不同工况对喷灌水量分布的影响

为了探究不同工况对射流式喷头喷灌水量的影响,通过对射流式喷头在不同组合间距和工作压力下的水量分布数据进行分析,拟合出了喷头在不同工作压力及组合间距下的降水强度,采用克里斯琴森均匀系数和分布均匀性系数计算了相应的喷灌均匀度.结果发现喷头组合间距在1.0R～1.4R变化时正方形组合喷灌的CU值随喷头间距的增大呈下降趋势,C...     

30PY摇臂式喷头掺气与掺液的抽吸性能试验

为了实现摇臂式喷头在较低的工作压力下工作,在原有结构基础上设置掺气管结构,形成水气两相射流开展喷灌作业.掺气管的吸气功能也可用于抽吸叶面肥液、药液,从而实现摇臂式喷头的多功能用途.为了掌握该结构的抽吸能力,选择掺气管的内径d,伸缩长度L以及摇臂式喷头喷嘴的收缩角度θ为影响因素,试验研究30PY摇臂式喷头掺气管堵住时形成的真空度以及抽吸水时的质量流量.结果表明:在相同喷头工作水压力下,喷头的喷嘴收缩角θ在30°~65°的试验范围内增大时,喷头的工作水流量减小,从而影响掺气或掺液时的混合比例;掺气管缩距离L相对喷嘴出口端面为0,当L从-4~6 mm移动时,掺气管的抽吸能力从0逐渐增大到最大,L取值2 mm为推荐值;掺气管内径d越大,摇臂式喷头的工作水压力越高,则掺气管抽吸流体的流量越大.     

From on-farm solid-set sprinkler irrigation design to collective irrigation network design in windy areas

In this paper, a contribution to the design of collective pressurised irrigation networks in solid-set sprinkler-irrigated windy areas is presented. The methodology is based on guaranteeing minimum on-farm performance, using a historical hourly wind speed database and a ballistic solid-set irrigation simulation model. The proposed method was applied to the Montesnegros Irrigation District (central Ebro basin, Spain). The district irrigates an area of 3493 ha using an on-demand schedule. The average wind speed in the area is 2.8 m s⁻¹. An analysis of district water records showed that farmers often reduce water demand when the wind speed is high, but their irrigation decision making is limited by the capacity of the irrigation network and by the unpredictable character of local winds. Simulations were performed for 11 irrigation seasons, 2 triangular sprinkler spacings (18 m × 18 m and 18 m × 15 m), and 2 sprinkler models. The percentage of monthly suitable time for irrigation was determined for four management strategies. The first one was based on a wind speed threshold (3 m s⁻¹), while the other three were based on three levels (standard, relaxed and restrictive) of two irrigation performance parameters: the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and the Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL). The standard strategy classified the time as suitable for irrigation when CU ≥ 84% and WDEL ≤ 20%. The thresholds limits of the irrigation parameters for the relaxed strategy were CU ≥ 80% and WDEL ≤ 25%. Finally, the restrictive strategy used thresholds of CU ≥ 90% and WDEL ≤ 15%. The suitable time for the first strategy (56%) was always lower than for the standard and the relaxed strategies (with respective average values of 75 and 86%), and higher than for the restrictive strategy (30%). In order to design the collective network, the hydrant operating time was equalled to the suitable time for irrigation. The differences in the cost of the collective network plus the on-farm equipment were particularly relevant between the restrictive strategy and the other three. Differences in suitable operating time were clear between sprinkler spacings, and less evident between sprinkler models. The application of the proposed methodology may be limited by the availability of historical wind speed records and CU estimates for different combinations of sprinkler models, sprinkler spacings and wind speed.     

轻小型喷灌机组的运行速率与压力水头损失

为研究轻小型喷灌机组低压喷灌条件下运行速率的合理取值以及工作压力与喷灌机组压力水头损失的关系,以轻小型喷灌机组为研究对象,经过室内喷灌试验,研究了一定工作压力和流量条件下机组的运行速率、灌水定额之间的关系,并对机组的局部水头损失和沿程水头损失进行了分析.结果表明:灌水定额与轻小型喷灌机组的运行速率、工作压力有一定的关系,通过确定灌水定额,能够调制出相应的运行速率.轻小型喷灌机组卷盘车处入口压力增大,喷水车单喷头处的压力也随之增大,但是入口压力增大到一定程度后,单喷头压力的提高幅度减小,因此在机组正常工作范围内,可以通过适当降低机组的入口压力,以减少机组的压力水头损失,节省能耗,降低机组的运行成本.轻小型喷灌机组在中国有广泛的发展前景,该项研究对于中国轻小型喷灌机组的性能改良具有重要意义,为轻小型喷灌机组的发展提供参考依据.     

喷微灌工程设计中与泵有关的几个问题

水泵选型是否合理不仅关系到喷微灌工程的投资和运行费用，而且在一定程度上决定系统能否正常、安全地运行。本文根据作者自己的设计实践经验，对机压喷微灌工程设计中水泵类型和台数的选择、水泵工作点的确定和调节方法等问题进行了讨论，供设计人员参考。     

动态水压坡地喷灌系统多目标技术参数优化

动态水压供水能够有效提高坡地喷灌水量分布均匀性.为优选出满足喷灌质量要求且经济投入较少双重目标的动态水压坡地喷灌技术参数,以喷头间距、布置方式和动压参数(基础水压、振幅)等需要优化的技术参数为投入指标,以喷灌强度、喷灌均匀度、初始投资和年运行费为产出指标,应用数据包络分析法(DEA)评价决策单元(DMU)有效性,并对非有效DMU进行改进;结合对抗型交叉评价对技术参数做优劣排序,构建了动态水压坡地喷灌技术参数的优化方法.以雨鸟R5000喷头为研究对象,在苜蓿种植面积为1 hm²的坡地上(坡度为10%)进行喷灌系统田间工程设计,最终优选出交叉评价效率最大的动态水压坡地喷灌技术参数:喷头宜采用间距为8 m的正方形布置,基础水压为300 kPa,振幅为50 kPa.     

基于柱塞泵与单片机的可控施肥机设计与喷灌试验

为了实现水肥一体化施肥装备流量精确且无水头损失,设计了一种基于柱塞泵与单片机的高精度可控施肥机,开展了恒流模式下6个流量梯度的喷灌系统施肥均匀性试验;以喷头总流量变化幅度为变量,设计了在1∶10的水肥配比下2种灌溉总流量变化幅度的不同工况,对比启、闭可控施肥机恒定水肥比例模式对水肥一体化支管内肥料浓度稳定性的影响效果.试验结果表明,高精度可控施肥机在流量分别为100,200,400,600,800,1 000 L/h的6种恒流模式时,喷灌均匀系数C_U为99.33%~99.71%、变异系数C_V为0.35%~0.75%;C_U,C_V与施肥机流量分别呈正相关与负相关关系,且喷头喷洒肥液的电导率总平均值E_C_-与施肥机流量之间具有显著的正相关性.在恒定水肥比例模式时,试验组管道内肥液浓度在160 s时趋于稳定,且稳定后肥液电导率与目标值偏差率小于4%.高精度可控施肥机恒流模式试验表明施肥机大流量下施肥均匀性变异系数仅为小流量下的50%,且改变施肥机的流量是水肥一体化喷灌系统实现高均匀度变量施肥的一种有效途径;试验证明恒水肥配比模式可有效减小支管肥料浓度受外界的影响.     

土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的地表径流迁移试验研究

为了探讨农田土壤中重金属的地表径流污染,以含有吸附性溶质重铬酸钾Cr(Ⅵ)的土壤为试验材料,开展了室内模拟降雨试验,以研究土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的地表径流迁移规律.通过对比分析不同试验条件下地表径流中溶解性溶质Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度变化过程,及其在地表径流和地下排水溶液中流失的质量速率过程后发现,溶解性溶质Cr(Ⅵ)流失到地表径流溶液中的质量浓度随时间以乘幂函数形式减小.当试验中地下排水条件越差、土壤初始体积含水率越大、地表最大积水深度越浅时,土壤溶质流失到地表径流中的溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度越高,相应的土壤溶质流失到地表径流中的质量速率越大.当试验中同时有地下排水和地表径流产生时,土壤中溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)流失到地下排水中的质量速率远远大于地表径流,表明土壤中溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)大部分流失在地下排水中.     

A regional soil survey approach for upgrading from flood to sprinkler irrigation in a semi-arid environment

Increasing pressure on water resources in Spain is forcing farmers to move from flood to pressurized water application. Initial recommendations for this upgrading require soil survey information, especially in areas prone to soil salinity. In this article a 3158 ha soil survey at a scale of 1:25,000 is presented. Soil series are split in phases based on the texture of the surface layer, slope, and salinity. Available water holding capacity (AWHC), to a depth of 1.5 m or to a lithic or paralithic contact, texture and coarse components in the surface horizons, and salinity mapped as discrete soil units are combined to develop a regional soil suitability map for irrigation upgrade. To minimize soil erosion and salt mobilization in the soils, our recommendations are: (i) maintain and improve flood irrigation on 296 ha, (ii) develop standard sprinkler irrigation on 2261 ha, and (iii) move to high frequency sprinkler irrigation on 601 ha. This research demonstrates the importance of soil survey as part of the decision making process for upgrading the regional irrigation systems.     

基于土壤基质势的灌溉预报及自动控制系统设计

为了使灌溉预报及自动控制系统简单、投资成本低且便于推广应用,设计了一套基于土壤基质势的灌溉预报及自动控制系统.通过利用电接点压力表测量负压计中的压力,设定不同作物、不同生育期、不同灌水方式的灌水下限和上限.当土壤基质势达到灌水上下限时,通过电接点压力表和自动控制电路,实现灌溉预报和自动控制.灌水过程中,通过单片机、远传水表和液晶显示屏,可以实现灌水时间、灌水量和灌水次数的记录与存储.经室内试验验证表明基于土壤基质势的灌溉预报及自动控制系统合理可行,对于粉砂壤土可以将灌水上限的土壤基质势设置为-8 kPa左右.     

The improvement of hydraulic efficiency of irrigation systems with particular reference to biological control method

This paper represents a research study of the conveyance efficiencies for one main vegetated canal with particular reference to biological agent, using grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.). The canal and the stocking procedure are briefly described and water measurements techniques utilized are analyzed. The results showed that an increasing of irrigation efficiency along the vegetated canal was achieved, in which the flow resistance in terms of Manning's n is decreased. The successive use of biological method in comparison to other methods, are that it combines relatively low cost and a minimum of side effect. However, advantage of conserving water and controlling weed infestation, makes its use of such method, is necessary as water is becoming a scarce commodity.