Physical mapping of a translocation breakpoint in neurofibromatosis

The gene for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1), one of the most common autosomal-dominant disorders of humans, was recently mapped to chromosome 17 by linkage analysis. The identification of two NF1 patients with balanced translocations that involved chromosome 17q11.2 suggests that the disease can arise by gross rearrangement of the NF1 locus, and that the NF1 gene might be identified by cloning the region around these translocation breakpoints. To further define the region of these translocations, a series of chromosome 17 Not I-linking clones has been mapped to proximal 17q and studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. One clone, 17L1 (D17S133), clearly identifies the breakpoint in an NF1 patient with a t(1;17) translocation. A 2.3-megabase pulsed-field map of this region was constructed and indicates that the NF1 breakpoint is only 10 to 240 kilobases away from 17L1. This finding prepares the way for the cloning of NF1.     

Neurofibromas in NF1: Schwann cell origin and role of tumor environment

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most prevalent dominantly inherited genetic diseases of the nervous system. NF1 encodes a tumor suppressor whose functional loss results in the development of benign neurofibromas that can progress to malignancy. Neurofibromas are complex tumors composed of axonal processes, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, perineurial cells, and mast cells. Through use of a conditional (cre/lox) allele, we show that loss of NF1 in the Schwann cell lineage is sufficient to generate tumors. In addition, complete NF1-mediated tumorigenicity requires both a loss of NF1 in cells destined to become neoplastic as well as heterozygosity in non-neoplastic cells. The requirement for a permissive haploinsufficient environment to allow tumorigenesis may have therapeutic implications for NF1 and other familial cancers.     

蒺藜苜蓿中1个聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因突变体的筛选及共生固氮表型的初步鉴定

以模式豆科植物蒺藜苜蓿中1个聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)基因为对象,对其进行生物信息学分析,结果显示:该基因全长4 150bp,其编码区1 278bp,编码425个氨基酸;其编码蛋白包括2个与细胞壁主要成分果胶降解有关的保守结构域PL-6superfamily和Glyco_hydro_28;该酶蛋白与鹰嘴豆、赤豆等豆科植物中的PG蛋白同源关系更近。苜蓿基因表达谱数据库分析和RT-PCR检测结果表明,MtPG在根瘤中呈显著增强表达,在非共生组织如根、叶中表达量很低。此外,基于该基因3个Tnt1转座子插入的目标候选突变体(NF0999、NF5561和NF4746)插入位点分析,得到1个纯合突变体材料NF4746,共生表型观察表明,MtPG基因在豆科植物共生固氮的早期侵染过程中发挥重要作用。     

玉米ES型雄性不育胞质在生产上应用的可行性研究

对１０对ＥＳ型雄性不育胞质杂交种和正常胞质杂交种进行了产量和农艺性状的比较。结果表明，ＥＳ型雄性不育胞质杂交种与其同核的正常胞质杂交种的产量无显著差异，ＥＳ型雄性不育胞质对杂交种的农艺性状无不良影响。又根据ＥＳ胞质不育系具有稳定的不育性和ＥＳ胞质抗病性的有关研究，作者认为ＥＳ型雄性不育细胞质完全可以在生产上应用。     

Mouse tumor model for neurofibromatosis type 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by increased incidence of benign and malignant tumors of neural crest origin. Mutations that activate the protooncogene ras, such as loss of Nf1, cooperate with inactivating mutations at the p53 tumor suppressor gene during malignant transformation. One hundred percent of mice harboring null Nf1 and p53 alleles in cis synergize to develop soft tissue sarcomas between 3 and 7 months of age. These sarcomas exhibit loss of heterozygosity at both gene loci and express phenotypic traits characteristic of neural crest derivatives and human NF1 malignancies.     

燕麦氮吸收利用特性与适宜施氮量的定位研究

 【目的】明确燕麦对氮的吸收利用特性以及吉林白城地区适宜氮肥用量。【方法】以皮燕麦白燕7号和裸燕麦白燕2号为材料,通过设置5个氮肥梯度（0、30、60、90和120 kgN•hm-2）,定位研究了两种燕麦氮吸收利用与产量形成的氮肥效应。【结果】本试验条件下,施氮量越多,燕麦不同生育阶段的氮积累量、总氮积累量、穗部氮积累量、转移量和花后吸收量越多,各处理间差异显著。氮素阶段吸收比例在低氮处理有苗期提高、灌浆后期降低的趋势,花前氮素转移率则表现为随施氮量增加先升高后降低。氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率随施氮量的增加而降低。氮收获指数以中低施肥处理最高,不施肥或最高施氮处理最低。氮生理利用效率存在极显著的年际间差异,年份与品种互作效应显著。氮肥显著影响燕麦产量（P＜0.05）,两种燕麦籽粒产量均随施氮水平的提高而增加,但90和120 kgN•hm-2处理间差异不显著;获得最高产量的氮肥用量有随定位时间的延长而增大的趋势。【结论】施氮量显著影响燕麦对氮素的吸收与利用特性,品种间有差异,白燕7号较白燕2号对氮反应更敏感。4年的定位结果看,吉林白城地区氮肥用量90 kgN•hm-2可以实现燕麦高产高效生产。     

Regulation of Ras-GAP and the neurofibromatosis-1 gene product by eicosanoids

Ras-GAP (GTPase activating protein) is a regulatory protein that stimulates the intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of the proto-oncogene product p21ras. A domain of the neurofibromatosis gene product (NF1) that has sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of Ras-GAP and to yeast IRA gene products also has a specific stimulatory activity toward p21ras GTPase. Arachidonic acid and phosphatidic acid inactivate GAP, but no agents have been identified that stimulate GAP and thereby switch p21ras off. With the use of recombinant Ha-c-Ras and Ras-GAP, NF1, and GAP catalytic domains, it was found that prostaglandins PGF2 alpha and PGA2 stimulated Ras-GAP and that prostacyclin PGI2 inhibited Ras-GAP. The stimulatory effect of PGF2 alpha was saturable and structure-specific and competed with the inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid also inhibited the catalytic activity of NF1, but prostaglandins were not stimulatory. These results suggest a mechanism for the allosteric control of Ras function through the modulation of arachidonate metabolism.     

Effects of types and application rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the development and nitrogen utilization of summer maize

To reduce nitrogen fertilizer (NF) loss and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in summer maize, the effects of the different application rates of three types of NF (urea, coated urea and compound fertilizer) on the growth and development and NUE of summer maize (cultivars: Zhengdan958 and Nongda108) were studied in 2004. The main findings of this study were: (1) The yields of the two cultivars increased significantly with each increment of N application rate from 0–180 kg N·hm⁻². The increase in the yield of summer maize treated with compound fertilizer was greater than the yield of those treated with either of the other two fertilizers at the same application rate, while the differences among the three types of NF were not significant. (2) Grain number per ear of the two cultivars rose in relation to the increase in N application rate, while its relationship with the type of NF was very weak. The type of NF had a greater impact on 1000-grain weight, and a difference between cultivars was observed. (3) Leaf area index (LAI), dry matter weight and leaf chlorophyll content grew in relation to the increase in N application rate, and were improved more sharply by compound fertilizer or coated urea than by urea alone. (4) Compared to the results achieved with urea, the NUEs of summer maize treated with coated urea and compound fertilizer were higher but the nitrogen harvest index was not improved. In addition, the NUEs of three types of NF exhibited a genotype difference from summer maize. __________ Translated from Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2006, 21(1): 115–120 [译自: 华北农学报]     

Mouse models of tumor development in neurofibromatosis type 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a prevalent familial cancer syndrome resulting from germ line mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Hallmark features of the disease are the development of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (neurofibromas), which can progress to malignancy. Unlike humans, mice that are heterozygous for a mutation in Nf1 do not develop neurofibromas. However, as described here, chimeric mice composed in part of Nf1-/- cells do, which demonstrates that loss of the wild-type Nf1 allele is rate-limiting in tumor formation. In addition, mice that carry linked germ line mutations in Nf1 and p53 develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which supports a cooperative and causal role for p53 mutations in MPNST development. These two mouse models provide the means to address fundamental aspects of disease development and to test therapeutic strategies.     

夏玉米不同施氮水平土壤硝态氮累积及对后茬冬小麦的影响

【目的】探讨夏玉米季不同施氮水平土壤硝态氮（NO3--N）累积及对后茬冬小麦的影响,利用作物轮作降低土壤NO3--N累积,减缓其淋洗,以提高氮肥周年利用率。【方法】夏玉米季设置不同施氮量处理,冬小麦采取节水省肥栽培,研究夏玉米收获后土壤剖面累积的NO3--N对冬小麦生长发育、产量及NO3--N累积动态的影响。【结果】夏玉米季施氮量与作物收获后土壤剖面NO3--N累积量,NO3--N累积量与冬小麦的产量都呈极显著线性正相关关系。冬小麦季采取限氮或不施氮处理作物收获后土壤剖面各层NO3--N含量,与夏玉米收获后相比都有显著降低。夏玉米季施氮240 kg•hm-2、冬小麦季施氮157.5 kg•hm-2（N240+157.5）或者冬小麦季不施氮前茬夏玉米季施氮360 kg•hm-2（N360+0）都能满足冬小麦各生育时期对氮的需求,产量、吸氮量和周年氮肥利用率相近且都保持较高的水平,但夏玉米季高施氮处理,当季氮存在很大的淋洗等损失风险。【结论】夏玉米季施入的氮肥对后茬冬小麦有很强的有效性,小麦季采取节水省肥栽培,能显著减少前茬作物收获后残留的NO3--N,减缓其淋洗,同时保障作物产量,提高氮肥利用率。生产中氮肥的合理分配应充分考虑前茬残留氮素对后茬的有效性。     

中国洪湖不同倍性泥鳅的染色体组型及形态特征比较分析

以中国洪湖自然二倍体、三倍体、四倍体泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus为研究对象,运用经典的形态测量观察方法、染色体制片技术对不同倍性泥鳅的染色体组型、形态特征进行比较分析。结果表明：1）二倍体泥鳅2n=50,核型公式为10m＋4sm＋36t,NF=64;三倍体泥鳅3n=75,核型公式为15m＋6sm＋54t,NF=96;四倍体泥鳅4n=100,核型公式为20m＋8sm＋72t,NF=128;2）5个比例性状测量结果显示,二倍体与四倍体很接近,没有表现出明显的差异,但两者与三倍体在眼后头长/体长（PL/SL）、后头部到鳃的距离/体长（LOOSR/SL）、背鳍前端到尾鳍的距离/体长（LODO-CB/SL）3个比例性状存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;3）主成分分析表明,二倍体、三倍体及四倍体形态差异主要系躯体后半部差异所致;（4）聚类分析结果显示,洪湖二倍体和四倍体相聚类,亲缘关系较近,与三倍体群体的聚类关系较远。     

黄麻链霉菌NF0919菌株对草莓枯萎病的生防活性初探

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了黄麻链霉菌NF0919发酵液对草莓枯萎病菌的室内毒力,并进行了防治草莓枯萎病的室内盆栽试验。结果表明:NF0919菌株发酵液和申嗪霉素对草莓枯萎病菌菌丝生长抑制的EC50值分别为24.3752和0.4001μg/mL;NF0919菌株发酵上清20倍液和1%申嗪霉素SC 800倍液药后30 d对草莓枯萎病的防效分别为65%和90%。     

Site-specific production functions for variable rate corn nitrogen fertilization

Specific recommendations for variable rate nitrogen (VRN) fertilization in corn (Zea mays L.) are required to realize the potential environmental and economic benefits of this technology. However, recommendations based on algorithms that consider the processes controlling crop response to nitrogen fertilizer (NF) within fields have not yet been developed. The objectives of this study were to develop site-specific corn yield production functions for VRN fertilization and to determine the site-specific variables controlling corn response to NF. The experiments were conducted on eight commercial production fields. Fields were divided into 13–20 sections composed of five plots. Each plot received one NF rate. Site-specific variables included primary and secondary terrain attributes, and the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT). Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased corn yield and it interacted with at least one site-specific variable. The ISNT was the site-specific variable that interacted with NF in most fields where the CV of ISNT was larger than 10%. The parameter estimates indicate that ISNT had a positive effect on corn yield and that it reduced the response to NF. Terrain attributes also affected corn yield and its response to NF. In general, parameter estimates indicated that well drained areas (i.e. small specific catchment area, moderate slopes) had higher yields and responded less to NF than areas where water is expected to accumulate. These results indicate that terrain attributes as surrogates for soil water content and the ISNT as a measure of soil mineralizable nitrogen are site-specific characteristics that affect corn yield and its response to NF.     

黄淮冬麦区小麦品种(系)品质遗传组成及其效应分析

对黄淮冬麦区曾经及目前利用的小麦品种(系)的品质遗传组成进行了分析。结果表明,高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)等位变异对SDS沉降值、和面时间、耐揉性以及籽粒蛋白质含量影响较大,其中5+10亚基对小麦大多数加工品质指标起正向作用,是对小麦加工品质贡献较大的优质亚基,但频率较低(31.6%);而1BL/1RS易位系对大多数小麦加工品质指标有明显的降低作用,频率较高(52.9%)。进一步分析含有不同亚基组合各品种的面团加工特性可知,含有5+10亚基的品种,尤其是亚基组合为1,7+8、5+10非1BL/1RS易位系的品种,表现出较好的加工品质。由此认为,在品种选育过程中应结合蛋白质电泳结果或分子标记、沉降值和面粉蛋白质或面粉湿面筋含量的测定等品质鉴定手段,筛选含有优质亚基组合1,7+8、5+10和非1BL/1RS易位系的品种,以增强小麦品种的面筋强度,提升小麦加工品质。     

1BL/1RS易位系小麦品质性状相关基因等位变异分析

为了探讨1BL/1RS易位系在小麦品质育种中的潜在利用价值,利用小麦品质相关基因分子标记,明确了258份1BL/1RS易位系小麦品种(系)中5个相关基因型的分布规律。在258份1BL/1RS易位系小麦品种(系)中,Ppo-A1b和Ppo-D1a 2个基因型分布频率分别为58.2%和64.0%,Ppo-A1b/Ppo-D1a基因型所占比例为36.8%。这表明1BL/1RS易位系在低PPO活性小麦育种中具有应用价值。Psy-A1低黄色素等位变异基因型Psy-A1b仅占全部1BL/1RS易位系品种(系)的30.2%。在低黄色素小麦育种亲本组配中,应注意1BL/1RS易位系品种(系)的选择。硬质麦Pinb-D1b基因型所占比例为60.9%。在258份1BL/1RS易位系小麦品种(系)中,其中27份的基因型为Ppo-A1b/Ppo-D1a/Psy-A1b/Pind-D1b,这些品种(系)在小麦品质育种中有重要应用价值。穗发芽密切相关基因Vp1的等位基因Vp-1Ba、Vp-1Bb、Vp-1Bc所占比例分别为33.3%、3.1%、63.6%。     

普通小麦大赖草易位系T3AS·3AL-7Lr#1S的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

大赖草对赤霉病具有较好的抗性,将大赖草赤霉病抗性基因转入普通小麦,对拓宽小麦赤霉病抗性基础有重要意义。本研究在获得抗赤霉病普通小麦-大赖草异附加系基础上,采用1 200 R ⁶⁰Co-γ射线处理小麦-大赖草二体附加系DA7Lr花粉,授予已去雄的普通小麦中国春,对其后代(M₁)种子根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体进行GISH分析,获得了1株具有1条普通小麦-大赖草易位染色体的植株,让其自交,对自交后代中具有2条易位染色体植株的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ进行观察,发现2条易位染色体形成了稳定的环状二价体,表明该植株为纯合体。利用顺序GISH-双色FISH分析,结合C-分带、小麦D基因组专化探针Oligo-pAs1-2和B基因组专化探针Oligo-pSc119.2-2,进一步鉴定出该普通小麦-大赖草易位系为T3AS·3AL-7Lr#1S,且筛选出了可追踪该易位系的3个EST-STS分子标记BE591127、BQ168298和BE591737。该易位系的育成为小麦赤霉病遗传改良提供了新种质。     

小麦1BL/1RS易位系的生化和分子标记鉴定

本文利用A-PAGE方法对87份供试的小麦材料进行了黑麦碱(secalin)检测,并进一步利用低分子量麦谷蛋白Glu-B3的STS-PCR标记以及与抗条锈病基因Yr9紧密连锁的Xgwm582标记对上述材料进行了1BL/1RS易位检测。结果表明,在87份材料中鉴定出了一种新的改良1BL/1RS易位系,该类易位系的特征是:含有来自1RS的抗条锈病基因Yr9、不含黑麦碱、具有Glu-B3基因、比一般1BL/1RS易位系具有明显偏高的SDS-沉降值。本研究中选用的生化标记和分子标记可以有效检测出育种材料中的1BL/1RS、非1BL/1RS以及改良1BL/1RS易位系。     

改性活性炭吸附咪唑类离子液体的效果

[目的]通过氧化处理提高活性炭吸附量。[方法]活性炭的表面化学性质可以直接影响活性炭对离子液体的吸附,采用过氧化氢、硝酸、过硫酸铵氧化活性炭(F300),改变其表面的官能团含量,合成过氧化氢改性活性炭(HF300)、硝酸改性活性炭(NF300)、过硫酸铵改性活性炭(SF300),研究其对氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑(Bmimcl)和氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑(Omimcl)的吸附影响。[结果]HF300、NF300、SF300表面的含氧官能团显著增加;HF300、NF300、SF300中SF300对含亲水性阳离子的Bmimcl的吸附效果最佳且提升最为显著,吸附容量由TF300的0.19 mmol/g增加到0.29 mmol/g;HF300、NF300、SF300对含疏水性阳离子的Omimcl的吸附无明显变化。SF300对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附均符合Freundlich模型;SF300对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附符合准二级动力学,Bmimcl在SF300上的准二级动力学速率常数为0.016 3 g/(mg·min),Omimcl在SF300上的准二级动力学速率常数为0.002 2 g/(mg·min)。无机阳离子(Na~+,Ca~(2+))会抑制SF300对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附,且Ca~(2+)的抑制效果强于Na~+。SF300对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附量随pH的升高呈现出先升高后变低的变化趋势,对Bmimcl和Omimcl的吸附量分别在pH=7和5时达到最大。[结论]氧化处理可以提高活性炭的吸附量。     

小麦抗条锈病染色体异源易位系的选育

利用小麦品种Jubilar作为受体 ,黑麦自交系L15 5为供体 ,培育了 1个抗条锈病 ,叶锈病和白粉病的小麦异源易位系A1882。使用C -带技术证明 ,这个易位系含有 1RS/ 1BL易位染色体。研究表明 ,与其它的 1RS/ 1BL易位系相比 ,本研究创制的这个 1RS/ 1BL易位染色体含有不同抗病基因。用这个异源易位系与高产品种杂交 ,并利用易位染色体作标记辅助选择 ,培育了抗小麦条锈病兼抗白粉病材料R14- 12、R14- 2 2和R16 5 - 2。经接种鉴定 ,这些品系对小麦条锈菌条中 30号和 31号生理小种免疫 ,抗叶锈病并中抗白粉病。这 3份材料的农艺性状较好 ,抗病性稳定 ,容易在小麦育种中应用。本研究证明 ,通过初级易位系与优良品系的杂交和选择 ,把异源易位染色体放在协调的小麦遗传背景上 ,是在小麦育种中克服易位染色体不良作用的有效方法