母猪产后厌食、尿闭、胎衣不下的防治

母猪产后发生厌食、尿闭、产道感染、胎衣不下等产后疾病,在生产中常见而且目前尚未见特效防治办法。多年来,笔者在门诊临床实践中应用比赛可林注射液（氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱注射液）预防母猪产后疾病取得了很好的效果,现介绍如下。     

奶牛胎衣不下赘物简易防治试验

观察云南省峨山县小街镇462头荷斯坦奶牛,其中263头可疑为胎衣迟滞,用赘物法简易防治,结果显示,试验组有132头可疑牛,胎衣不下发病26头,发病率19.7%;对照组有131头可疑牛,胎衣不下发病43头,发病率32.8%,差异极显著（P＆lt;0.01）。试验过程中,总共出现69例在产后12 h胎衣不下的奶牛,试验组按治疗量悬挂沙袋后,试验组奶牛全部在产后18 h内排出完整胎衣,胎衣排出时间比对照组平均提前4.3 h,差异极显著（P＆lt;0.01）。用赘物预防和治疗奶牛胎衣不下,操作简便,成本低廉,作用明显,安全可靠,具有较高的推广价值。     

氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱注射液细菌内毒素检查方法研究

建立氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。按《中国兽药典》2005年版一部收载的细菌内毒素检查法进行试验。试验结果表明,当氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱稀释成0.01 mg/mL时,对鲎试剂的凝集反应无抑制作用。可以用细菌内毒素检查法检查氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱注射液的细菌内毒素。     

PGF2α对奶牛产后胎衣排出效果临床试验

将自然分娩后于８小时内尚未排出胎衣的６８头奶牛平均分为两个组：治疗组肌肉注射２５毫克前列腺素Ｆ＿（２α）（合成ＰＧＦ＿（２α））；对照组肌肉注射５毫升生理盐水。经ＰＧＦ＿（２α）所治疗的３４头牛中有２７头（７９．４％）和对照组的３４头牛中仅有１８头（５２．７％），于１２小时内胎衣完全排出，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

奶牛胎衣不下流行病学分析

奶牛产后12小时内胎衣不能排出则称为胎衣不下，这是奶牛一种常见产科病，对繁殖和生产影响很大。本文对广州市郊一个大型奶牛场在1995年1月至1997年8月之间的胎衣不下发病情况作了调查，分析了影响此病发生的流行病学因素，并与该场10年前的发病情况作了比较。1调查结果1．1胎衣不下的年度、月份分布该场饲养的均为中国黑白花奶牛。在这次调查期间，共有分娩奶牛1081头次（包括流产和早产），共发生胎衣不下236头次，发病率为21．83％，其中1995、1996和1997年的发病率分别为16．83％（71／422），23．87％（100／419）和27．08％（65／240…     

红枣水提剂对小鼠小肠运动的影响

为了探讨红枣水提剂对小鼠肠运动功能的影响,试验采用中华墨汁推进试验,将24只昆明小鼠随机分成6组,每组4只(雌雄各半),分别为Ⅰ组生理盐水组,Ⅱ组红枣水提剂组,Ⅲ组硫酸阿托品注射液组,Ⅳ组氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱注射液组,Ⅴ组红枣加硫酸阿托品组,Ⅵ组红枣加氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱组,各组小鼠在试验前禁食8 h,给药5 min后,所有小鼠灌胃10%的中华墨汁0.2 m L/只,观察分析红枣水提剂对小鼠肠运动情况的影响。结果表明:红枣水提剂能够显著提高正常小鼠小肠墨汁推进率(P0.05),并且能协同氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱提高小鼠小肠墨汁推进率,推进率为(93.43±2.15)%。说明红枣水提剂能够明显促进小鼠小肠运动,且对氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱促进小肠推进有协同作用。     

怀孕母猪胀气的诊治

近几年,规模化养猪场中出现了一种经产怀孕母猪突然腹胀死亡的病症,此病发病时间短,一般治疗方法无效,致死率高达100％,直接给猪场造成很大的经济损失。通过对该病的发病症状．原因分析,服务人员在服务中对该病采取多个方案进行治疗实验,最终得出方案灌喂藿香正气水4支（40mL）,胃肠活（主要成分：氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱）4支（20mL）肌肉注射,氨基比林3支（30mL）．6支青霉素（80万IU／支）肌肉注射,将母猪赶出走动或跑动,此效果比较好。     

怀孕母猪胀气的诊治

近几年，规模化养猪场中出现了一种经产怀孕母猪突然腹胀死亡的病症，此病发病时间短，一般治疗方法无效，致死率高达100％，直接给猪场造成很大的经济损失。通过对该病的发病症状．原因分析，服务人员在服务中对该病采取多个方案进行治疗实验，最终得出方案灌喂藿香正气水4支（40mL），胃肠活（主要成分：氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱）4支（20mL）肌肉注射，氨基比林3支（30mL）．6支青霉素（80万IU／支）肌肉注射，将母猪赶出走动或跑动，此效果比较好。     

浅谈合肥某奶牛场奶牛胎衣不下病因及防治效果

对合肥市某奶牛场269头分娩母牛胎衣不下的病因及防治效果进行了分析。结果发现胎衣不下的主要病因有：①与产犊胎次有关：1-2胎发病牛为5．48％（8／146）,5胎以上发病率为21．43％（6／28）;②与犊牛新生体重有关：新生犊牛体重在30kg以下发病率为5．56％（3／54）,而在40千克以上发病率达16．18％（11／68）,⑧与母牛妊娠期有关：妊娠期在270天以下与285天以上的发病率分别为21．62％（8／37）和19．23％（10／52）,而270-285天的发病率为4．44％（8／180）。④与分娩异常有关：难产时发病率为32．00％（8／25）,死胎时发病率为42.86％（3／7）,流产时发病率为66．67％（2／3）,双胎时发病率为75．00％,（3／4）,正常分娩时发病率为4．35％（10／230）。采取产前注射维生素D、亚硒酸钠和维生素E、产后注射缩宫素、饲喂益母草膏等预防措施,预防有效率达91％左右．胎衣不下的奶牛经过治疗后,胎衣平均排出时间为4．2天,治愈率达100％。     

奶牛胎衣不下及其影响因素的调查

通过对南京，南通三个国营奶牛场１９８２－１９９１年８６３５个分娩胎次的调查，奶牛胎衣不下发生率平均为１８．３８％，不同奶牛场胎衣不下的发生率差异极为显著，其中南京甲场最高平均为２５．７８％（７５／２９３６），南京乙场次之，平均为１７．８９％（６５８／３６７８），南通场最低，平均为８．５１％（１７２／２０２１）。奶牛胎衣不下与其年龄，胎次，产犊季节，异常分娩（流产、早产、双胎），妊娠期、既往胎衣不病     

四种方法治疗耕牛胎衣不下的疗效对比

为提高耕牛胎衣不下的治愈率,对四种治疗耕牛胎衣不下方法的疗效进行了研究比对。自2008年1月至2011年12月,在九台市上河湾镇畜牧兽医站治疗耕牛胎衣不下42例,按年份分为四组,分别采用生化汤加味内服、电针加肌注缩宫素、生化汤加味内服加电针及肌注缩宫素的治疗方法。结果显示,生化汤加味组治愈率为81．82％,电针加缩宫素组70％;生化汤加味加电针组91．67％;缩宫素组55．56％。试验表明,采用生化汤加味内服配合电针治疗耕牛胎衣不下的疗效高于其他三种方法,可供临床使用。     

交巢穴埋线和注射催产素对奶牛产后子宫复旧影响的比较

为了比较奶牛交巢穴埋线与注射催产素对子宫复旧的影响,本试验共选取了20头荷斯坦牛,10头作为试验组1,分娩后在其交巢穴埋线;10头作为试验组2,分娩后在交巢穴注射催产素。观察奶牛的胎衣、恶露排出及子宫复旧情况,发现两种方法对胎衣排出时间的影响差异不显著,而埋线处理对子宫复旧较注射催产素有明显的促进作用,     

The duration of expulsion and the separation of the afterbirth in breeding cows--a contribution to the improvement of parturition monitoring

The objective of this study was to obtain data on the duration of the expulsion and afterbirth stages and on the rate of contractions of the abdominal muscles in dams with eutocia (n = 81; heifers: 11; cows: 70). We also looked into the questions of whether and at which stage of expulsion there were differences in these parameters between cows and heifers as well as purebred Simmental (n = 49) and Simmental X Limousin (n = 21). The total period of expulsion (period from appearance of the phalanxes in the rima vulvae until the complete expulsion of the calf) was 19.7 +/- 2.1 minutes. It took 17.3 +/- 2.3 minutes for the head to emerge. Further expulsion required 1.9 +/- 1.7 minutes. At an average of 40.1 +/- 1.5 minutes, the expulsion stage was longer in heifers than in cows, in which it lasted 18 +/- 2.1 minutes (p < 0.01). The differences are due to the time that the head took to emerge. While this stage of labor lasted 15.3 +/- 2.3 minutes in cows, this interval was clearly longer in heifers, lasting 38.1 +/- 1.5 minutes (p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed in the course of further expulsion and there were not any differences detected between purebred Simmental and Simmental X Limousin. An average of 67.5 +/- 1.6 abdominal contractions were required for complete expulsion, 56.5 +/- 1.7 contractions of the abdominal muscles were necessary until the head appeared. After 9.3 +/- 1.6 abdominal presses, the calf had completely emerged. There was a statistically significant difference between cows (52.8 +/- 1.7) and heifers (93.3 +/- 1.6) until the expulsion of the head (p < 0.01). No breed-specific differences were observed. Separation of the afterbirth was observed in 95.0% of the animals up to the eighth hour post partum. Retarded separation and retained placenta were recorded in 2.5% of the animals in each case. 82.7% of the animals performed placentophagy. No placentophagy was observed when the placenta was retarded. No differences were detected between heifers and cows and the breeds with regard to the separation of the afterbirth and the incidence of placentophagy.     

人绒毛膜促性腺激素对母驴促排卵效果的研究

[目的]研究人绒毛膜促性腺激素（human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG）对母驴卵泡发育、排卵率、受胎率以及血清生殖激素水平的影响。[方法]选择优势卵泡直径在30~35 mm以及大于35 mm的母驴各30头,不同优势卵泡直径的母驴群体分别设置1个500 IU/头hCG处理组（n=10）、1个1 000 IU/头hCG处理组（n=10）、1个不接受hCG处理的对照组（n=10）。采用肌肉注射方法对各组母驴进行hCG处理。每隔24 h进行1次B超检查,观察各组母驴卵泡发育情况,测量卵泡直径;记录各组发生排卵的母驴数量,计算排卵率。对各组母驴进行人工输精,输精后第18天进行孕检,记录各组受胎母驴头数,计算各组受胎率。于hCG处理后0、24、48、72 h分别测定各组母驴血清中雌二醇（estradiol,E₂）和孕酮（progesterone,PROG）水平。[结果]2个群体母驴的卵泡直径随hCG注射剂量的增加而增大;优势卵泡直径大于35 mm的母驴群体中,肌肉注射hCG的2个组在处理后24 h内均出现排卵,而对照组母驴没有排卵;优势卵泡直径不同的2个母驴群体,在hCG处理48 h后排卵母驴数和排卵率与对照组相比均有所提高,其中,hCG处理后72 h,优势卵泡直径大于35 mm的母驴群体中,1 000 IU/头 hCG处理组的排卵率达到100%。2个母驴群体中,接受hCG处理的母驴,受胎率均高于对照,并且随hCG剂量的增加,受胎率有所提高;优势卵泡直径大于35 mm的母驴群体中,1 000 IU/头 hCG处理组的受胎率达到50%。2个母驴群体中,1 000 IU/头处理组在hCG处理后24 h的血清E₂浓度均较0 h时有较大幅度的提升,在0~72 h内血清PROG浓度的总体提升幅度较大。[结论]hCG处理可提高母驴的排卵率、受胎率以及血清中E₂和PROG水平,1 000 IU/头剂量的效果更好。     

多西环素泡腾片治疗子宫内膜炎和胎衣不下临床效果观察

为探讨多西环素泡腾片对子宫内膜炎和胎衣不下治疗作用,对患病奶牛用多西环素泡腾片进行1～3个疗程的治疗,观察临床效果。结果显示,104例为奶牛子宫内膜炎,治疗后有效率98.77%,治愈率93.27%。126例为奶牛胎衣不下,治疗后有效率98.23%,治愈率95.24%。表明多西环素泡腾片对奶牛子宫内膜炎和胎衣不下有较好的治疗效果。     

Histologic and histochemical study of placentomes in cows after induced labor

The placentomes were extirpated from 16 cows after parturition induced with 750 micrograms cloprostenol or 20 mg dexamethasone on the 277th day of gravidity, on an average, from 9 cows after spontaneous parturition, and from 7 cows after hysterectomy in the eighth month of gravidity. In the cows with induced calving the foetal placenta was not expelled within 12 hours after calving in 68.7% of the cases whereas in the spontaneous parturitions this proportion was only 22.2% of cases. The placentomes obtained immediately after calf expulsion, and then after four and eight hours, were subjected to histological and histochemical examination. In the terminal crypts of the placentome in cross sections obtained from cows which expelled the placenta in time after natural and induced parturitions, the number of binuclear cells of the fetal syncytium and of cells of the dam epithelium (P less than 0.001) was found to be significantly lower than in the cases of afterbirth retention (1.2 and 3.9; 6.4 and 18.5). The cells of the cow's epithelium of the expelled placentae had a higher activity of acid phosphatase and lipids and the foetal syncytium had a higher activity of non-specific esterase. Increased alkaline phosphatase activity was characteristic of the cow's epithelium in the cases of subsequent retention of afterbirth. These findings should be taken into account in efforts for developing new methods of the induction of parturition if the undesired occurrence of afterbirth retention is to be reduced.     

Evaluation of neuraxial anesthesia in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)

Objective

To assess the feasibility, success rate, onset, duration and extent of motor/sensory block following intrathecal injection of lidocaine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).

Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone for hastening ovulation in transitional mares

Natural GnRH and its analog have potential for hastening ovulation in mares. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a GnRH agonist given either as an injectable or s.c. implant for induction of ovulation in mares. Forty-five seasonally anestrous mares (March) were assigned to one of three groups (n = 15/group): 1) untreated controls; 2) i.m. injection of the GnRH agonist buserelin at 12-h intervals (40 micrograms/injection for 28 d or until ovulation) and 3) GnRH agonist administered as a s.c. implant (approximately 100 micrograms/24 h for 28 d). Six mares per group were bled on d 0, 7, 14 and 21 after injection or insertion of implant. Samples were taken at -1, -.5 and 0 h and at .5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after GnRH. Additional daily samples were drawn for 28 d after injection or until ovulation. Samples were assayed for concentration of LH and FSH. Progesterone concentrations were determined in samples collected on d 4, 6 and 10 after ovulation. Number and size of follicles and detection of ovulation were determined by ultrasonography. Number of mares induced to ovulate within 30 d was 0 of 15, 7 of 15 and 9 of 15 for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. During treatment, follicle sizes were smaller for mares in group 3 (implant). The LH response to GnRH agonist (area under curve) was similar among groups at d 0 but was greater (P less than .05) for mares in group 3 on d 7 and 14 and groups 2 and 3 on d 21 than for controls. A similar pattern was detected for peak concentrations of LH after GnRH on d 0, 7, 14 and 21. Daily concentrations of LH remained low in untreated control mares compared with GnRH-treated mares throughout the sampling period. Concentrations of LH for mares in group 3 that ovulated were elevated greatly above those for group 2 mares, whereas concentrations of FSH were similar in both treatment groups prior to ovulation.     

奶牛产后胎衣不下原因调查分析及防治

在奶牛养殖领域有不少牛因为长时间胎衣不下滞留在子宫中造成终身不孕,使奶牛利用年限极大缩短,养殖场淘汰率显著升高。为进一步探明青海省门源县奶牛产后胎衣不下的主要原因,于2020年对门源县养殖的奶牛胎衣不下进行深入调查,并明确了造成胎衣不下的主要原因,提出相应的防治措施。     

早期妊娠诊断技术在夏南牛生产中的应用研究

摘 要：【目的】缩短母牛产犊间隔,提高母牛繁殖效率,探索母牛一年一胎的实现路径。【方法】随机挑选21头4-6岁,产后2--3个月未发情的空怀母牛,采取以下同期发情处理程序：第1d肌肉注射GnRH 100μg/头（戈那瑞林）,第8d肌肉注射PG 0.33mg/头（氯前列醇）,第10d肌肉注射GnRH 100μg/头,第11d配种,配种后30d左右采血样送检,检测孕情状况。【结果】经早孕检测,21头送检血样中大于或临近OD值弱阳性对照（0.315）的有14头,小于OD值弱阳性对照（0.315）有7头,检测怀孕率达到66.7%。随后经直肠检查和产犊验证,实际怀孕率66.7%、怀孕牛产犊率100%。【结论】(1)早期妊娠诊断技术已经成熟,该批次血样检测正确率达100%。（2）早期妊娠诊断技术在肉牛生产中的应用可有效解决母牛的隐性发情,缩短母牛产犊间隔,提高母牛繁殖效率。（3）为夏南牛一年一胎技术的实施探索了新途径。