Fatal pentastomiasis in captive African dwarf crocodile hatchlings (Osteolaemus tetraspis).

Six eggs from a captive African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis) nest were artificially incubated. Two abnormal hatchlings with incomplete absorption of their yolk sacs died within 48 hr of hatching. No parasites were detected grossly or histologically in either hatchling. The remaining four apparently healthy hatchlings died without clinical signs at 3 wk of age, 1 wk after being fed live wild-caught fish and commercially raised goldfish. Necropsy revealed multiple white small wormlike organisms within the lungs, liver, and gastrointestinal tract of all four hatchlings. Histopathologic cross sections suggested that pentastomiasis was the cause of death, and whole parasites were identified as Sebekia mississippiensis. This infection was probably contracted by ingestion of live fish intermediate hosts infected with nymphal parasites. Avoiding the use of infected live fish or untreated fish products can prevent mortality of hatchling crocodilians caused by S. mississippiensis within zoological collections.     

Septicemia associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a West African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis subsp. tetraspis).

A 17-year-old male captive West African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis subsp. tetraspis) died 1 month after fighting with a penmate. Abrasions were present on the head and mandible. Necropsy revealed a vegetative valvular lesion of the left atrioventricular valve, miliary foci of necrosis in the endocardium and myocardium, multiple duodenal and rectal ulcers, and serous atrophy of body fat. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was isolated in pure culture from lung, liver, and kidney. Gram-negative bacilli were seen histologically in the valvular lesion and in foci of necrosis in the myocardium, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, and intestine. Septic thrombi in multiple tissues, arteritis, and pneumonia were additional histologic lesions. Findings indicated that the crocodile died from acute S. maltophilia septicemia, although the primary site of infection was not determined. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is ubiquitous in the environment and is recognized as an important nosocomial pathogen in humans.     

Normal intestinal flora of wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Bacterial and fungal cultures were performed from cloacal swabs collected from 29 wild Nile crocodiles, captured in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Sixteen species of bacteria and 6 fungal species were cultured. Individual crocodiles yielded 1-4 bacterial species, and 0-2 fungal species. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Microbacterium, Enterococcus faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Escherichia coli. No salmonellae were cultured. The most commonly occurring fungus was Cladosporium. Several of the bacterial and fungal species isolated have been implicated in cases of septicaemia in crocodilians. Knowledge of the normal intestinal flora will contribute towards the development of a crocodile-specific probiotic for use in farmed crocodiles.     

圈养成年非洲狮和幼年非洲狮肠道菌群多样性的比较分析

通过PCR-DGGE技术探讨同一养殖环境中的成年非洲狮和幼年非洲狮肠道菌群多样性。提取总DNA,对16S rDNA的V3区进行变形梯度凝胶电泳,对DGGE图谱进行特异性条带回收和克隆测序,通过BLAST与已知条带对比,结果显示:成年非洲狮肠道内含有梭菌属Clostridium)、毛螺旋菌Lachnospiraceae bacterium)、优杆菌属Anaerovorax)、乳球菌属Lactococcus)、消化链球菌属Peptostreptococcus)和Blautia菌属。而幼年非洲狮肠道内菌群较少且均为共有菌群,如:拟杆菌Bacteroidetes bacterium)、瘤胃菌属(rumen bacterium),UPGMA聚类分析得出,成年非洲狮与幼年非洲狮之间菌群结构相似度较低,仅为34%.以上结果表明,非洲狮成长的不同阶段,菌群结构存在明显的差异。这为野生动物不同阶段微生态制剂的研发提供理论基础。     

饲用抗生素对肠道微生物影响的研究

1饲用抗生素的起源和促生长效果1.1起源和发展饲用抗生素是在药用抗生素的基础上发展起来的。Stockstad等(1949)发现,链霉素(strepfomyces)发酵过程中得到的代谢产物,可以促进鸡只快速生长。Whitehill于1950年说明此代谢产物中含有的金霉素具有促生长效果。Jukes等(1950)试验证     

肠道菌群对动物免疫的影响

1肠道菌群及其分布 1．1肠道正常菌群的概念 在动物体内环境中通常有一层微生物或微生物层，在正常情况下即动物处于健康状态时，并未表现异常或致病现象，称这一层微生物为正常菌群或固有菌群和原籍菌群。这些菌群是动物机体内环境中不可缺少的组成部分，对动物宿主是有益无害的。     

仔猪肠道菌群的建立与影响因素

肠道菌群生态平衡是猪营养、生理和免疫功能的基础。然而,在猪的生长发育过程中,菌群在肠道内定植和分布受到各种因素的影响,包括分娩环境、日粮成分、抗生素或其他替抗物的使用等。本文主要从仔猪肠道菌群的形成规律、影响因素和营养调控措施等方面论述了仔猪肠道菌群与仔猪肠道健康或疾病的关系,旨在为绿色健康养殖方面研究提供帮助。     

Radiographic investigation of dystocia in the West African dwarf goat

Lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs were obtained from 30 West African dwarf goats with dystocia. The pelvic size was estimated from the ventrodorsal radiographs as the product of the transverse and conjugate diameters of the pelvic inlet. Radiography clearly showed the number of fetuses present, their presentation and position. The posture was clearly defined in singletons but not in twins and triplets. The commonest abnormal fetal disposition was bilateral flexion of the forelimbs with the head in the pelvic canal. The major maternal abnormality was small pelvic area. Of 19 dead fetuses, 13 showed radiographic signs of intrauterine death including free intracavity gas, tissue emphysema, abnormal fetal disposition and overlapping cranial bones. It was concluded that radiography is useful during examination of goats with dystocia especially small sized goats that cannot be manipulated easily.     

Gram-negative anaerobes in the intestinal flora of pigs

A differential count of the gram-negative, anaerobic, non sporeforming bacteria in different segments of the pig intestinal tract was performed in 2 groups of pigs. Seventy-seven strains were identified, belonging to 6 groups: Sphaerophorus necrophorus, anhemolytic Sphaerophorus spp., Bacteroides (Eggerthella) spp., Fusobactenum spp., Veillonella/Acidaminococcus spp., and Peptostreptococcus elsdenii. The characters of these groups are described, and quantitative data on their occurrence in a group of normal porkers and a group of pigs with experimental swine dysentery are given.     

Bacteremia and septic arthritis in a West African dwarf crocodile

An anorectic, adult West African dwarf crocodile was examined because of bilateral hind limb paresis. Clinical findings included multiple skin wounds, osteomyelitis of the distal portions of the right radius and ulna, severe anemia, and Serratia marcescens bacteremia. The crocodile died after a blood transfusion. At necropsy, hemorrhage in the subarachnoid space, suppurative polyarthritis, and gastric ulceration were found. Serratia marcescens and Morganella morganii were isolated from multiple tissues and body fluids. It was concluded that the bilateral paresis was caused by severe septic arthritis secondary to bacteremia, and that the crocodile died from spinal injury caused by the blood transfusion into the supravertebral vein.     

成年马鸡肠道正常菌群的检测

为了解成年健康马鸡的肠道菌群结构.采用滴注接种法,在选择性培养基上需氧或厌氧培养后,定性定量检测4种马鸡新鲜粪便中的细菌浓度,并对其进行比较分析.所检测的细菌(大肠杆菌、肠球菌、乳酸杆菌、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、真杆菌、梭菌、链球菌和葡萄球菌)浓度统计分析结果表明,4种马鸡新鲜粪便中同种细菌浓度之间差异均不显著.本研究对马鸡的其他相关基础研究具有一定的借鉴作用.     

益生菌调节肠道菌群及免疫调节作用机理

益生菌是指改善宿主微生态平衡而发挥有益作用,达到提高宿主健康水平和健康状态的活菌制剂及其代谢产物。本文以乳酸菌、双歧杆菌和芽孢杆菌等几种常见的食用或饲用益生菌为对象,论述其调节肠道菌群和免疫调节作用的机理。     

Normal oral bacterial flora from some southern African snakes.

Eighteen snakes representing 11 species were subject to mouth swabbing on 58 occasions. Of these swabs, 52.2% were positive for bacteria. A total of 92 bacterial isolates were cultured, representing 30 species of which 81.5% were Enterobacteriaceae, 16.3% gram positive cocci, and 2.2% anaerobes. Swabs from non-venomous snakes were more commonly bacteriologically sterile than those from venomous snakes (P = 0.0107). The oral bacterial flora did not differ between captive and newly captured snakes. The bacterial species found were not constant in a single snake with time, in the same snake species, the same serpentarium or geographically. The bacteria most commonly cultured were Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella arizonae and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Colony counts tended to be low. Three or more bacterial species per venomous snake per occasion were more common in winter than summer (P= 0.0192).     

源于肠道菌群的γ-氨基丁酸对机体的调节机制

γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)作为中枢神经系统主要的抑制性神经递质,一直被认为在大脑中合成。但是,近年来的研究发现肠道菌群也能够产生GABA,并通过神经通路、血液循环和免疫等方面调节机体,在焦虑抑郁、内脏疼痛、功能性肠病和代谢性疾病中发挥不可忽视的作用。现从GABA作用于机体的不同途径出发,主要阐述了源于肠道菌群的GABA对机体的调节机制,为GABA、肠道菌群的基础研究以及临床、生产应用提供参考和依据。     

低聚糖对肉鸡肠道菌群影响及其作用机制

低聚糖是一种非消化寡糖(NDO),由2-10个单糖以糖苷键联结而成。许多研究报道表明在饲粮中添加低聚糖可以改善肉鸡肠道的微生物区系,本文就此方面及其作用机制做简单的阐述。