Effects of new packaging solutions on physico-chemical,nutritional and aromatic characteristics of red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) in postharvest storage

Postharvest life of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) is limited due to their high respiration rate, loss of firmness and freshness and susceptibility to fruit rot. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of various packaging solutions on physico-chemical, nutritional and aromatic properties of raspberries during storage at +4 °C up to 7 days. Plastic materials with low (LDPE) and high (LDPE/EVOH/LDPE) gas barrier, a biopolymeric film (PLA) with medium gas barrier and micro perforated stretch film (PVC) were used. The packaging material modified the composition of the atmosphere in the package, which depended on the combined action of the respiration activity of the fruit and the permeability of the material. Results showed that the most sensitive parameters for the assessment of raspberry decay were percentage of damaged berries, weight loss, fruit softening and the aromatic profile development, evaluated by an electronic nose; these parameters showed significant changes during storage and were influenced by the packing material. All samples showed a clear loss of firmness after 4 days of storage, which was maximally reduced in the case of LDPE/EVOH/LDPE and PLA packages. Raspberries stored in PVC packaging material had an aromatic development similar to the control, whereas berries stored in the medium and high barrier materials showed important changes in the aromatic profile, reflecting anaerobic metabolism of fruit. Soluble solids, pH, total phenolics and ascorbic acid did not change significantly; changes in colour and total anthocyanins were observed, with differences depending on the kind of packaging.     

番茄果实耐贮性的遗传分析

以80份番茄地方品种和自育自交系为材料,对它们的果实硬度和果实软化速度的遗传表现,以及与其他主要农艺性状的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,果实硬度和软化速度在基因型间有极显著的差异。成熟期的果实硬度和软化速度呈极显著负相关,但也有一些硬度很低的品种,软化速度反而很慢,耐贮性非常好;软化速度和果重、果型指数、含糖量、果实含水量等无显著的线性相关,说明耐贮性同这些重要经济性状和品质性状没有必然的联系,完全能够对它们进行同步改良。F1果实的软化速度表现为部分显性,耐贮性一般倾向于不耐贮的亲本;只有双亲的果实软化速度都比较慢时,杂种后代的果实才表现出良好的耐贮性。     

低温加湿保鲜对叶菜类蔬菜贮藏品质的影响

以新鲜菠菜和生菜为试材,使用低温加湿保鲜柜,研究了叶菜类蔬菜低温加湿方式贮藏期间叶片VC含量、失重率和色差值的变化。结果表明:低温加湿方式贮藏叶菜类蔬菜能够较好地保持叶片水分和叶片组织的活性,贮藏5 d后,叶菜中VC含量损失率低于30%,明显低于其他贮藏方式,叶片日均失重率为4%左右,而低温贮藏为10%左右,此外,叶片色差变化最小,很好地保持了蔬菜的新鲜度。     

不同处理方式对黄花梨果实贮藏效果的影响

摘要：本文研究了在低温下（0℃）不同的保鲜方式,不同成熟度的黄花梨果实,不同的采收方式等因素对黄花梨果实贮藏效果的影响。实验结果表明：在0℃下,黄花梨果实的呼吸高峰推迟,果实硬度维持时间较长,腐烂率明显下降,有效地延长了黄花梨果实的贮藏时间。而且,黄花梨果实在八成熟时选择阴天采摘,在0℃下可以贮藏85天以上,且品质较好。     

Development of an automated monitoring device to quantify changes in firmness of apples during storage

An automated firmness monitoring system for apples was developed to estimate loss of firmness during storage and determine the time when cool stores should be opened. The non-destructive acoustic impulse response technique was chosen to measure firmness. This technique was very reproducible and its sensitivity to firmness changes was greater than the sensitivity of penetrometer measurements with a materials testing device. The correlation between the acoustic impulse response technique and penetrometer varied according to the apple cultivar and freshness. The developed automated fruit firmness monitoring system is composed of a rotating disc on which a representative fruit sample is located, an electromagnetic excitation mechanism, and an optical sensor to detect the position of the apples. A microphone records the apple vibrations at impact and is linked to a computer with a data acquisition and analysis programme, which is placed outside the cool store. A first-order degradation model, fitted to the measured firmness data, is used to estimate the time when the cool stores should be opened to guarantee an average firmness after storage.     

“仙果”哈密瓜晒瓜处理后贮藏及生理特性的研究

以沪产"仙果"哈密瓜为试材,进行采前晒瓜处理,研究在温度3,5,8℃和常温贮藏条件下,哈密瓜采后贮藏期间果实生理代谢的变化。结果表明,晒瓜处理后低温贮藏,能有效地降低哈密瓜果实的腐烂,抑制了总酸、总糖、可溶性固形物含量和果实硬度的下降,显著延长哈密瓜的贮藏时间。以糖、酸含量和果实硬度、腐烂率为评价指标,确定5℃为"仙果"的适宜贮藏温度。     

热空气处理对‘白玉’枇杷品质及冷害的影响

为研究热空气处理对“白玉”枇杷贮藏品质及冷害的影响,本文以“白玉”枇杷为试材,探索了46℃热空气处理对蛋白组分含量变化的影响,并对各处理（6±1）℃冷藏期间果实冷害指数、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、失重率、腐烂率和果实硬度进行测定。试验结果表明：冷藏及货架期间,46℃热空气处理果实可维持较高的可溶性蛋白和热稳定蛋白含量;抑制了冷藏期间果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量的下降,保持了较高的果实硬度,显著降低了果实的腐烂率、失重率和冷害指数,其中以46℃热空气处理30min后冷藏效果最好。以上结果显示,果实蛋白组分含量的变化与果实采后冷藏过程中抗冷性有关,且热空气处理提高了果实的贮藏品质。     

不同保鲜膜包装对"玉露"水蜜桃保鲜效果的影响

以奉化"玉露"水蜜桃为试材,在研究0.05 mm厚PE防雾保鲜膜(SY)、0.02 mm厚PE保鲜膜(PE)和微孔保鲜膜(W)包装内O2和CO2浓度变化的基础上,研究了三种不同保鲜膜包装对"玉露"水蜜桃保鲜效果的影响.结果表明,三种保鲜膜的通透性存在差异,透气性SY＜PE＜W,SY在保水性方面优于其他两种膜.在(1±0...     

PE包装对西兰花贮藏品质的影响

为了明确不同厚度PE袋包装对西兰花采后品质的影响,以未装袋的西兰花作为对照(CK),采用PE微孔袋以及厚度为20、30、40、50μm的PE袋对西兰花进行包装处理,置于(15±1)℃环境下存放,通过测定贮藏期间气体体积分数、感官评价、色差、失重率、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、VC含量、叶绿素含量、挥发性物质等指标,研究不同包装处理对西兰花贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,相比于CK组,各包装组可有效降低西兰花的失重率,防止其黄化,减缓叶绿素、VC含量和硬度的下降;且相比于其他包装组,厚度为20μm的PE袋处理能显著减缓叶绿素损失,维持西兰花的感官品质和固有风味。因此,西兰花在(15±1)℃条件下采用20μm PE袋包装处理效果较好。     

Measurement of avocado softening at various temperatures using ultrasound

The low-temperature storage of avocado affects its subsequent softening process and shelf life. One of the main indices of ripeness in avocado fruit is firmness, which changes during the ripening and softening process. The temperature and duration of storage fundamentally influence the firmness of the stored fruit, and monitoring the softening of fruit enables us to regulate its shelf life. The objective of the present study was to use nondestructive ultrasonic tests to elucidate the influences of storage temperature and time on the softening process of avocado fruit. The attenuation of the ultrasonic waves transmitted through the fruit tissue changes as the fruit passes through the various softening stages during and after low-temperature storage. Four groups of avocados, each stored at a different low temperature, and a control group which was stored at room temperature (20°C) were examined during and after their designated storage times, until they reached full ripeness at room temperature. Nondestructive ultrasonic tests and destructive penetration measurements were carried out in order to determine the attenuation and the tissue firmness, respectively, of the avocados. Statistical analysis showed quite good correlation between the firmness and the ultrasonic attenuation, and their dependence on previous storage time-temperature history. This suggests that the ultrasonic measurements could be used as a nondestructive method of monitoring avocado ripeness during low-temperature storage.     

鲜切胡萝卜的真空预冷研究

研究了不同切片厚度与预冷终温对鲜切胡萝卜真空预冷效果的影响,分析了经过真空预冷和未经真空预冷的鲜切胡萝卜在贮藏期内的呼吸强度、失重率、色差和硬度的变化。结果表明,鲜切胡萝卜可比完整胡萝卜节省2/3的预冷时间;在切片厚度6 mm和预冷终温6℃时,鲜切胡萝卜的真空预冷效果最佳,失重率为1.3%、芯部温度1.5℃、预冷时间7.3 min。采用真空预冷处理方法可有效抑制鲜切胡萝卜贮藏期内的呼吸强度,降低失重率,保持其较好的感官品质。     

Low dose gamma irradiation does not affect the quality,proximate or nutritional profile of ‘Brigitta’ blueberry and ‘Maravilla’ raspberry fruit

Blueberry (Northern Highbush, cv ‘Brigitta’) and raspberry (cv ‘Maravilla’) fruit were subject to low dose gamma irradiation (0, 150, 400 and 1000 Gy) and stored at 0 °C for three or ten days (blueberry) and two or seven days (raspberry) to determine the effects of irradiation on fruit quality and nutritional and proximate contents. In general, none of the irradiation doses (≤1000 Gy) significantly affected blueberry or raspberry fruit quality (overall fruit quality, colour, firmness, weight loss, TSS, TA levels or TSS/TA ratio), or the nutritional or proximate content (ash, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, energy, moisture, protein, sodium, potassium, total sugars, fructose, ascorbic acid, monomeric anthocyanin, citric and malic acids). The length of time in storage affected some fruit quality and nutritional and proximate content parameters (such as overall fruit quality, firmness, weight loss, TA levels, dietary fibre, potassium, ascorbic acid, citric and malic acids), with longer storage periods resulting in lower quality fruit, irrespective of irradiation treatment. No interaction was detected between the effects of irradiation treatment and storage time, indicating that the storage effect was consistent for all irradiation doses on both blueberry and raspberry fruit quality.     

1-MCP结合自发气调包装对‘空心李’果实软化和细胞壁代谢的影响

探讨果实软化与细胞壁代谢之间的关系及1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)结合自发气调包装(MAP)对果实软化的调控机制,为生产中李果实软化问题提供理论依据和技术参考。笔者以贵州省特色果品‘空心李’为试材,通过测定果实的硬度、细胞壁代谢成分和细胞壁代谢酶活性的变化,研究1-MCP、MAP及两者结合(1-MCP+MAP)对(20±1)℃下果实软化的抑制效应。结果表明：（1）与对照（直接放于纸箱内）相比,1-MCP、MAP及1-MCP+MAP处理抑制了果实硬度下降,原果胶和纤维素降解,抑制了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲脂酶(PME)和纤维素酶(Cx)活性增加,抑制效果为1-MCP+MAP>1-MCP>MAP。（2）果实硬度的下降与原果胶和纤维素含量呈显著正相关,与可溶性果胶含量关系表现不一,1-MCP和1-MCP+MAP处理与可溶性果胶含量呈显著负相关,而对照和MAP处理与可溶性果胶含量没有表现出明显的相关性。1-MCP、MAP、1-MCP+MAP处理和对照果实硬度的下降与PG和PME活性存在显著负相关,对照和MAP处理的果实硬度与Cx活性表现显著负相关,1-MCP和1-MCP+MAP处理果实硬度与Cx活性没有表现相关性。1-MCP结合MAP对沿河‘空心李’果实硬度下降、细胞壁物质降解及其相关酶活性有显著抑制作用,能够抑制‘空心李’果实软化,延长保鲜时间,减少采后损失。     

1-MCP对灵武长枣采后生理变化的影响

以灵武长枣为试材,采收后经1—MCP（1-甲基环丙烯）处理,在0℃条件下贮藏,定期测定果实品质和生理生化指标,以期研究对其贮藏效果的影响。结果表明,1μL/L1-MCP处理可以显著地保持果实硬度,抑制VC含量、可滴定酸含量和失重率的下降。0℃条件下贮藏90天时,果实硬度达6．5kg／cm^2,VC含量为253．9mg／100g,可滴定酸含量为0．275％,失重率4．9％;显著地降低PPO和ADH活性,贮藏末期分别为1．287U和22．0U;延迟灵武长枣果实的后熟与衰老,低温贮藏90天后好果率达到75．5％。     

库尔勒香梨采后特征品质的研究

摘要：库尔勒香梨贮藏在0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃,相对湿度：90～95%的环境中,测定香梨在贮藏过程中果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量及果皮色泽的变化,采用数值的极差及变异系数,研究采后库尔勒香梨的特征品质。结果表明：香梨采后贮藏于不同温度下,其硬度随着果实的成熟均呈现下降趋势,低温贮藏对硬度的下降有明显的抑制作用;可溶性固形物在不同贮藏温度下降不明显,特别是低温贮藏;果品色泽在各贮藏温度下,随着贮藏时间的延长,成熟度增加,有显著的变化。比较香梨果实硬度、可溶性固形物、色差的在整个贮藏期间的变化差异,色差的数值变化最为明显,对香梨采后品质及衰老具有明显的指示作用,可作为评价香梨果实采后品质变化的特征指标及采后衰老的重要指标。     

冬小麦基因型离体叶片失水与产量结构和植株性状的关系

根据４年的研究结果，分析了在冬小麦基因型产量和株高变异较大时，离体叶片失水速率（ＲＷＬ）与产量构成和植株性状的关系，研究表明，ＲＷＬ基因型间存在显著差异。在多数情况下ＲＷＬ与产量和千粒重呈负相关，与株高呈正相关。研究还发现基因型位次随失水时间的变化，有低失水，先快后慢，先慢后快和高失水４种类型。ＲＷＬ与产量负相关随失水时间延长而减弱。基因型差异以失水２－３ｈ最为明显，且更具有较大生理意义，因此提出     

草莓果实主要数量性状变异及相关性研究

以露地栽培的82份草莓品种(系)为材料,对其主要数量性状的变异、分布规律及相关性进行了研究和分析。结果表明,草莓果实硬度、可溶性固形物、平均单果重、最大单果重和单株产量基本呈正态分布,不同性状的变异不同;果实硬度与平均单果重、单株产量分别呈显著正相关和极显著正相关,平均单果重与最大单果重及单株产量均呈极显著正相关,最大单果重与单株产量呈极显著正相关。此研究为草莓育种的亲本选配和杂交后代预先选择提供了依据。     

Active label-based packaging to extend the shelf-life of “Calanda” peach fruit: Changes in fruit quality and enzymatic activity

Nectarine fruit after cold storage soften normally, but become dry instead of juicy and can develop flesh browning, bleeding and a gel-like or glassy formation of the flesh near the pit. An experiment was conducted to see if time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy could distinguish these internal disorders non-destructively. The optical parameters of absorption coefficient (μ_a) and reduced scattering coefficient (μ′_s) were measured at 670 nm and 780 nm, on nectarine (Prunus persica cv. Morsiani 90) fruit held at 20 °C after harvest or after 30 d of storage at 0 °C or 4 °C. Each day for 5 d 30 fruit were examined both non-destructively and destructively. Other measurements were firmness with a penetrometer, peel colour on the blush and non-blush side, expressible juice, weight loss, and visual rating of internal browning, bleeding, and gel. The fruit had been sorted at harvest according to the value of μ_a670 so that each batch had a similar spread of fruit maturity. More mature fruit (lower μ_a670 values) developed internal browning and bleeding with more severe symptoms compared to less mature ones (higher μ_a670 values). It was found that μ_a780 could distinguish healthy fruits from the chilling injured ones. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated that fruit without cold storage had low μ_a780, less water loss, low firmness, but high μ_a670 and high expressible juice compared with cool stored fruit. Fruit cool stored at 4 °C had high μ_a780 and less expressible juice, lower water loss and lower firmness compared with fruit cool stored at 0 °C. It was concluded that time resolved reflectance spectroscopy could detect internal woolliness and internal browning in nectarines after storage.     

Dehydration accelerates respiration in postharvest sugarbeet roots

Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots lose water during storage and often become severely dehydrated after prolonged storage and at the outer regions of storage piles which have greater wind and sun exposure. Sucrose loss is known to be elevated in dehydrated roots, although the metabolic processes responsible for this loss are unknown. To identify processes that contribute to sucrose loss in dehydrated roots, respiration rate, cellular electrolyte leakage, and sucrolytic enzyme activities were determined in roots of two varieties (VDH 66156 and Beta 4797R) during 4 weeks of 10 °C storage at high (85%) and low (40%) relative humidities. Roots stored at 40% relative humidity dehydrated significantly and lost almost 50% of their weight after 4 weeks of storage. Electrolyte leakage increased in these roots, indicating that dehydration damaged cellular membranes. Respiration rate generally increased in roots stored at 40% relative humidity compared to roots stored at 85% relative humidity. The increase in respiration rate was positively correlated with root weight loss and electrolyte leakage. Respiration rate was most closely associated with electrolyte leakage, however, suggesting that elevations in respiration rate were not due to dehydration, but to the membrane damage that occurred in response to dehydration. Activities of the sucrose-degrading enzymes, sucrose synthase, alkaline invertase and soluble acid invertase, were unaltered by dehydration. Alterations in sucrolytic enzyme activities, therefore, were not needed to provide for the increased demand for respiratory substrates in dehydrated roots. These results suggest that storage at low relative humidity alters the postharvest physiology of sugarbeet roots by increasing the rate of weight loss, reducing membrane integrity, and accelerating root respiration rate.     

烹调方式及贮藏条件对菠菜叶酸含量的影响

以菠菜为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法,探讨烹调方式(蒸、炒、焯、煮、炖、烤、微波)及贮藏条件(常温、冷藏、冷冻)对菠菜叶酸含量的影响,试图建立菠菜色度与叶酸含量的关系模型,为叶酸的快速检测提供试验依据。结果表明,菠菜经烹调加工后,叶酸含量均有所下降,保存率随加工时间的增加而减小,其中焯和煮两种烹调方式对叶酸含量的影响最为显著,损失率分别为37%和56%,蒸对叶酸含量的影响不显著,损失率为9%。冷冻和冷藏能有效保存菠菜中的叶酸,损失率均在25%以下。菠菜色度与叶酸含量存在一定相关性,有建立相关系数更高、适用范围更广的关系模型的可能。综上所述,菠菜加工提倡低温保存,并多采用蒸、烤、微波等不以水为加热介质的烹调方式。