双峰驼心脏组织学研究

通过光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察表明，双峰驼心脏组织结构的特点为：心内，外膜中较丰富的纤维结缔组织和平滑肌，心肌膜厚，心室与心房的肌束间均有数量不等的脂肪和结缔组织；心室内膜中的浦肯野纤维间以闰盘连接，纤维里的原纤维较粗但松散，它们在盘处数量较多，并与闰盘垂直分布，心肌纤维粗大，其肌丝区间有丰富的成行排列的线粒体，线粒体嵴较长，甚至构成典型的同心板层状。     

黄牛心室蒲肯野纤维的分布和结构特点

为了探究黄牛心室蒲肯野纤维的分布和结构特点，为动物比较解剖学与组织学增添新的资料，本研究采用碳素墨汁灌注、红色ABS树脂灌注铸型、常规石蜡切片H&E染色、Masson三色染色技术，观察40只普通黄牛心室蒲肯野纤维的分布及结构特征。结果显示：黄牛心室左束支和右束支的分布不对称，左束支较发达；左束支短而宽位于室间隔左侧壁心内膜下上1/3部分，并向心室腔面下方延伸；右束支与左束支相比细而长，位于室间隔右侧壁心内膜下，并沿着室间隔右侧面向前下方心内膜下呈弓形延伸。黄牛心室蒲肯野纤维在心内膜下呈逐级多边形网状结构分布，并深入心肌层中发出大量分支，在黄牛心室室间隔中下部心尖、乳头肌基部分布比较丰富，在室间隔上部、动脉口周围、心底部分布较少，左、右心室乳头肌顶端心内膜下没有观察到蒲肯野纤维的分布。     

生肌调节因子在绵羊不同胎儿期心肌和骨骼肌中的表达

本试验旨在探究生肌调节因子（myogenic regulatory factors，MRFs）在绵羊不同胎儿发育时期心肌和骨骼肌组织中的表达情况。选取妊娠60（E60）、70（E70）、80（E80）和90 d（E90）4个不同时期的滩羊胎儿作为研究对象，采集骨骼肌和心肌组织，通过HE和油红染色观察心肌和骨骼肌在胎儿发育过程中发生的组织形态学变化；通过实时荧光定量PCR研究绵羊胎儿发育过程中MRFs在心肌和骨骼肌组织中的表达规律以及同一胎儿期MRFs在心肌和骨骼肌中的表达差异。HE染色结果显示，心肌组织和骨骼肌组织的微观结构差异明显，心肌肌纤维密度大，纵横交错成网状，和骨骼肌相比发育的更加成熟；骨骼肌组织肌纤维密度小，间隙大，E60~E90肌纤维数量逐渐增加，肌纤维束结构清晰分明。油红染色结果显示，心肌和骨骼肌组织在4个时期均未出现被染成红色的脂滴，表明E60~E90两个组织均没有分化出脂肪。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示，E60~E90胎儿心肌组织中MYOG、Myf5和Myf6基因表达量持续降低，但是没有MYOD基因表达；E60~E90骨骼肌组织中MYOD、MYOG和Myf6基因表达量持续上升，其中MYOG基因表达水平最高，Myf5基因的表达发生周期性波动。以上结果表明，E60~E90胎儿骨骼肌正处于快速发育阶段，而心肌组织此时已大致成型。因此，骨骼肌组织中MRFs的表达量远远高于心肌组织，且MYOG基因对于维持骨骼肌的快速发育发挥了重要作用。     

骨骼肌琥珀酸脱氢酶的组织化学方法探讨

应用骨骼肌琥珀酸脱氢酶法检测哺乳动物骨骼肌的肌纤维型 ,在 1 95 7年首先由 Nachlas等 [1]创建色素形成四唑盐法 ,倍受各国学者的广泛青睐而加以普遍应用。经过四十多年来的改良和创新 ,为了迅速、方便地切实反映骨骼肌各型肌纤维间的分辨 ,提高肌纤维的区分度。利用镁离子作为酶的激活剂来激活骨骼肌细胞浆内线粒体中琥珀酸脱氢酶 ,在其脱氢作用下 ,含有双四唑盐的底物释放出氢原子 ,与无色的双四唑盐结合 ,还原形成蓝色的双甲月赞色素 ,沉着于酶作用的所在部位 ,据此分出染成蓝色的 型纤维和未染色的 型纤维。 1 96 8年 Pearse[2 ]发…     

初生麋鹿心脏的解剖及组织学观察

利用大体解剖对初生麋鹿心脏的解剖特点进行了观察并测量,并通过H. E.染色系统观察了初生麋鹿心脏的组织学特征。结果发现,初生麋鹿心脏呈倒圆锥形,分为左、右心房和心室共4个腔室,与牛、猪等动物一致;卵圆孔尚未完全闭合,动脉导管几乎封闭;组织学观察发现,初生麋鹿心肌纤维较细小,排列紧密,细胞核密度大,闰盘不清晰,而浦肯野细胞大,染色浅,排列不规则。这些解剖和组织学特点为今后研究麋鹿疾病提供了理论基础。     

鸡心脏病理剖检在临床诊断中的示病意义

正心脏是机体循环系统中的动力,许多原因能导致心脏病变。发生疾病时往往表现出血、纤维素渗出和异物等异常现象。观察心脏的外部形态、颜色,是不是发硬,外形是不是变长,是钝三角形还是锐三角形;心包内有多少积液,正常的心包内有少量黄色液体,起到润滑的作用;观察心肌外膜是不是有出血点,心尖和心冠脂肪是不是有出血点;外部观察后,剖检左、右心室,注意心肌切面的色彩、心壁薄厚、心肌质度及心内膜有无出血,瓣膜有     

大通牦牛心肌低氧适应的组织学特点

选取两个海拔高度大通牦牛作为研究对象,以乐都地区牦牛为对照,利用光镜技术和计算机图像分析系统测定心肌肌纤维直径、表面积密度;利用透射电镜技术比较心肌线粒体的平均体积(V)、体积密度(VV)和面数密度(NA)等结构参数;利用免疫组织化学技术对心肌细胞血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和微血管密度(MVD)进行检测,并对以上数据进行相关性分析。结果显示:(1)大通牦牛心肌肌纤维直径均细于乐都地区牦牛心肌肌纤维直径,肌纤维表面积密度均高于乐都地区牦牛,且三者两两比较差异显著(P<0.05);(2)大通牦牛的VEGF和MVD均高于乐都地区牦牛,差异显著(P<0.05);(3)大通牦牛心肌线粒体的V和VV均大于乐都地区牦牛,差异显著(P<0.05);海拔3 700m的大通牦牛心肌线粒体面数密度大于海拔3 200m的乐都地区牦牛,差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,大通牦牛心肌组织主要表现为心肌纤维直径细、表面积密度大、心肌组织血管内皮生长因子和微血管密度大的遗传学特点。而心肌线粒体的低氧适应表现为,随着海拔高度的增加,心肌线粒体平均体积增大,面数密度和体密度增加的特点。     

肌肉生长抑制素在小鼠不同发育阶段心肌组织中的表达

本试验旨在探究肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin，MSTN）基因在小鼠不同发育阶段心肌组织中的表达情况，分别选取幼年（7日龄）、性成熟（21~28日龄）、体成熟（42~56日龄）和老年（84日龄以上）4个发育阶段的健康小鼠（各3只）为研究对象，采用实时荧光定量PCR、HE染色、免疫组织化学等方法研究小鼠不同发育时期MSTN基因在心肌组织中的表达及不同时期心肌组织的发育。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示，MSTN基因在小鼠不同发育阶段心肌组织中均有表达，且其在小鼠老年时期的表达量最高，体成熟时期的表达量最低；幼年小鼠和性成熟小鼠心肌组织中MSTN基因表达水平显著低于老年小鼠（P<0.05），而体成熟小鼠则极显著性低于老年小鼠（P<0.01）。HE染色结果显示，小鼠心肌细胞核及肌纤维的生长在不同发育时期明显不同，其中幼年时期的细胞核最多，肌纤维排列相对较紧密，而在性成熟、体成熟、老年时期心肌的发育指标依次降低。免疫组织化学结果显示，MSTN基因主要在心肌细胞核中表达，其各个时期表达量与实时荧光定量PCR的结果相符合。     

肌肉生长抑制素在小鼠不同发育阶段心肌组织中的表达

本试验旨在探究肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)基因在小鼠不同发育阶段心肌组织中的表达情况,分别选取幼年(7日龄)、性成熟(21~28日龄)、体成熟(42~56日龄)和老年(84日龄以上)4个发育阶段的健康小鼠(各3只)为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR、HE染色、免疫组织化学等方法研究小鼠不同发育时期MSTN基因在心肌组织中的表达及不同时期心肌组织的发育。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,MSTN基因在小鼠不同发育阶段心肌组织中均有表达,且其在小鼠老年时期的表达量最高,体成熟时期的表达量最低;幼年小鼠和性成熟小鼠心肌组织中MSTN基因表达水平显著低于老年小鼠(P0.05),而体成熟小鼠则极显著性低于老年小鼠(P0.01)。HE染色结果显示,小鼠心肌细胞核及肌纤维的生长在不同发育时期明显不同,其中幼年时期的细胞核最多,肌纤维排列相对较紧密,而在性成熟、体成熟、老年时期心肌的发育指标依次降低。免疫组织化学结果显示,MSTN基因主要在心肌细胞核中表达,其各个时期表达量与实时荧光定量PCR的结果相符合。     

海南州绵羊心肌肉孢子虫的调查及病理学观察

通过对海南州肉联厂106例屠宰绵羊心肌组织切片的观察,得出该地区绵革肉孢子虫的感染率为100％,感染密度是1.1—291.4个/cm~2,平均36个/cm~2。其中在蒲金野氏纤维中发现包囊的有83例,占检体总数的78.3％,密度是0.8-14.7个/cm~2。并见侵犯绵羊的肉孢子虫有大小两种类型,受大小两型同时感染的占47.2％。侵犯蒲金野氏纤维的包囊体积比侵犯心肌纤维的大。通过组织学检查,见心肌组织间质内有散在的单核细胞集聚灶,心肌纤维和蒲金野氏纤维除呈现各种退行性变化外,还可见其断裂,这必然导致心脏功能障碍,给养羊业带来严重损失。     

Expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors in Myocardium and Skeletal Muscle at Different Fetal Stages

The topic of this research was to investigate the expression pattern of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) in the myocardium and skeletal muscle of sheep at different fetal stages,the fetuses of Tan sheep at 60 (E60),70 (E70),80 (E80) and 90 days (E90) of gestation were selected as the research objects,and the myocardium and skeletal muscle were collected.The histogenesis of myocardium and skeletal muscle during fetal development were observed by HE and oil red staining.The expression patterns of MRFs in myocardium and skeletal muscle during fetal development and the expression differences of MRFs between myocardium and skeletal muscle at the same stage were tested by Real-time quantitative PCR.The results of HE staining showed that the microstructure of myocardium and skeletal muscle was very different,myocardial fibers crisscross into a network with high density,which were more mature;the density of skeletal muscle fibers were low with large gaps,the number of fibers from E60 to E90 increased gradually,and the structure fiber bundles was very clear.The results of oil red staining showed that there were no fat droplets stained red in myocardium and skeletal muscle tissues,which means that these two tissues form E60 to E90 did not have fat differentiation.The results of Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the expression of MYOG,Myf5 and Myf6 genes in myocardium decreased continuously from E60 to E90 day,but there was no MYOD gene expression.The expression of MYOD,MYOG and Myf6 genes in skeletal muscle from E60 to E90 increased gradually,among which the level of MYOG gene was the highest,and the expression of Myf5 gene fluctuated periodically.The above results indicated that the skeletal muscle was at the stage of rapid development from E60 to E90,however,the myocardial tissue had been roughly formed,which led to the expression of MRFs in skeletal muscle tissue was much higher than that in myocardial tissue,and MYOG gene played an important role in maintaining the rapid development of skeletal muscle.     

Types of myofibers parasitized in experimentally induced infections with Sarcocystis cruzi and Sarcocystis capracanis

Eighteen calves were orally inoculated with either 200,000 or 225,000 sporocysts of Sarcocystis cruzi. Eight goats were orally inoculated with 20,000 sporocysts of S capracanis. Calves and goats were euthanatized at various times after inoculation, and portions of their right and left biceps femoris, right and left longissimus dorsi, myocardium, and tongue were frozen at -150 C in precooled isopentane and stored at -70 C. Frozen sections of these muscles were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, modified Gomori's trichrome, nonspecific esterase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide tetrazolium reductase, and adenosinetriphosphatase at pH 10.4 and 4.6. Muscle from the same locations was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed for paraffin embedding, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic examination of both calf and goat tissue indicated that both type I and type II muscle fibers were equally infected and that infected myofibers showed no apparent damage other than displacement by sarcocysts. Occasionally, muscle fibers within the muscle spindles contained sarcocysts.     

脉冲微波辐照对实验动物心脏损伤的病理学研究

30只犬，180只大鼠，各随机分为6组，分别以5个功率密度（从1．004mW／cm^2至0．974kW／cm^2）脉冲微波辐照，在辐照后即刻（0h）至12个月的不同时相点，分别检测其体温、心率、心电图、心肌酶谱等指标，以研究心脏功能的变化；分别取左右房室肌（大鼠取全心）、窦房结、血管等作石蜡切片，并HE、Pollak、PTAH染色，以研究其病理组织学变化；取大鼠心室肌作超薄切片，电镜观测其超微结构的改变。结果发现，辐照后实验动物体温、心率未见明显变化；心电图波形异常，出现以S-T段压低和传导阻滞为主的变化；心肌酶谱出现以活性降低为主的紊乱性变化；辐照可对心肌纤维、窦房结、Purkinje细胞和血管壁等组织结构（包括超微结构）造成损伤。损伤累及全心，并以传导纤维的损伤更为严重。试验结果表明，高功率的脉冲微波可对实验动物心脏功能和结构造成明显损伤，心脏结构损伤和功能障碍均表现速发性、持续性和可缓慢恢复性的特点，损伤在一定范围内呈现剂量效应关系。     

A study of the pathology and pathogenesis of the myocardial lesions in gousiekte, a plant-induced cardiotoxicosis of ruminants

Myocardial lesions were studied in sheep in which gousiekte was induced by experimental dosage of Pachystigma pygmaeum, Fadogia homblei or Pavetta harborii. The single most consistent diagnostic histological feature in 33 animals was hypertrophy of myocardial fibres in the subendocardial region. Fibrosis in the subendocardial region of the apex or left ventricular wall was often scarce or absent in animals with a short latent period, and was not always prominent even in sheep with an intermediate or long latent period. The presence or absence of fibrosis cannot therefore be used to confirm or exclude gousiekte, particularly in cases with shorter latent periods. Light microscopical and ultrastructural lesions in sheep with gousiekte correspond to a large extent to changes reported in humans with dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown cause. It appears that the myocardial lesions in gousiekte represent a final common pathway of cellular damage rather than a manifestation of a specific type of heart disease. The predilection for hypertrophy of myofibres in the subendocardial region is probably related to diminished perfusion that potentiates the primary myocardial dysfunction.     

Morphology of moderator bands (septomarginal trabecula) in porcine heart ventricles

The morphology of moderator bands in both heart ventricular cavities was examined on macro‐ and microscopic levels in 14 six‐month‐old Landrace pigs. One transverse moderator band, measuring 2.9 ± 0.6 mm in diameter, was located between the septum and the free wall of the right ventricular cavity. On cross‐section, clumps of conductive cells were found at the periphery of the moderator band and in its central part around the blood vessels. Large amounts of muscle fibres were identified. The left ventricular cavity contained moderator bands in the form of thin cords, measuring 1.05 ± 0.09 mm in diameter and located mostly between the interventricular septum and the papillary muscles. Conductive tissue was represented by clumps of Purkinje cells, surrounded by myocardial fibres. The proportion of conductive cells and muscle fibres in the moderator bands was approximately the same. Owing to different amounts of conductive cells and muscle fibres in the bands, we assume that moderator bands in the right and left ventricles play different primary functional roles. Our results were compared with previous data on pigs and other ungulate animal species.     

Infiltrative lipoma in the heart of a horse

An expansile, yellow, soft mass was observed in the free wall of the right ventricle of a 3-year-old, male, Morgan, horse at necropsy. The mass was composed of well differentiated adipocytes in solid sheets or infiltrating between muscle fibers with associated myofiber degeneration. The mass was interpreted to be an infiltrative lipoma of the heart.     

Tissue Doppler Imaging and Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking of Left Ventricular Function in Healthy Horses After Clenbuterol Application

The cardiac effects of high dosages of the ß²-adrenergic agent clenbuterol have been the focus of several histological, biochemical and echocardiographic studies in the past. Possible effects of a therapeutic dosage on myocardial contractility and velocities have not been evaluated using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) in equine medicine. Twenty-five healthy horses were treated over 14 days with clenbuterol in a normal dosage (0.8 μg/kg every 12 hours). Before and after the treatment, an echocardiographic examination was performed using B-mode, M-mode, color flow Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). In all horses, the radial and circumferential myocardial functions were recorded in the right parasternal short-axis view (SAX). Pulsed-wave (PW) and color TDI were used for evaluation of peak and mean myocardial velocities; myocardial deformation was documented in 2DST. An improvement of diastolic function after clenbuterol treatment was demonstrated by a significant increase of the early diastolic radial wall motion velocity (E_m) in all myocardial sections except the right ventricular free wall (RVFW) in TDI, as well as an increase of the E/A quotient in the left ventricular free wall (LVFW) and the interventricular septum (IVS). Shortened time intervals, in particular in the LVFW and a tendency of increase of all deformation parameters showed improved relaxation characteristics of the cardiac muscle after treatment. The results can be interpreted as beginning physiologic cardiac hypertrophy due to clenbuterol treatment. No signs of increased rigidity or reduced compliance of the heart muscle could be found at the applied dosage. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of TDI and 2DST in equine cardiology to detect myocardial remodeling before the appearance of obvious findings in conventional echocardiographic techniques. This technique can be used to detect pharmacologic effects on myocardial function.     

Measurements of mass, length and valve diameters from normal formalin-fixed ovine hearts

Hearts from 60 Merino sheep of known age, sex and live mass and with no known history of disease were collected and fixed in buffered 10% formalin. Systematic light microscopical examination did not indicate any abnormality in hearts of any of the sheep. The mass of various parts of the hearts, the length of the hearts and the diameters of the heart valves were measured to establish a basis for quantitative assessment of possible pathological changes associated with the ingestion of cardiotoxic plants. The mass measurements and, to a lesser degree, the lengths of the hearts varied considerably, but the ratio of the mass of the left ventricle plus ventricular septum divided by the right ventricular free wall mass was remarkably stable, and is promising as an indicator of right ventricular hypertrophy.     

A cardiac rhabdomyoma in a Guinea pig

A guinea pig (9-week-old) that had been placed in a control group for a pharmacological test was found to have a single nodule on the surface of the right ventricular wall. In a transverse section of the heart after fixation, a whitish mass was found that extended from the subendocardium to the subepicardium of the right ventricular wall. Histopathological examination revealed a spongy network consisting of vacuolated spaces in the myocardium of the right ventricle extending to the myocardium and subepicardium of the right atrium. The vacuolated space was PAS-positive. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed that the lesions contained striated fibers that were positive for anti-desmin and anti-myoglobin. Electron micrographs revealed the lesions resulting in affected striated muscle fibers and accumulations of many glycogen granules. Based on the findings, the lesions were diagnosed as a cardiac rhabdomyoma. This is the first report of application of immunohistochemical examinations to diagnosis of cardiac rhabdomyoma in the guinea pig.