基于绝对节点坐标法的空间并联机构刚柔耦合动力学建模

为研究柔性杆件对空间并联机构动力特性的影响,以具有结构冗余的3-RRPaR空间并联机构为研究对象,提出建立冗余空间并联机构刚柔耦合动力学模型的通用方法。基于绝对节点坐标法建立了三维二节点梁单元模型,分析了机构的结构特征,利用拉格朗日乘子法推导了机构的刚柔耦合动力学方程,采用广义α方法在Matlab中对其动力学方程进行数值求解,得到不同弹性模量下的动力学响应曲线。结果表明,柔性杆件对机构输出特性产生重要的影响,弹性模量越小,对机构的影响越大,且弹性模量对动平台加速度的影响最为显著。本研究为空间并联机构的刚柔耦合动力学建模提供了研究思路。     

空间刚柔耦合并联机器人动力学求解策略

针对空间刚柔耦合并联机器人在动力学方程求解过程中存在的违约问题,提出了一种基于瞬态刚体校正法的非线性动力学模型求解方法。利用自然坐标法和绝对节点坐标法构建该3-RRRU并联机器人的正动力学模型与逆动力学模型,考虑各支链柔性空间梁单元的剪切效应,并可描述其大范围非线性弹性变形。基于自然坐标法和刚性机构的运动学模型,分别提出2种动力学模型的瞬态刚体校正法,同时从系统能量等角度总结出获取该动力学系统稳定因果解的求解策略。仿真结果表明,动力学方程的求解精度为10-6,约束方程的相容误差为10-8,满足工程应用的要求,且有效地改善了动力学系统的综合收敛性能。通过圆形轨迹跟踪实验可知,与理想刚性模型的控制方法相比,基于逆动力学稳定因果解构建控制方法最大跟踪误差降低了0.372 mm,圆度误差降低了1.46 mm;各柔性杆上特征点处主应变测量值与理论计算值均处同一数量级,且具有相同的变化趋势,从而验证了该方法的有效性。     

空间柔性闭链机器人动力学建模与振动仿真

空间闭链机器人的柔性连杆在高速运行状态下产生的弹性变形对系统振动效应具有重要影响.为准确分析柔性连杆对空间柔性闭链机器人振动特性的影响,采用有限单元法对柔性构件进行离散,基于浮动坐标系法描述构件位移场,最后通过Lagrange方程建立空间刚柔耦合闭链机器人动力学模型及振动方程,并分析系统固有频率和振型函数.基于同等参数...     

三自由度并联机器人刚柔耦合动力学建模

三自由度并联机器人在运动过程中存在的弹性变形、刚柔耦合效应等问题,对机构的运动学及动力学性能有很大影响。为得到机构真实的力学性能,以三自由度3—RPS并联机器人为研究对象,考虑机构在运动过程中存在的柔性因素,运用Kane方程法建立三自由度并联机器人刚柔耦合动力学模型。该动力学模型的建立,为进一步对该机器人进行动力学分析提供一定的理论依据。     

综合关节和杆件柔性的机械臂刚柔耦合建模与仿真

基于Lagrangian方程和转子非线性扭簧模型,建立柔性机械臂刚柔耦合动力学模型;通过假设模态法将物理坐标转换为模态坐标;利用ADAMS建立了虚拟样机,用于求解仅考虑杆件柔性时的运动;在Matlab中编写了Runge-Kutta算法,用于求解综合关节和杆件柔性时的运动。针对重力和驱动力作用下的垂直面摆动,给出了不同末端负载影响下的柔性关节转角和末端变形曲线;分析了关节柔性与杆件柔性之间的耦合关系。结果表明关节柔性不可忽略,关节和杆件柔性耦合作用下的末端振动小于两者的叠加,振型由关节和杆件的柔性确定,但幅值主要受驱动力影响。     

一种面向非线性材料的二维高阶ANCF梁单元

对二维高阶绝对节点坐标(ANCF)剪切梁单元位移模式进行研究。通过在剪切梁单元位移模式中引入x²y项构建了一个新的二维二节点高阶剪切梁单元,其多项式系数与x³项共用。运用连续介质力学理论以及Yeoh本构模型建立了单元非线性弹性力矩阵,并基于绝对节点坐标法推导和建立了系统运动微分方程。利用静力学以及动力学算例进行单元模型的验证和分析。将单元的计算结果分别与不同的ANCF高阶单元以及ABAQUS软件的仿真结果进行比较。结果表明,引入了x²y项的二维ANCF剪切梁单元在大变形以及非线性弹性力问题中具有较高的分析精度和单元收敛性能。     

刚柔耦合空间闭链机器人轨迹跟踪与振动抑制研究

针对含多变量高维度空间刚柔耦合闭链机器人的轨迹跟踪和振动抑制问题,提出了一种基于前馈补偿的PD控制方法。首先,采用有限元法对柔性空间构件进行离散,基于浮动坐标系描述柔性构件位移场矢量,并根据Lagrange方程建立考虑刚性末端执行器微小位移的刚柔耦合空间并联机器人动力学模型;然后,利用前馈控制对预先求出的含耦合效应的控制力矩进行补偿,提高刚柔耦合控制系统的响应速度及跟踪性能,同时通过PD控制律保证空间闭链机器人的轨迹精度,并对不同末端载荷作用下的轨迹跟踪精度进行分析;最后,与位置PID算法进行了比较。结果表明:与位置PID算法相比,基于控制算法作用下的刚性末端执行器轨迹精度得到提高,其中,X方向误差降低了89.7%,Y方向误差降低了4.3%,Z方向误差降低了12.9%,柔性空间构件产生的振动得到了有效抑制。     

基于绝对节点坐标法的气动软体驱动器建模

采用基于Yeoh本构的绝对节点坐标四面体单元对软体驱动器进行建模,并对其进行力学分析。基于应变能密度函数,推导了Yeoh本构模型的弹性力阵及其导数阵;根据虚功原理建立了多腔体气动软体驱动器静力学平衡方程。由于橡胶等超弹性材料不易收敛,采用载荷增量法对静力学平衡方程进行求解。将仿真结果与ABAQUS的仿真结果进行对比,可知随着单元数的增加,绝对节点坐标四面体单元结果与ABAQUS仿真结果趋于一致,验证了绝对节点坐标四面体单元对气动软体驱动器建模的正确性。     

柔性并联机器人动力学建模

针对一般柔性并联机器人动力学模型,提出了一种精确而简单的动力学建模方法.根据并联机器人结构特点,将其划分为若个刚性子结构和弹性子结构,形成一个刚柔结合的系统.静平台和动平台相对其他构件变形较小,将它们作为刚性子结构,各个支链作为弹性子结构.分别建立各子结构的动力学方程,弹性子结构采用有限元法和模态综合法建立其动力学方程;考虑各个柔性支链弹性变形对刚性子结构的影响,建立刚性子结构动力学方程;推导出相邻的刚性子结构和弹性子结构之间的几何约束关系.通过相邻子结构的协调矩阵,将各个子结构的方程进行装配形成系统的弹性动力学方程.通过一种高速并联机械手的动力学特性比较分析,表明该方法的正确性和可行性.由于引入刚性子结构和采用了模态综合法,减少了系统自由度数,从而简化了计算模型,为柔性并联机器人提供一种实用的建模方法.     

基于悬架刚柔耦合模型的汽车平顺性

基于多体动力学理论,应用机械系统分析软件ADAMS/Car,建立了计及悬架下摆臂、纵向推力杆和横向稳定杆柔性的刚柔耦合整车模型,其中柔性杆件的模态通过有限元分析获得.对车身、下摆臂垂直加速度功率谱密度以及悬架动行程和轮胎动位移进行了分析.并与多刚体模型的仿真结果进行了比较.研究结果表明:与刚体模型相比,刚柔耦合的作用使车身垂直加速度功率谱密度的幅值降低了21.5%,下摆臂垂直加速度功率谱密度的峰值减小71.3%,轮胎动载荷减小约10%,悬架动行程增大15%～20%;刚柔耦合模型之间的差异随车速提高,悬架构件的柔性在汽车平顺性分析中不可忽视.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。