辣椒抗旱性鉴定技术规程

通过对辣椒种子萌发期、苗期、盛花期和全生育期的抗旱指数测定,总结了辣椒各生育期的抗旱性判定规则,并采用隶属函数值方法,研究出了辣椒抗旱性鉴定的综合评价方法。     

非洲辣椒种质资源鉴定与评价

对非洲引进的42份辣椒材料进行苗期和田间黄瓜花叶病毒病、烟草花叶病毒病和疮痂病的抗性鉴定,筛选出14份抗病性较好的种质资源。通过对其农艺性状综合评价,42份辣椒资源在生长势、坐果性、果形、果色等主要性状存在明显差异,筛选出3份抗病毒病、疮痂病及商品性好的辣椒优异种质资源。     

湖北省辣椒种质资源的鉴定与评价

收集湖北地方辣椒资源50份,进行了株高、始花节位、采收天数、单果质量、果实VC含量、果实辣椒素含量、果形、辣味、熟性等9个生物学性状指标的测定与分析。结果表明：单果质量总的规律是灯笼形〉锥形〉羊角形〉指形;多数长圆锥形或羊角形辣椒辣味较浓;辣椒品种的生育期就海拔高度而言,海拔越高,生育期越短。通过对株高、始花节数和采收...     

贵州地方辣椒优异种质资源筛选与评价

对贵州省地方辣椒种质资源进行筛选和评价,结果在120份试验材料中,早熟材料占4.17%,中晚熟材料占90.83%,极晚熟材料占5%;指形椒占36.66%,长角椒占29.17%,锥形椒占19.17%,樱桃椒占4.17%,簇生椒占5%,线椒占5.83%。并对其中最为优异的30份材料的形态性状、生物学特性、熟性、果实的商品性、品质及风味进行了鉴定评价,株高为35~121 cm,开展度为45~92 cm,果形主要有指形、锥形、羊角形、灯笼形等,品质好的材料3份,分别是1101、1102和1103,品质较好的材料9份。     

湖北省辣椒种质资源的抗病性鉴定与评价

通过对湖北省50份辣椒材料在炭疽病、黄瓜花叶病毒病、疫病抗病性方面进行研究,筛选出高抗炭疽病材料2份、高抗疫病材料2份、高抗黄瓜花叶病毒病材料5份;综合评价出抗病性强的材料13份,较强的材料23份。     

辣椒种质资源TMV抗性的鉴定与评价

对来源于国家蔬菜种质资源中期库的51份辣椒种质资源进行烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的田间抗性调查。结果显示,各种质病情指数在17.04~75.56之间,有14份种质田间表现出了TMV抗性。各种质抗性分布基本符合正态分布,略向感病区域偏离。将筛选出的14份抗病材料和7份感病材料进行TMV苗期人工接种抗性鉴定,21份种质的病情指数在6.28~65.48之间,获得抗病材料15份。相关分析结果表明,TMV田间成株自然发病病情指数与苗期人工接种鉴定病情指数的相关系数r=0.789,呈极显著相关。结合田间抗性调查和人工接种抗性鉴定结果,利用12对与L基因连锁的分子标记对13份TMV抗病种质进行分子鉴定,6份材料中共检测到6个抗性分子标记。抗TMV辣椒种质的主要农艺性状表现出一定的多样性。     

国外辣椒种质资源鉴定及应用评价

对从国外引进的24份辣椒抗病材料进行黄瓜花叶病毒病和疫病的抗病性鉴定,并调查其经济性状。结果表明：来自莫桑比克的P1,墨西哥的P6,泰国的P13、P14及韩国的P17、P24辣椒苗期兼抗黄瓜花叶病毒病和疫病,但P1、P17的田间抗性表现与苗期不一致;24份引进辣椒材料的生长势、坐果性、果形及果色等主要经济性状差异较大,...     

辣椒抗CMV种质资源筛选及SRAP分析

以收集的283份辣椒种质为试材,采用人工接种方法进行CMV抗性鉴定,在抗性筛选基础上进一步对鉴定出的抗性种质进行分子遗传多样性分析,以期为辣椒抗CMV相关育种的亲本选择选配、抗性遗传改良等提供指导。结果表明:从283份辣椒种质中筛选出抗CMV辣椒种质1份、中抗CMV辣椒种质28份,为辣椒抗CMV育种提供物质材料;SRAP分析将抗性辣椒种质分为两大类,明确了29份辣椒种质的遗传关系。     

川西南辣椒种质资源

川西南辣椒种质资源滕有德徐向上陈学群（四川省农科院园艺所成都６１００６６）（自贡市农科所）（重庆市农科所）１９９３年５～７月和９～１１月笔者参加了“八五”国家重点地区作物种质资源考察队，对四川西南部横断山区的盐边、米易、西昌、木里、盐源、越西、冕宁...     

非洲西瓜种质资源苗期抗旱性研究

采用苗期持续干旱法，以存活率来评价抗旱性，对非洲西瓜种质资源进行抗旱性鉴定和研究，结果表明，苗期持续干旱法对西瓜种质资源苗期抗旱性鉴定是一种有效的鉴定方法，非洲西瓜９１－００３为苗期抗旱性极强的种质材料，游离脯氨酸累积量在土壤含水量下降到８．１１％时，可作为西瓜苗期抗旱性鉴定指标，抗旱材料累积量多，游离脯氨酸积累与抗旱性有无关系以及关系如何，取决于干旱胁迫的程度。     

Evaluation of new rootstocks for resistance to soil-borne pathogens and productive behaviour of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Summary

An evaluation of five rootstocks for pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was carried out over a 3-year period on three farms in Campania (Italy). Pepper is very susceptible to soil-borne pathogens, especially Phytophthora capsici, Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematode). The lack of resistant hybrids and of crop rotation, and the longterm survival of propagules of the pathogen, have increased the risk of damage that so far has been controlled by pre-planting soil treatment with methyl bromide. The use of pepper grafted onto rootstocks resistant to the main soil-borne pathogens is not undertaken commercially in Italy because the available rootstocks are unsatisfactory. P. capsici, V. dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and M. incognita have been detected on farms where the new rootstocks were tested. Trials were performed on the same sites for 2 or 3 years in order to provide favourable conditions for parasites. Two rootstocks, ‘Graffito’ and ‘Gc 1002’, were found to be resistant to P. capsici. In the presence of an early, high population density of M. incognita, ‘Graffito’ showed good tolerance, while ‘Gc 1002’ was susceptible to the root-knot nematode. In addition, both rootstocks showed good compatibility with the different scions tested and did not decrease vegetative growth, fruit yield or the size of the scions. In contrast, in the presence of V. dahliae, F. oxysporum and F. solani, none of the rootstocks tested was sufficiently resistant to vascular or crown and root rot damage.     

辣椒GMS育性相关miRNA的鉴定和表达分析

研究辣椒花药中sRNA分布,筛选育性相关miRNA,通过miRNA及其靶基因的表达分析探讨miRNA对雄性育性的调控。利用高通量测序技术对辣椒细胞核雄性不育两用系处于小孢子单核靠边期的花药进行sRNA测序,同时分析两材料间miRNA的表达差异。通过qRT-PCR技术验证差异分析结果,并对miRNA及其靶基因在小孢子发育不同时期的表达模式进行分析。在构建的不育株和可育株两个文库中共发掘出857个可信度高的miRNA;筛选得到42个表达差异显著的miRNA;通过靶基因预测与注释,预测出的差异表达miRNA的靶基因中与繁殖有关的基因有152个,与生殖过程有关的基因有151个。通过qRT-PCR验证了选出的9条miRNA的存在,其表达差异与测序分析结果基本一致;单核靠边期多数miRNA负调控其靶基因,不同发育时期其调控模式会发生变化。本研究为揭示辣椒miRNA与雄性育性的关系提供了重要信息。     

Abortion of reproductive organs in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): a review

Summary

Levels of abortion of reproductive organs (i.e., buds, flowers, and young fruits) in sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) are high, and cyclical fluctuations occur in fruit set. Stages susceptible to abortion are very young buds (< 2.5 mm), buds close to anthesis, and flowers and fruits up to 14 d after anthesis. An overview of factors and processes involved in flower and fruit abortion in sweet peppers is presented. More light, higher CO₂ concentrations, and lower planting density, increase the availability of assimilates per plant, and decrease fruit abortion. The cyclical pattern in fruit set is caused by changes in demand for assimilates. High flower abortion occurs when fast growing fruit (at approx. 3 weeks after anthesis) are present, due to competition for assimilates. Fruit set increases when fast growing fruit are almost mature and have a low assimilate demand. Prior to abortion, auxin export from the reproductive organ diminishes, ethylene production increases, and lower levels of activity of sucrose-cleaving enzymes are found. Severe water stress and low nutrient supply also increase abortion levels. Low night- and high day-time temperatures hamper pollen development, causing low seed set, which can result in fruit abortion. Two theories have been used to explain abortion: unbalanced demand for and supply of assimilates, and hormonal dominance of developing fruit over young fruit. Attempts to prevent abortion or to diminish the cyclical pattern of fruit set have not yet been successful, but new suggestions are presented.     

Apoplastic anti-oxidants in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit and their relationship to blossom-end rot

Summary

The aim of the present research was to study changes in the major anti-oxidative enzyme activities known to be associated with the apoplast, during the induction of blossom-end rot (BER) in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits grown under saline conditions. Pepper plants of the BER-sensitive cv. ‘Mazurka’ and less-sensitive cv. ‘Selica’ were grown under control, low- and high-salinity irrigation regimes. Fruits were harvested continuously and, after approx. 7 months under these conditions, BER symptoms started to appear (in the Spring season) and fruits were sampled for biochemical measurements. The intercellular washing fluid (IWF; apoplast fraction) of the fruit pericarp was prepared and enzyme activities in that fraction were determined. The results showed that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the fruit apoplast was higher in ‘Mazurka’ than in ‘Selica’. Apoplastic peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and the concentration of ascorbic acid, increased during ‘Selica’ fruit development, whereas the concentration of H₂O₂ decreased. During the stage of rapid growth, when fruits are most susceptible to BER, apoplastic peroxidase activity was greatly enhanced in the healthy pericarp of BER-affected fruits compared to healthy fruits. Under saline conditions, apoplastic peroxidase and SOD activities, as well as ascorbic acid and H₂O₂ levels, increased in healthy fruits of the resistant cultivar ‘Selica’; whereas, in healthy fruit of the BER-sensitive cultivar ‘Mazurka’, apoplastic peroxidase activity decreased while the level of ascorbic acid increased, but to a much lesser extent than in ‘Selica’. SOD activity and H₂O₂ levels increased similarly in both cultivars with increasing levels of salinity. It is proposed that apoplast-associated peroxidase activity and ascorbic acid concentration are increased coordinately in response to salt stress and may be part of a protective anti-oxidation mechanism that determines cultivar sensitivity to BER.     

Blossom-end rot is associated with impairment of sugar metabolism and growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits

Summary

Blossom-end rot (BER) in pepper fruits is known as a “physiological” disease which is evoked by climatic and osmotic stresses (e.g., high temperatures and salinity) and by deficit irrigation management. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in the stimulation of BER are still a matter of dispute. It has been proposed that BER occurs under cultivation conditions that accelerate fruit growth beyond calcium supply to the growing tissue. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis by recording fruit growth and sugar metabolism under normal and BER-inducing conditions.The results showed that pepper fruits grown in a ventilated-cooled greenhouse, which ameliorated BER, had a higher initial growth rate than those grown in a non-cooled greenhouse, but had lower calcium concentrations in the fruit pericarp. Fruits that grew without ventilation-cooling had higher concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic sucrose and reducing sugars, and higher levels of symplastic starch than those that developed in a cooled greenhouse. Concomitantly, fruits that developed in a non-cooled greenhouse had lower acid invertase, sucrose synthase and fructokinase activities than those that developed in a cooled greenhouse. Accordingly, the non-necrotic part of BER-affected fruits had higher concentrations of symplastic starch, reducing sugars and sucrose than healthy fruits. These findings indicate that the occurrence of BER in pepper fruits was associated with impaired sucrose metabolism in fruit tissues, which led to reductions in growth rate and final size. Thus, the present findings negate the notion that BER occurs when fruit growth rate is stimulated, and favour the idea that direct impairment of fruit sugar metabolism and of normal fruit growth are involved.     

The effect of root restriction on the incidence of blossom-end rot in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Summary

Water and calcium uptake are important factors affecting the incidence of fruit blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato and pepper. In the present study an attempt was made to manipulate these factors by severe root pruning and to examine the effect on BER in greenhouse-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Mazurka). Pepper plants were transplanted, with the root system split into four separated compartments, each containing a single root quarter. Removal of half, or three quarters, of the root from fruit-bearing plants significantly reduced fruit BER incidence compared with plants with intact roots, especially in fruits which were at the rapid expansion stage at the beginning of the treatments. Removal of three quarters of the root reduced midday leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and plant height. The number and weight of fruits were not affected by these treatments. Root pruning caused only a slight reduction in stem sap flow, as measured by the heat pulse technique. Calcium concentrations in the distal part of fruits from quarter-root-plants were higher than in fruits from non-pruned plants, whereas magnesium and potassium concentrations were not affected. On the other hand, in the leaves, calcium, magnesium and potassium concentrations were all reduced by root pruning. The K/Ca ratio decreased in the blossom-end of the fruits and increased in the leaves of root-pruned compared with control plants. The results suggest that root pruning did not affect the total uptake of calcium, apparently driven by transpiration, but did enhance calcium partitioning to the developing fruit. Root pruning also affected calcium distribution within the fruit and therefore attenuated BER incidence.     

Heterosis studies in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

By top-crossing 12 different homozygous chilli varieties with a genetic male sterile (MS), 12 hybrids were produced. Heterosis over mid-parent (MP) and superior parent (SP) was studied for days to flower, plant height, number of primary branches, length of fruit, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant. Degree and direction of heterosis varied greatly for different characteristics and crosses studied. The hybrid MS × K-2 exhibited significant positive heterosis for fruit yield over its SP (157%), followed by MS × Pant-C-1, MS × Japanese bunch variety and MS × Bhiwapur local, indicating that male sterility can be utilised for commercial exploitation of hybrid vigour. Heterosis was observed for days to flower, plant height, number of primary branches, fruit length and number of fruits per plant.     

Effects of an evaporative cooling system on greenhouse climate,fruit disorders and yield in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Summary

The main goal of this research was to investigate the effects of a wet pad-and-fan evaporative cooling system (ECS) on the incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) and fruit cracking in greenhouse-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The specific objectives were: (i) to study the efficiency of the wet pad-and-fan ECS in improving plant water status and reducing transpiration; and (ii) to explore the impact of these conditions on fruit yield, fruit Ca content and the incidence of BER and fruit cracking. For 3 years, peppers were grown in the Lachish Region, Israel, in a greenhouse divided into two compartments, one with and one without (control) a pad-and-fan ECS. The results showed that the ECS increased total fruit yield and the incidence of cracked fruits, but reduced the incidence of BER. The efficiency of the ECS in reducing temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) decreased as the distance from the wet pad increased. Consequently, the incidence of cracked fruits decreased with distance from the wet pad, whereas the incidence of BER increased.     

一种有机矿质复合剂对小米辣育苗效果及基质酶活性的影响

为明确蔬菜工厂化育苗中一种新型有机矿质复合材料对小米辣(Capsicum frutescens L.)幼苗生长质量及基质酶活性的影响,采用单因素试验,设置5个不同浓度并以商品育苗基质为原料进行小米辣育苗盘育苗,测定小米辣生长相关指标和基质酶活性.结果表明,15 g·L-1和30 g·L-1处理的幼苗干质量及生长函数显著...