed the diets containing RFFS was significantly heavier of those fed DFFS or OFFS. The intestinal integrity, as well as pancreas structure, is impaired by the inclusion of RFFS in broiler diets. Conversely, soybean over-heating hinders nutrient utilization by broilers.     

固态发酵菜籽粕对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究用固态发酵菜籽粕替代部分豆粕对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响.试验选用1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡180羽,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(豆粕对照组)以及用未发酵菜籽粕(菜籽粕组)或固态发酵菜籽粕(发酵菜籽粕组)等氮替代基础饲粮中25％豆粕的饲粮.试验期6周.结果表明:发酵菜籽粕组较菜籽粕组可显著提高肉仔鸡全期的平均日增重(P＜0.05),而发酵菜籽粕组肉仔鸡平均日增重比豆粕对照组稍高,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).21日龄时,与豆粕对照组相比,发酵菜籽粕组显著提高了肉仔鸡的脾脏指数、胸腺指数及十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.05);42日龄时,菜籽粕组较豆粕对照组显著提高了肉仔鸡的脾脏指数(P＜0.05),发酵菜籽粕组显著提高了十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.05).由此可见,固态发酵菜籽粕等氮替代基础饲粮中25％的豆粕具有提高肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能和肠道消化酶活性的作用.     

Value of raw soybeans and soybean oil supplementation in sow gestation and lactation diets: a cooperative study

A cooperative study using 215 sows during two parities (349 litters) was conducted at six stations to determine the effect of raw soybeans in gestation and lactation diets on sow and litter performance. Sows were bred and allotted to fortified corn diets containing either soybean meal (control) or raw soybeans. A corn-soybean meal-soybean oil diet, isocaloric to the raw soybean diet, was included as a third treatment at three stations. All diets contained 14% CP. These diets were fed during both gestation and lactation through two parities. The daily gestation feed intake ranged from 1.8 to 2.3 kg/sow, depending on station. During lactation, the sows were allowed ad libitum access to their respective diets. Gestational weight gain was not influenced by diet, but sows fed raw soybeans consumed less (P less than .01) feed during lactation and had greater (P less than .01) lactational weight loss and their pigs were lighter in weight (P less than .05) both at 21 d and at weaning (varied between 3 and 5 wk of age). Sows fed the diet with supplemental oil had reproductive and lactational performance similar to those fed the control diet. Milk obtained at d 10 to 14 of lactation from sows fed raw soybeans had lower (P less than .05) protein content than milk from sows fed the other two diets, but fat content of the milk tended to be increased by raw soybeans or by added soybean oil. Return to estrus was not affected by diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Quantitative and morphological studies on the influence of zinc deficiency on the liver of pregnant rats

The effect of zinc deficiency on trace metals in the liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas and duodenum was investigated in the control and zinc-deficient rats at 17 days and 20 days of pregnancy. Zinc-deficient rats fell into limosis after 5 days of pregnancy. The contents of zinc, iron, copper and manganese in the maternal tissues were measured by colorimetry with 5NPPF. The morphological changes of the liver were observed by light and electron microscopy. The contents of zinc in the pancreas and duodenum were less in the zinc-deficient group than in the control at both 17 days and 20 days of pregnancy. The contents of the copper and manganese in the liver, kidney, pancreas, duodenum and spleen, however, were not significantly different from the control. The contents of iron in the liver, spleen and kidney in the deficient group increased greatly at 17 days and 20 days of pregnancy compared with the control group. The combination rate of transferrin with iron also increased significantly in the deficient group. Staining with Berlin blue or Turnbull's blue showed intense reaction to iron around the interlobular connective tissue of the liver in the zinc deficient group at 20 days of pregnancy. Ultrastructurally, the liver of the zinc-deficient rats showed the decrease of glycogen granules and increase of lipid-like granules and lysosomes with various sizes and electron densities. These findings suggest that zinc deficiency causes the increase of iron contents in the various organs during pregnancy, and that there is an intimate interrelationship between zinc and iron in the metabolism of iron during pregnancy.