<Emphasis Type="Italic">Euzophera bigella</Emphasis> (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dasineura oleae</Emphasis> (F. Low) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): Emerging olive crop pests in the Mediterranean?

The olive is one of the most important crops in Greece as in many Mediterranean countries. Several insects are considered serious pests of the olive crop. In this study, we report two new pests for olive trees in Greece and possibly in the Mediterranean region: the quince moth Euzophera bigella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the olive leaf gall midge Dasineura oleae (F. Low) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Although E. bigella is not considered a pest of olive trees, in the summer of 2011, the quince moth was recorded for the first time infesting olive trees in several orchards in the rural area of the Municipality of Amphipolis (Region of Central Macedonia). Infestation induced cracking and swelling symptoms on the bark of limbs and the periderm of trunks, accompanied by extensive internal bark necrosis, which caused the desiccation of limbs or even the death of whole trees. D. oleae has been reported infesting olive trees in Greece; however, it was not considered a pest of the crop. In February 2010, extensive infestations by D. oleae were detected in the coastal zone of Elounda, Lassithi (Region of Crete). Infestations were observed on the leaves causing elongate galls and deformations, while in highly infested trees defoliation was reported. Because of the scarceness of these infestations, the results reported in this study are discussed in relation to cases reported from other countries and/or on other crops. In addition, a review of the distribution, biology and control methods of these species is provided in an attempt to summarize the scattered information currently available.     

Bio-rational control of red flour beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in stored wheat with Calneem<Superscript>®</Superscript> oil derived from neem seeds

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), is one of the most serious secondary pests that feeds on a wide range of durable stored products including cereals, cereal products and other high value produce such as cocoa beans and dried fruits. Toxicity and protectant potential of Calneem^® oil derived from the seeds of the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. towards T. castaneum were evaluated in stored wheat in the laboratory using contact toxicity, grain treatment, persistency, progeny emergence and repellency assays. Calneem^® contains about 0.3% azadirachtin as its major active ingredient. The Calneem^® was applied at six dosages (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% v/v). The oil was emulsified with water using 0.07% soap. All dosages of Calneem^® oil were toxic and highly repellent to T. castaneum with an overall repellency in the range of 52–88%. The highest dosage of 3.0% of Calneem^® oil tested killed at least 90% of the beetles within 72 h on grain, and 88% mortality was obtained on filter paper. T. castaneum mortality was dose dependent. The development of eggs to adults on cracked wheat was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by Calneem^® oil treatments. The effectiveness of Calneem^® oil was significantly reduced by the length of storage after application. The results obtained suggest good potential for the practical use of Calneem^® oil as grain protectant for stored product pest control. The use of plant materials such as neem oil may be a safe, cost-effective method of grain preservation against pest infestation amongst low-resource poor farmers who store small amounts of grains.     

Biological control of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> Biotype “B” (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by introduction,release and establishment of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Eretmocerus hayati</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

For the biological control Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Biotype B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) , about 200,700 individuals of the imported parasitoid Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich and Rose (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were released during 2000 and 2002 on different host plants in Egypt. The average parasitism rates in different governorates on Lantana camara, Gossypium barbadence (cotton), Helianthus annus (soybean) and Solanum melongena (eggplant) were 10.3 and 14%, 16 and 11.4%, 12.9 and 8.7%, 18 and 13% during 2001 and 2002, respectively. The population of E. hayati correlated significantly with the buildup of the whitefly population in all three governorates, which indicated the establishment of the E. hayati parasitoid on these economically important crops in Egypt.     

Food intake and utilization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alabama argillacea</Emphasis> (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on cotton cultivars with colored fibers

The study investigated the development, survivorship, and food intake of cotton leafworm Alabama argillacea (Hübner) fed on three cotton cultivars with colored fibers. Significantly shorter larval life-span and higher pupal weight as well as higher survival rates were observed in A. argillacea fed on leaves of BRS Safira and BRS Rubí cotton cultivars compared with the BRS 200 cultivar (BRS = Brazil). Weight gain, feces, and food intake were higher in A. argillacea fed on leaves of BRS Safira compared with the BRS 200 cultivar. The cotton cultivar significantly affected all larval food intake and utilization indices for A. argillacea. The larvae of A. argillacea were more efficient (higher efficiency in converting ingested (ECI) and digested (ECD) food) when fed on leaves of the BRS Safira cultivar in comparison to the BRS 200 cultivar, since the larval phase was shortened and food intake was higher, resulting in a higher growth rate (RGR). However, A. argillacea larvae fed on the leaves of the BRS 200 cultivar, with lower ECI and ECD, exhibited a compensatory response, extending the duration of the larval phase and increasing food intake, resulting in a higher relative metabolic rate. We conclude that BRS Safira provides the best food quality for A. argillacea, BRS 200 the worst, and BRS Rubi plants of intermediate quality.     

(−)-α-Bisabolol attenuates visceral nociception and inflammation in mice

The study examined the antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the sesquiterpene (−)-α-bisabolol (BISA). The antiinflammatory effect was evaluated on acute models of dermatitis induced by Croton oil, arachidonic acid, phenol and capsaicin, respectively, in mouse ear. BISA inhibited the dermatitis induced by all noxious agents, except capsaicin. BISA was assessed in two established mouse models of visceral nociception. Mice were pretreated orally with BISA, and the pain-related behavioral responses to intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide or to intracolonic mustard oil were analyzed. BISA showed a dose-unrelated significant antinociception. Collectively, the results suggest that BISA may be an topical antiinflammatory and visceral antinociceptive agent.     

Courtship and mating behaviour in the fruit fly parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psyttalia concolor</Emphasis> (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): the role of wing fanning

Psyttalia concolor is a parasitoid of fruit flies (Tephritidae) which is used to control the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae). Detailed knowledge of its reproductive biology is required to optimise mass rearing conditions and use in biological control. In this study, the mating behaviour of P. concolor was investigated in order to understand the factors that can influence the success of male mating, using both high-speed video and biological assays. P. concolor males were more likely to be successful in mating during the early morning as opposed to the afternoon, and their courtship behaviour was not affected by the female mating status (i.e. virgin or mated). Wing fanning and copulation attempts were also frequently displayed among males, but male mating status did not influence male–male courtship behaviour. Video data revealed that during wing fanning, male wings were kept raised and moved rhythmically in a dorsoventral fashion. Frequency, pulse duration and interpulse interval of the fanning males during female courtship differed significantly in successful mating attempts compared to unsuccessful ones. Wingless males had significantly lower mating success compared to winged males, suggesting that wing fanning increases the likelihood of attracting a mate. Overall, the study increases the knowledge of the reproductive biology of P. concolor and suggests the importance of fanning behaviour among the range of sensory modalities used by this parasitoid in intra-specific communication.     

Plantlet regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in Nordmann’s fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies nordmanniana</Emphasis>)

I studied the influence of various combinations of auxin and cytokinin concentrations, and the increased content of zinc and enzymatic casein hydrolizate in SH medium on initiation and proliferation of embryogenic callus of Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach. Additionally, the effect of ABA, PEG-4000 and different wavelengths on the maturation of somatic embryos was tested. The use of optimum composition of modified SH medium with BA, KIN and 2.4-D while simultaneously ensuring appropriate external conditions resulted in 15.5 % embryogenesis. Finally, satisfactory results of micropropagation of A. nordmanniana by somatic embryogenesis were obtained providing seven lines of embryogenic callus with high proliferation capacity. Those lines gave properly developed seedlings in white LED light with a wavelength of 400-700 nm, preceded by eight-week vernalization treatment of the callus. This paper may provide a protocol by which all stages of somatic embryogenesis of A. nordmanniana can be carried out, including the preceding 24-h seed disinfection with NaOCl and PVP, which resulted in 100 % frequency of uninfected zygotic embryos that were capable of starting embryogenesis.     

Complex influence of rice variety,fertilization timing,and insecticide on population dynamics of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Sogatella furcifera</Emphasis> (Horvath)<Emphasis Type="Italic">, Nilaparvata lugens</Emphasis> (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and their natural enemies in rice in Hangzhou,China

The complex influence of rice variety, fertilization timing, and insecticides on the population dynamics of Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), and their natural enemies was studied in rice in Hangzhou, China. In the early season, S. furcifera adults immigrated to japonica Xiushui 11 (XS11) in a much higher density than to indica-japonica hybrid Xieyou 413 (XY413), which resulted in a higher density of the egg population of successive generations in XS11, while the peak density of the population peak of the 2nd generation in XY413 was higher due to a higher growth rate. In both of the rice varieties, spraying organic phosphorous triazophos in mid-season (during the 1st generation of the planthoppers) induced a population resurgence of the 2nd generations of S. furcifera and N. lugens. The main mechanism for the resurgence was the stimulation of reproduction of the 1st-generation adults and reduction of the density of predators, which in turn increased the survival of the planthoppers. Plots that were fertilized early attracted more N. lugens immigrants, but did not necessarily attract S. furcifera. Reproduction of the S. furcifera immigrants was enhanced by early fertilization of the fields of both rice varieties. The negative correlation between population growth rate from the 1st to the 2nd generation of S. furcifera and the density of spiders during the same period demonstrates the potential of predators in the natural control of rice planthoppers.     

Impact of mass-rearing on the host seeking behaviour and parasitism by the fruit fly parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psyttalia concolor</Emphasis> (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a koinobiont larval–pupal endoparasitoid of a large number of tephritids. P. concolor can be commonly reared on fully grown Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae. In our laboratory, over 180 consecutive generations have been completed on C. capitata. In this study, we tested the possibility that the uninterrupted mass-rearing of P. concolor on C. capitata may influence its host location and parasitisation behaviours when used against Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), the fruit fly commonly targeted in mass release of P. concolor in olive-groves. Choice and no-choice tests were used with naïve and experienced P. concolor females exposed to B. oleae and/or C. capitata larvae. The study showed no significant difference in oviposition behaviours and host acceptance when provided either C. capitata or B. oleae. However, the study did show that experience on a host plus a substrate complex could influence host preferences, since females that had previous oviposition experience on a given host species searched and chose significantly more when the same host species was presented, both in choice and no-choice conditions. Therefore, within the context of the pest management of fruit flies, it could be very useful to incorporate procedures in insectary-propagated fruit fly parasitoids designed to provide adequate training (i.e. oviposition experience) on the fruit fly species needing to be controlled.     

Characterization and application of recombinant β-glucosidase (BglH) from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus licheniformis</Emphasis> KCTC 1918

β-Glucosidase (β-1,4-D-glucoside glucohydrolase: EC.3.2.1.21) catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-glucosidic bonds between saccharides and aryl or alkyl groups. A gene encoding β-glucosidase from Bacillus licheniformis KCTC 1918, an anaerobic spore-forming soil bacterium, was cloned and characterized. The structural gene for the β-glucosidase consists of 1410 bp encoding 469 amino acid residues, and has a molecular weight of 53.4 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with 12% separating gel. The enzyme activity was determined against pNPG as a substrate. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 6.0 (citrate-phosphate buffer) and 47°C. β-Glucosidase retained 100% of its original activity for 24 h. The activity of the enzyme was stimulated by glycerol and urea and was decreased by Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Mn²⁺. In particular, Cu²⁺ had the strongest negative effect on β-glucosidase activity. The purified β-glucosidase was active against pNPG and cellobiose. When the β-glucosidase was tested for cellulose hydrolysis, the supplement of β-glucosidase with cellulose increased the glucose yield from pine wood powder by 139.8%.     

Food source provisioning and susceptibility of immature and adult<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> on concrete partially treated with chlorfenapyr (Phantom<Superscript>®</Superscript>)

A series of experiments were conducted in which adults, pupae, and 4-week-old larvae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, were exposed separately on concrete arenas partially treated (14.4% of the total area) with the insecticide chlorfenapyr (Phantom^®) at 1.1 g of active ingredient/m². A flour food source (patch) was also provided in the untreated portions of the arenas. In the first trial, adult mortality averaged 60.0 ± 10.6%, but progeny production occurred in the provided food patches. Pupal mortality was only 8.3 ± 3.1%, indicating that when adult emergence occurred, those adults were able to escape exposure, and there was no difference in progeny production from that in untreated controls (P = 0.27). In the second trial, few larvae exposed in choice and no-choice arenas were able to emerge as normal adults. In a final trial, residual efficacy declined during a 3-week period, with larvae being more susceptible than adults. Results show mobility of life stage may be a determining factor when assessing susceptibility of T. castaneum to contact insecticides.     

Pattern of genotype–environment interaction in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea glauca</Emphasis> (Moench) Voss in Alberta,Canada

• Introduction  

Genotype-environment interaction (GEI) among 19 white spruce provenances planted on eight sites in Alberta, Canada, was analyzed using type B correlations (r _p ) and the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The objectives were to quantify the extent of crossover interaction for height and diameter; evaluate the age-trends in GEI for height and diameter; and examine the role of provenance and test site climate in causing GEI.     

江苏林业史话(六) 民国时期(下)

这一时期江苏人工造林树种,也比历代有所增加,根据各地自然条件,主要有竹类、马尾松、黑松、赤松、杨、栎、栗、刺槐、泡桐、油茶、银杏、乌柏、榆、槐、香椿、楸树、杉木、柏类、槭类、枫香等。行道树有加拿大白杨、柳、椿、毛白杨等。为增加造林树种,民国二十四年（1935年）至民国二十六年（1937年）还从云南、河北、山西、山东、察哈尔、湖南、湖北、浙江、安徽、江西、四川等13个省、36个县引进树种。 造林实绩,据1923年《中国年鉴》资料,江苏森林面积1914年为15万亩,1918年增加到30万亩。又据民国政府中央统计处材料,江苏省从民国十八年（1929年）至二十一年（1932年）,全省造林共79801亩。其中1929年为13167亩,1930年为7692亩,1931年为31346亩,1932年为27596亩。 三、规定植树节,开展植树运动 民国四年（1915年）,农商部呈请大总统申令规定清明为植树节,并于是日举行植树典礼。民国十七年（1928年）,把植树节改至孙中山先生逝世纪念日为植树节。规定各省、市、县每年举行植树式,每处至少植树500株或造林10亩。各机关长官、职员、各学校师生及地方团体民众均须参加。并颁布植树条例     

杉木种子园(采穗圃)营建技术(续)

七、种子园管理嫁接种子园管理包括解带、修枝、扶正、抹芽去萌、间种和土肥管理、树冠整形、辅助授粉以及病虫防治等。解带:接株解带时间与嫁接期间气温有关,气温越高、愈合就越快,反之则慢,应注意观察。对接法及新对接法,一般春季嫁接后40至50天解带。芽接法,解带分二次进行,第     

Fitness consequences of seed size in the valley oak <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus lobata</Emphasis> Née (Fagaceae)

Introduction   

We examined the functional relationship between seed size and seedling performance in the valley oak (Quercus lobata Née) by means of a 13-year common garden experiment.     

Multiple-use forest planning model for second-growth forests of roble–raulí–coihue (genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus</Emphasis>)

Second-growth natural forests of roble–raulí–coihue are an important resource that must be managed from a multiple-use perspective. The objective of this work is to develop a thinning and harvest scheduling model for this type of forests aiming at maximizing profit while maintaining areas with minimum levels of biodiversity and landscape protection. The proposed model is based on a linear programming approach and incorporates constraints on timber yield flow and biodiversity levels as well as on clearcutting in high visibility areas. The evolution of forest diversity along the planning horizon has been modeled and both biodiversity and landscape indicators have been calculated. The model allows for the assessment of the physical and economic effects of management decisions, providing optimal resource allocation solutions for different scenarios and marginal values both for the land resource and for activities, such as biodiversity conservation or landscape protection, leading to the provision of non-market outputs.     

湖南省林业十强县(市)推介(二)

浏阳市浏阳市辖37个乡、镇、街道办事处,总人口134万,涉林人口达90万人以上,占总人口的70%。近年来,该市以     

黑龙江省(地方)林业发展战略(摘要)

一、森林资源及林业生产情况 (一)森林资源及变化趋势黑龙江省是国家重要的林业生产基地、市县经营林区是它的重要组成部分。据83年统计,在全省林业用地总面积中,由市县经营的有