磷肥用量对土壤速效磷及玉米产量和养分吸收的影响

通过两年田间肥料定位试验,研究北疆灰漠土区不同磷肥用量对土壤速效磷含量以及玉米生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,不施磷肥或施磷量较低（75 kg/hm²）时,土壤速效磷含量显著降低;施磷量为150 kg/hm²时土壤速效磷含量基本维持平衡;施磷量为300 kg/hm²时土壤速效磷在0～40 cm土壤积累明显。施磷肥可显著增加玉米干物质量,施磷量超过150 kg/hm²干物质量增加不明显。玉米植株的氮素和磷素积累量随施磷量增加而显著增加,磷肥对玉米植株磷素养分的分配影响不大,但可显著促进氮素向子粒的转运,氮素在子粒的分配比例显著增加。施磷肥可显著提高玉米产量,施磷量为150 kg/hm²可维持土壤速效磷平衡并获得高产,是该区玉米的适宜磷肥用量。     

麦季施磷量对小麦-玉米轮作产量及土壤有效磷的影响

为提高陕西关中地区小麦-玉米轮作体系磷素利用率和节本增效，以及筛选合理的磷肥施用方式，于2018-2021年进行连续3年的仅小麦季一次施磷的田间定位试验，通过设置0、75、150、225和300 kg·hm^-2 5个施磷（P₂O₅）水平，分析了麦季施磷量对小麦-玉米轮作产量、生物量、植株磷积累转运及土壤有效磷含量的影响。结果表明，与不施磷处理相比，施磷处理下小麦和小麦-玉米周年籽粒产量分别提高29.38%~40.95%和15.72%~24.57%，成熟期生物产量分别提高18.56%~34.19%和12.84%~23.29%，花前干物质转运量分别提高31.65%~63.33%和27.79%~52.47%，成熟期磷积累量分别提高37.08%~54.67%和39.54%~44.38%，磷素转运量分别提高90.82%~165.63%和44.06%~58.27%。通过进一步回归分析发现，实现小麦季和小麦-玉米周年最高产量的施磷量分别为207 和201 kg·hm^-2；若综合考虑粮食安全、环境安全和肥料利用率，以95%的小麦最高产量为实际目标，小麦季施磷量仅为130 kg·hm^-2，两个最高产量的施磷量分别降低37.20%和35.32%，磷肥利用率分别提高2.27和2.87个百分点，小麦成熟期和玉米成熟期土壤有效磷含量分别为17.96和12.31 mg·kg^-1。因此，陕西省关中小麦-玉米轮作区麦季一次施用磷肥可实现小麦和小麦玉米周年高产稳产，本试验条件下130 kg·hm^-2为满足较高的轮作产量和磷肥利用率的适宜麦季施磷水平。     

转Cry1A.401基因抗虫玉米CM8302和CM8303对亚洲玉米螟的抗性研究

采用农杆菌介导法获得转Cry1A.401基因抗虫玉米CM8302和CM8303,通过多代回交与自交获得BC₄F₁、BC₄F₂和BC₄F₃世代的转基因玉米材料。利用qRT-PCR和ELISA方法明确转基因抗虫玉米叶片、花丝和子粒均有Cry1A.401基因表达,不同世代间目的基因表达量无显著差异。田间接虫鉴定结果表明,CM8302和CM8303三个世代心叶期和吐丝期的抗性等级均为1级,抗性水平为高抗。室内生测结果表明,亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食CM8302心叶、花丝和子粒第6天存活率分别为0、4.0%和4.0%;取食CM8303心叶、花丝和子粒第6天存活率分别为0、4.0%和2.0%。分析显示转基因抗虫玉米CM8302和CM8303的心叶、花丝和子粒均具有显著杀虫效果且遗传稳定。     

钾肥对玉米的增产增收效果与利用率

田间试验结果表明,钾对玉米有较显著的增产作用。以施用K₂O 50～100kg/hm²可以获得最大产量和最高收益。钾肥在风沙土上增产、增收效果好于淡黑钙土和黑土,在黑钙土上好于黑土。施钾量与玉米产量关系式为y=a+bx+cx²。土壤有效钾含量与施钾最大增产量呈极显著的直线负相关y=3491.5-23.00x。玉米施钾可提高植株和子粒含钾量和干物质产量,因而明显提高吸钾量。在中肥力黑土上施用100kg/hm²钾(K₂O)的利用率为37.56%。     

玉米新品种绵单七号高产栽培技术研究

通过五因素二次回归正交旋转组合试验,建立了玉米新品种绵单七号子粒产量与种植密度(X₁),施氮量(X₂),施磷量(X₃),施钾量(X₄),施锌量(X₅)的数学模型.经用计算机进行因子水平寻优,得出产量在8 550 kg/hm²以上的栽培模式为:密度45 970～47 707株/hm²,施纯氮263.9～271.5 kg/hm²,施用P2O5为113.77～121.4 kg/hm²,施用K2O为99.4～107.9 kg/hm²,施用ZnO为8.0～9.7 kg/hm²。     

普通玉米单交种与高油玉米杂交当代子粒化学成分的遗传分析

试验以吉林省主推的普通玉米单交种为母本,以高油玉米为父本进行人工杂交,研究双亲对杂交当代子粒的脂肪、蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响.结果表明:①母本对杂交当代子粒脂肪含量的影响大于父本,杂交当代子粒的脂肪含量与其双亲的关系是:普通玉米单交种×高油玉米自交系杂交当代子粒的脂肪含量=0.60P₁+0.40P₂;普通玉米单交种×高油玉米单交种杂交当代子粒的脂肪含量=0.65P₁+0.35P₂;普通玉米单交种×高油玉米群体的杂交当代子     

磷肥用量对油菜产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响

利用大田试验研究了磷肥用量对油菜生长、产量、养分含量、养分积累及经济收益的影响.结果表明,在4个施磷水平下,蕲春和黄冈两个试验点磷肥(P2O5)用量分别为135kg/hm2和90kg/hm2时效果最好,分别提高产量148.5%和81.5%,增加纯利润2 532元/hm2和1 038元/hm2.施磷能大幅度的增加油菜分枝数、每株角果数、每角籽粒数及在一定程度上提高籽粒千粒重.施磷能不同程度地提高油菜各部位N、P、K养分含量,显著地提高油菜地上部对N、P和K的积累量.根据肥料效应方程和油菜籽及磷肥价格确定,蕲春和黄冈试验点最高产量水平时的磷肥用量分别为145.3kg/hm2和119.2kg/hm2,而最佳施磷量则分别为141.4kg/hm2和113.5kg/hm2.     

水肥一体化施磷对滴灌高产春玉米产量及肥料利用率的影响

磷肥的施用方式和施用量对提高作物的产量和磷肥利用效率有重要影响。研究常规一次性施肥和滴灌分次施肥以及不同磷肥用量对玉米生长及磷肥利用效率的影响,为进一步提高滴灌密植高产春玉米产量及肥料利用率提供理论依据。结果表明,在滴灌水肥一体化分次施磷模式下,磷肥用量在90 kg/hm2时玉米产量达到最大(16.66～17.29 t/hm2),比一次性基肥施入产量高8.3%～12.6%,经济效益平均提高11.0%;磷肥偏生产力和农学利用率比一次性基肥施入处理分别提高44.4%～50%和59.5%～73.65%。在滴灌水肥一体化条件下,在玉米开花前随水分次滴施水溶磷肥能有效提高玉米产量和磷肥利用率,同时能减少磷肥用量,提高经济效益。     

施磷量对高磷土壤小麦磷素吸收和土壤磷平衡的影响

为给高磷土壤小麦磷管理提供依据,在河南省温县速效磷为49.1 mg·kg^-1的土壤上开展2年田间试验,设置5个施磷量水平（0、45、90、135、180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）,研究施磷量对小麦产量、干物质积累、磷素吸收利用及土壤磷素平衡的影响。结果表明,随施磷水平的提高,小麦产量呈先增后减趋势,且两年分别在90和135 kg·hm^-2施磷量下最高。90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理显著提高小麦干物质积累量,施磷量进一步增加时干物质累积量无显著变化,叶片等各器官均表现出相似趋势。第一年小麦花后干物质转运量以90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理最高,转运效率为36.7%;第二年花后干物质转运量以135 kg·hm^-2施磷处理最高,转运效率为30.9%。小麦开花期和收获期磷素积累量均以90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理最高,施磷处理收获期吸磷量比不施磷处理增加14.5%～44.6%,开花后各器官磷素转运量和转运效率以90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理相对较高。磷肥利用率随着施磷量增加呈下降趋势,90 kg·hm^-2施磷处理下磷肥利用率相对较高,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率、表观回收率两年平均为130.8 kg·kg^-1、 10.6 kg·kg^-1、23.9%。磷肥用量高于90 kg·hm^-2时,土壤磷素呈盈余状况;在90 kg·hm^-2施磷水平下土壤磷素盈余0.1～17.3 kg·hm^-2;在施磷135 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2时,土壤磷素盈余量分别为32.1～77.5和101.5～115.3 kg·hm^-2。这说明,在土壤磷素肥力较高的情况下,推荐施磷量90 kg·hm^-2,可促进干物质和磷素积累,提高小麦产量,同时维持合理的磷肥利用率及磷素平衡状况。     

CO2浓度升高对玉米叶片光合生理特性的影响

以沈糯3号为研究材料,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)法研究了二氧化碳(CO₂)浓度升高处理下,玉米叶片叶绿素含量、光合生理特性及其子粒产量的变化,揭示CO₂浓度升高对玉米光合生理特性及子粒产量的影响机理。结果表明,在整个生育期内,与对照相比,高浓度CO₂处理下,玉米叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素(a+b)的含量增加,而叶绿素a/b的值则先升高后降低;在整个处理期间,净光合速率均高于对照(p>0.05),升高幅度为12.6%～71.1%,气孔导度低于对照(p>0.05),其降低幅度为2.9%～18.8%。处理至抽雄期和灌浆期,胞间CO₂浓度分别增加152%和161%,均极显著高于对照(p<0.01);蒸腾速率的变化较小。高浓度CO₂处理下,玉米穗粒数和穗粒重均明显高于对照(p<0.05)。CO₂浓度升高在一定程度上促进了玉米的光合作用,从而使玉米子粒产量增加。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.