人工养鹿的几个要点

1.选择良种鹿:我国驯养的鹿主要是梅花鹿、马鹿、白唇鹿、水鹿等.人工饲养最多的是梅花鹿,其次是马鹿.梅花鹿和马鹿的经济价值基本相同,在鹿茸质量上,马鹿次于梅花鹿.养鹿首先要选择良种鹿,因为高产鹿和低产鹿相比,不但鹿茸产量差别较大,而且茸的质量和价格也有较大差异,二者的经济效益悬殊.     

茸鹿的饲养技术

茸角有药用价值的鹿称为茸鹿。我国驯养的茸鹿主要有梅花鹿、马鹿、白唇鹿、黑鹿等。鹿茸是一种名贵的中药材，具有生精补髓、益血、壮阳、强筋健骨等功效。其他如鹿胎、鹿血、鹿筋、鹿鞭、鹿骨、鹿肉、鹿心、鹿肝及鹿皮等，均是上等的制药及工业原料。茸鹿的经济价值高，野生资源又稀少，因此养鹿是农民脱贫致富的好行业。     

如何养好茸鹿

鹿属哺乳纲、偶蹄目、鹿科、鹿属动物,其中茸角有药用价值的鹿都称为茸鹿。我国驯养的茸鹿主要有梅花鹿、马鹿、白唇鹿和黑鹿等。鹿茸是一种名贵的中药材,具有生精补髓、益血、壮阳、强筋健骨等功效。其他如鹿胎、鹿血、鹿筋、鹿鞭、鹿骨、鹿肉、鹿心、鹿肝及鹿皮等,均是上等的制药及工业原料。茸鹿的经济价值高,野生资源又稀少,因此养鹿是有前景的好行业。     

白唇鹿亚硝酸盐中毒

<正> 我县养鹿场有鹿七百多头,分青鹿(马鹿)、黄鹿(白唇鹿)、梅花鹿三群饲养,围栏放牧,日补饲精料每鹿六斤,分早、晚两次补饲。饲料为颗粒饲料及一些碎玉米。料以大铁糟盛装,以水冲泡。早上浸泡晚上喂饲,晚上浸泡隔宿次早喂。     

钙磷同补治疗乳牛产后瘫痪效果分析

采用单补钙法及钙磷同补法对乳牛产后瘫痪进行治疗比较试验。结果表明:单补钙疗法治愈率为62.5%,钙磷同补法治愈率为87.5%。经t检验,单补钙疗法与钙磷同补疗法间存在极显著差异(P0.01)。     

共轭亚油酸对梅花鹿瘤胃发酵参数及鹿茸生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平共轭亚油酸(CLA)对梅花鹿瘤胃发酵参数及鹿茸生产性能的影响,为CLA在梅花鹿生产中的应用提供依据。选取16头平均体重为(40.25±2.38) kg的1岁雄性梅花鹿,随机分为4组,每组4头鹿。对照组(G0组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.25%(G1组)、0.50%(G2组)和1.00%(G3组)的CLA。试验期80 d。结果表明：1)G2组和G3组瘤胃pH显著低于对照组(P<0.05),G2组和G3组瘤胃氨态氮含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),G1组、G2组和G3组瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、异丁酸含量以及乙酸/丙酸显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2) G2组鹿茸主干长度、鲜重和鲜鹿茸平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加CLA可以改变梅花鹿瘤胃发酵模式,提高瘤胃供能效率,促进鹿茸生长。本试验条件下,梅花鹿饲粮CLA适宜添加水平为0.50%。     

养蝎引种五注意

1.选择良种鹿:我国驯养的鹿主要是梅花鹿、马鹿、白唇鹿、水鹿等。人工饲养最多的是梅花鹿,其次是马鹿。梅花鹿和马鹿的经济价值基本相同,在鹿茸质量上,马鹿次于梅花鹿。养鹿首先要选择良种鹿,因为高产鹿和低产鹿相比,不但鹿茸产量差别较大,而且茸的质量和价格也有较大差异,二者的经济效益悬殊。2.科学饲养:鹿可利用的饲料有青绿多汁饲料、干粗饲料和精饲料、矿物质饲料。青、粗饲料主要有作物秸秆、秧蔓、树叶、青干草、根茎饲料及青贮料等,对青粗饲料采取自由采食的饲喂方式。除喂粗饲料外,每天还要补充1.0～1.5千克的精饲料。精饲料主要…     

发展养鹿事业

鹿,全身是宝。鹿茸、鹿胎、鹿血、鹿筋、鹿鞭、鹿骨、花盘、鹿皮都是价值很高的药材和工业原料。因此,积极发展养鹿事业,对提高人民健康水平,支援四化建设有着重要意义。肃南县养鹿场是我省驯养野生鹿较早和发展较快的场。该场1958年捕捉野生仔鹿11头,开始驯养,1982年已发展到398头。其中公鹿152头、母鹿175头,当年仔鹿71头。多年来,他们对白臀鹿和白唇鹿的生活习性、生理生化指标及生产性能进行了观察和测定,并收集了大量的技术资料,在驯化、舍饲、放牧、繁殖、疫病防;台等方面积累了有益经验。他们采用的“以放牧为主,适当补饲”的驯养方式,为发展养鹿事业开辟了前景。我省凡具有驯养鹿的资源和条件的地方,亦应该把养虎事业发展上去。     

中国的茸鹿养殖业

中国茸鹿养殖业以生产鹿茸为主要目的.现养梅花鹿、马鹿、水鹿、白唇鹿、驯鹿、麋鹿和坡鹿约50万只,其中,主要茸鹿梅花鹿约30万只、马鹿10万只.70%的梅花鹿饲养在吉林省,30%的马鹿饲养在新疆,现正向经济较发达地区迅速发展.目前中国产茸已达百吨,其中梅花鹿茸占50%.马鹿茸占40%,其它鹿茸占10%.鹿茸优质率为40%,但因多方面原因鹿茸出口困难,价格低.是1995年以来的低谷时期.中国从事养鹿科研的单位,从1956年的1个发展到现在的20个,研究项目在1958~1997年间有40余项,有30余项在1978~1997年间获国家和省部级奖.     

鹿茸的收取技术

1 鹿茸的种类 鹿茸的种类因茸鹿的种类、收茸方式、加工方式或茸形的差异,可分成多种类型与规格.按鹿的种类可分成梅花鹿茸、马鹿茸、白唇鹿茸、水鹿茸等;按茸形,梅花鹿可分三权茸和二杠茸,马鹿茸可分为莲花茸、三权茸和四权茸;按收茸方式可分为锯茸和砍头茸;按加工方式可分为排血茸和带血茸;另外还分头茬茸、再生茸、初角茸等.     

应用703B饲料对梅花鹿增茸的初步试验

根据一家一户的分散养鹿很难自配全价鹿用饲料的实际情况,我们推出适合一家一户使用的703B增茸料。用703B增茸料配制的全价鹿用饲料,既可降低单位饲料成本,又可促进鹿茸增产,提高养鹿效益。试验结果表明,试验组头茬鹿茸产量比对照组增产12.5%～38.5%;二茬鹿茸产量比对照组增产150%～400%;养鹿效益比对照组提高76.9%～117.1%。     

中药饲料添加剂对梅花鹿脱盘增茸效果观察

用中药饲料添加剂（黄芪３０ｇ，大枣１５ｇ，神曲２０ｇ，麦芽２０ｇ，当归２０ｇ，何首乌２０ｇ，枸杞子２０ｇ，陈皮２０ｇ，桔梗１５ｇ，松针３０ｇ，淫羊藿２０ｇ，麦饭石３０ｇ，甘草１５ｇ），对８０只梅花鹿进行了脱盘、增茸试验。结果表明，试验组比对照组平均提前１６ｄ脱盘，生茸期延长９ｄ，头茬茸产量增加１９．６７％，再生茸增加１１４％，两组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），经济效益明显     

精料中维生素A添加水平对生茸期马鹿日粮营养物质消化、血液生化指标及鹿茸产量的影响

为研究精料维生素A（VA）添加水平对生茸期马鹿日粮营养物质消化、血液生化指标及鹿茸产量的影响，以阿尔泰马鹿为研究对象，选择健康、体重相近的5~7岁龄公鹿18头，随机分为3组，分别为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组，每组6头。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂VA添加水平为12 800、18 800和24 800 IU/kg的精料，粗饲料由苜蓿干草和麦秸组成，自由采食。预试期15 d，正试期66 d。结果表明：①试验Ⅰ组干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、钙（Ca）、磷（P）的采食量极显著高于试验Ⅱ组（P<0.01），且粗蛋白质（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）采食量显著高于试验Ⅱ组（P<0.05）。试验Ⅲ组粗蛋白质、磷采食量显著高于试验Ⅱ组（P<0.05）。②试验Ⅰ组磷消化率显著高于试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组（P<0.05），其余营养物质消化率各组间无显著差异（P>0.05）。③精料VA添加水平对阿尔泰马鹿的蛋白质代谢和糖脂代谢没有产生显著影响（P>0.05）。但血液总蛋白（TP）、血糖（GLU）随着VA添加水平的升高有升高的趋势，而总胆固醇（TC）、尿素氮（UREA）等则有下降的趋势。④血液谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性随着VA水平的升高而降低，其中试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。⑤血液免疫球蛋白含量随着VA添加水平的升高而升高，其中试验Ⅲ组的免疫球蛋白G（IgG）含量极显著高于试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组（P<0.01）。⑥试验Ⅲ组的丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）、谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01）。超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）随着VA添加水平升高呈极显著升高变化（P<0.01）。⑦试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组血液生长激素（GH）含量极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01），试验Ⅲ组的胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）和VA含量极显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01），血液雌二醇（E₂）含量随着饲喂精料VA水平的升高而升高（P<0.01）。血液睾酮（T）和25-羟基维生素D₃（25-OH-VD₃）含量有随VA水平升高而升高的趋势（P>0.05）。⑧各组之间鹿茸产量无显著性差异（P>0.05），其中试验Ⅰ组最高，试验Ⅲ组产茸量最低。综上，在本试验条件下，精料VA添加水平为12 800 IU/kg时阿尔泰马鹿有较高的采食量和鹿茸产量，精料VA添加水平为24 800 IU/kg时阿尔泰马鹿有较强的免疫和抗氧化功能。综合生产效益，推荐马鹿精料VA添加水平为12 800 IU/kg。     

东北梅花鹿产茸性能分析

通过对东北梅花鹿产茸性能的分析 ,证明长沙市养鹿试验场东北梅花鹿产茸量基本保持在一定的水平上 ;产茸量与鹿年龄的大小存在曲线回归关系 ;头杠茸的重量与再生茸的重量不相关 ;体重与茸产量存在着很强的相关性。这些指标可为华南地区发展养鹿业提供一定的参考依据。     

Copper supplementation, velvet antler production and growth of rising 2-year-old red deer stags

AIMS: To investigate whether copper supplementation to rising 2-year-old red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) in winter and/or spring improved velvet antler weight, grade and financial value, and liveweight gain. METHODS: Rising 2-year-old red deer stags (n=142) on a commercial deer farm in Hawke's Bay were allocated to two groups on May 14, 1996. One group received 20 g boluses of copper-oxide wire particles. On August 15 each group was reallocated in a crossover design, each sub-group receiving either the same copper-oxide treatment or no treatment, to produce control, winter-only, winter-plus-spring, and spring-only copper treatment groups. Blood samples were collected for serum ferroxidase measurements from seven deer per group and all deer were weighed at 4-6-week intervals. Dates of antler casting and velvet removal, and velvet antler weight and grade were recorded, and the financial value of velvet calculated. Livers from a sample of deer slaughtered at the end of the trial mid-December were analysed to determine copper content. RESULTS: Supplementation with copper did not significantly alter velvet antler weight, daily velvet antler growth rate, days from casting to removal, grade or value, or stag liveweight gain. Serum ferroxidase concentrations averaged 10.0-23.7 IU/l in control deer. Copper supplementation increased mean serum ferroxidase concentrations by approximately 10 IU/l. Mean liver copper concentration in control deer was 99 micromol/kg and ranged from 194 to 386 micromol/kg in the three treated groups. CONCLUSION: Group mean serum ferroxidase concentrations of 10 IU/l and above are adequate for optimum velvet production and liveweight gain in rising 2-year-old stags.     

Effects of dietary manganese supplementation on nutrient digestibility and production performance in male sika deer (Cervus Nippon)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of manganese (Mn) supplementation on nutrient digestibility and antler growth in male sika deer. Twenty 3‐year‐old male sika deer were divided into four groups (Control, T40, T80 and T120). The control diet contained 22.2 mg Mn/kg. The treatment diets were supplemented with 40, 80 and 120 mg of Mn/kg (provided as Mn methionine). The results showed that the digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in the T80 group was greater than other groups. Higher digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was observed in the T80 group than in the control group. Plasma Mn concentrations in the T80 and T120 groups were higher (P < 0.01) than control and T40 group (P < 0.01). The concentration of Mn in feces was increased with increasing Mn amount. Average daily gain of fresh antler and dry antler of T80 was greater than other groups, especially the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the suitable level of Mn supplementation was found to be 80 mg/kg (total Mn content 103.4 mg/kg dry matter), which significantly increased antler daily gain and feed digestibility in 3‐year‐old sika deer.     

Behavioural and heart rate responses to velvet antler removal in red deer

Heart rate and behaviour during and following velvet antler removal were monitored in yearling red deer stags to determine the extent to which this procedure was perceived by the deer to be aversive. Nine stags normally kept at pasture were habituated over 5 weeks to the following daily handling procedure. Each deer was fitted with a harness containing a heart rate monitor. It was then allowed to run through a fixed course in a deer yard, restrained for 40 s in a mechanical deer crush, and then confined for 3.5 h with the remainder of the group of stags in an indoor pen containing food and water. In Week 6, the deer were subjected to either restraint for 6 minutes (the control treatment) or removal of one velvet antler under local anaesthesia. Each velvet antler was removed on separate occasions, either on Days 1 and 2 (five deer) or Days 3 and 4 (four deer). The control treatment was applied to all deer when velvet antler was not being removed, and on Day 5. Heart rate and behaviour (time taken to enter the treatment area, and number of struggles made during restraint) were measured before and during treatment, and post-treatment activities were recorded at 0, 1 and 3 h (indoors), and at 6 and 9 h (at pasture). Heart rate was higher during the second velvet antler removal treatment than during the first, but lower during the second control treatment than the first (P<0.05). During velvet antler removal, stags struggled more, and after the treatment flicked their ears, shook their heads, and groomed themselves more than control stags (P<0.05). Stags whose velvet antler had been removed spent less time eating than control stags, and spent progressively more time sitting during the 3.5 h of confinement (P<0.05). However, during the paddock observation at 9 h post-treatment, stags which had had their velvet antler removed grazed more than control stags (P<0.05). The increase in heart rate over the two velvet antler removal treatments and the greater amount of struggling during velvet antler removal indicated that it was more aversive than the control treatment. Post-treatment differences in behaviour may have been due to pain following velvet antler removal.     

日粮单宁水平对育成期雄性梅花鹿生长发育、角基萌发和初角茸生长的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮单宁水平对育成期雄性梅花鹿生长发育、角基萌发和初角茸生长的影响。选用24头体况相近的育成期雄性梅花鹿,采用单因素随机分组设计,分为4组,每组6头。对照组饲喂不添加单宁的基础日粮,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加1%、2%、4%单宁。预试期4d,正试期140d。结果表明,Ⅱ组梅花鹿体重、体高的平均日增长显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组间体长、管围的平均日增长差异均不显著(P0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组梅花鹿角基萌发时间早;Ⅰ组梅花鹿初角茸左、右支茸长均高于对照组和Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,其中Ⅰ组梅花鹿初角茸右支茸长显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组梅花鹿初角茸左、右支茸重均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加单宁能促进梅花鹿的生长发育,提前角基萌发时间,同时提高初角茸的产量;育成期雄性梅花鹿日粮中单宁的适宜添加量为2%。     

梅花鹿茸鲜重与年龄的相关性研究及经济效益分析

以江苏地区的梅花鹿为对象,研究分析了梅花鹿鹿茸重量与其年龄之间的相关性。结果表明:9龄内梅花鹿的鹿茸重与年龄呈正相关(r=0.767,P<0.05),它们之间线性回归方程为y=0.345x+1.186。梅花鹿3～8锯的鲜茸单产很高,平均水平达3.28kg/锯。公鹿鲜茸重的变异系数在2～6龄之间逐渐减小,7龄之后又有上升的超势,其中以5～7龄的变异系数最小,分别为16.2%、6.1%、11.7%。相关数据分析表明,梅花鹿公鹿在1～4龄内经济效益较差,从5龄开始获利,年获利逐年增加,这种趋势与梅花鹿的茸产量变化趋势是一致的。     

西丰梅花鹿品种选育研究和推广效果

采用个体表型选择种鹿、单公群母配种和大群闭锁繁育的方法,并应用对幼鹿的科学培育和选育鹿科学饲养管理等综合配套技术,经过193 1～1973年7个世代家养舍饲繁育、1974年选定系祖鹿建立选育群和育种核心群至1995年3个世代的连续系统选育,由源于东北梅花鹿和地方品种的西丰梅花鹿品种,在西丰县育才等4个参茸场育成了半山区舍饲型的3 60 1只西丰梅花鹿品种,其中,核心群鹿92 9只,占2 5 8%。该品种具有体貌相对一致,体型中等,体质结实,鲜茸平均单产3 2 0 5kg,成品茸平均单产1 2 5 9kg,茸的支头大,嘴头肥大,优质率高( 70. 9% ) ,畸型茸率低( 7.6% ) ,繁殖成活率77 .8% ,生产利用年限10年,遗传性状稳定,茸重的遗传力为0.49,重复力0. 63 ,产仔日期重复力0 .68,种用年限2.2年,鲜茸重的遗传进展5 19g,年改进量89g ,F1的杂种优势率茸重性状13.0 4% ,繁殖成活率的为18.94% ,选育的第Ⅲ世代年只均新增纯收益成年公鹿10 3 0元,成年母鹿790元,已获经济效益12 2 1万元,科研投资年均纯收益率5 .63元/元;又经1996～2 0 0 4年在本县和2 0多个省、市、自治区上百家万余只的推广应用表明,西丰梅花鹿的生产性能和遗传性能稳定,稳产高产高效,年只均创净效益成年公鹿15 0 0元,成年母鹿160 0元,其杂交改良效果,尤其是与双阳