“十四五”土壤生物学分支学科发展战略

土壤生物是地球生物多样性的重要组成部分。土壤生物驱动着土壤中有机质降解、元素循环、污染物转化与降解以及温室气体的产生与消耗,在全球粮食安全、环境保护以及应对气候变化等方面发挥着重要作用。土壤生物学是研究土壤生物多样性与分布、土壤生物的过程与功能以及土壤生物的调控与应用的科学。21世纪以来,分子生物学技术的突破与生态学理论的广泛应用极大地推进了土壤生物学研究的发展。本文回顾了土壤生物学科的发展历程,详细介绍了土壤生物学科的发展现状,提出了土壤生物学科在理论与应用上的发展趋势,并对未来土壤生物学科的发展方向进行了展望。随着多学科交叉融合以及研究手段的进步,土壤生物学迎来了一个新的发展时期。土壤生物学研究在生物资源挖掘、时空分布格局、生态服务功能和生物调控等方面取得的重要成果,将更好地服务于土壤健康、植物健康、人类健康以及我们的星球健康。     

砷污染土壤生物挥发研究进展

本文综述了国内外As污染土壤生物挥发研究的最新进展.介绍了As的生物地球化学循环过程,分析了微生物形成挥发性As化合物的机理以及影响因素,探讨了采用生物挥发修复As污染土壤的可能性,最后展望了As污染土壤生物挥发研究的未来.     

变化环境下土壤生物多样性潜在威胁与影响因素

作为地球上生物最为丰富的生境,土壤生态系统具有高度的生物多样性,并与地上生态系统有着密切联系。随着经济快速发展,人为干扰日益严重,土壤生物多样性遭受严重威胁,在物种大量灭绝及对土壤生物多样性总体认识相对局限的双重背景下,有效保护土壤生物多样性迫在眉睫。首先,提出了土壤生物多样性的威胁框架,并详述了土地利用变化、农业管理措施、土壤退化、转基因作物、外来植物入侵五大威胁因素在生态系统,物种,基因三个尺度下的不同作用过程。其次,阐明了各威胁因素对土壤生物多样性的具体影响及其驱动机制。最后指出,尽管人们对于上述威胁因素的研究已经有了部分成果,但对于研究各威胁因素在不同尺度下的影响,明确因素间相互作用方式及贡献程度,进行土壤生物多样性威胁的空间精细化制图等方面还面临着巨大挑战。分析土壤生物多样性潜在威胁能够为实现对其综合定量评估、保护土壤生物多样性以及城市规划等提供有力依据。     

城市绿地类型对土壤线虫多样性的影响及生物指示值分析

【目的】为探讨城市绿地土壤线虫群落多样性特征以及生物指示意义，揭示不同绿地类型中土壤线虫群落的生物多样性和功能多样性分布规律。【方法】调查道路绿地、居住绿地、公园绿地和风景名胜区绿地中土壤线虫群落特征，分析线虫群落的生物多样性和功能多样性特征并利用生物指示值法分析线虫物种指示值。【结果】研究调查发现线虫共46属，不同绿地类型明显改变了线虫群落生物多样性和功能多样性（p＜0.05）；风景名胜区绿地的生物多样性水平最高，其次为公园绿地，居住区绿地最低；线虫成熟度指数和线虫通路指数在道路绿地中最低，在居住绿地和公园绿地中增加，风景名胜区中最高（p＜0.05）。Aphelenchoides、Cylindrolaimus以及Epidorylaimus是道路绿地的指示生物；Bastiania是公园绿地的指示生物；Leptonchus、Monhystera和Clarkus是风景名胜区绿地的指示生物。【结论】不同城市绿地对线虫群落多样性产生了明显的影响，研究结果进一步明确了线虫类群对城市生态系体绿地生境的指示意义，为城市生物多样性保护提供了理论依据。     

土壤质量生物学指标研究进展

本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。     

参与土壤氮素循环的微生物功能基因多样性研究进展

土壤氮素循环是生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分, 不但影响着土壤生产力和可持续发展, 还影响着全球环境变化.土壤微生物在土壤氮循环中发挥着不可替代的作用, 参与了包括固氮作用、氨化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用等重要生态过程.近十年中, 分子生物学技术的发展为从功能基因角度研究与土壤氮循环密切相关的微生物功能群结构、组成和丰度的变化提供了新的契机.本文综述了参与土壤氮循环的微生物功能基因多样性研究进展, 并展望了未来发展方向.     

土壤微生物多样性的科学内涵及其生态服务功能

土壤微生物多样性是指土壤生态系统中所有的微生物种类、它们拥有的基因以及这些微生物与环境之间相互作用的多样化程度,当前研究主要集中在物种多样性、遗传多样性、结构多样性及功能多样性等4个方面。土壤微生物多样性作为全球性研究迄今仅有10余年时间,但已呈现对象广、内容多、水平宽、方法新等特点,特别是分子生物学技术在很大程度上决定并体现了其研究水平和发展进程。然而,如何进一步改进土壤微生物的培养技能、加强土壤宏基因组学分析与应用、耦合土壤微生物多样性与生态功能、揭示土壤微域结构的影响机制是土壤微生物多样性研究的4个关键科学问题。当然,土壤微生物多样性的生态系统服务功能是其根本价值所在,主要包括有机物分解、物质循环和生态安全调控等3个方面。今后,土壤微生物多样性研究应紧紧围绕其与土壤生物过程、生态服务功能三者之间的联系,着重建立土壤微生物多样性的研究指标和方法体系,进而阐明人类生产活动影响土壤微生物多样性及其生态服务功能的土壤生物过程。     

中国土壤生物学研究的回顾与展望

土壤生物是土壤发生与发展的重要推动力,是土壤生态系统中最为活跃的组成部分。本文在系统查阅近10年来国内外土壤生物学文献的基础上,分析了中国土壤生物学研究的现状特点,从土壤生态学、土壤生物化学、土壤微生物学、土壤?植物系统、土壤动物学几个方面概括了土壤生物学研究的主要进展。结合国际土壤科学发展的前沿和热点问题,建议重点开展土壤生物与全球环境变化、土壤生物与土壤质量、土壤生物多样性与生态功能、微生物宏基因组学与活性物质开发、土壤污染与生物修复、土壤酶学与元蛋白质组技术等方面的研究。     

生物炭对干旱区绿洲农田土壤呼吸的影响

为探究不同粒径秸秆生物炭添加对绿洲农田土壤CO2排放及Q10的影响,以新疆典型绿洲农田土壤灰漠土为供试材料,采用室内土柱培养的方法,研究添加＞5、1～5、0.25～1和＜0.25mm共4种粒径棉花秸秆生物炭和葡萄藤生物炭对农田土壤CO2释放的影响。结果表明：（1）试验周期内（0～85d）,添加生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率呈先增加后降低的趋势,前10d土壤呼吸增速较高;添加生物炭的土壤呼吸速率（1.27μmol·m-2·s-1）高于不添加生物炭的对照处理（1.01μmol·m-2·s-1）,棉花秸秆生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率（1.43μmol·m-2·s-1）高于添加葡萄藤生物炭处理（1.08μmol·m-2·s-1）。培养期内土壤CO2累积过程符合一级反应动力学方程,生物炭添加改变了土壤CO2潜在排放量、周转速率和半周转期。（2）添加棉花秸秆和葡萄藤两种生物炭处理与土壤CO2累积排放量（y）分别符合y=7.51x+88.53和y=2.68x+75.85的线性关系（x为生物炭粒径）。（3）添加生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率与空气温度和土壤温度显著相关,棉花秸秆生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率与温度的相关性高于葡萄藤生物炭处理,土壤温度敏感系数随粒径的减小而增加。综合土壤呼吸速率和温度敏感系数考虑,建议绿洲农田施用1～5mm中等粒径生物炭。     

施用有机肥对土壤生物性状影响的研究进展

施肥是农业生态系统中的重要一环,因土壤生物特性如土壤酶活力、微生物量、呼吸以及生物多样性等对外来扰动的灵敏性优于理化特性而在近几年受到了广泛关注。长期配施有机肥能显著调节土壤营养环境,提高微生物碳氮含量,降低代谢呼吸商值并提高多种土壤酶的活力和土壤生物多样性,为作物稳产高产创造良好的土壤生态环境,而化肥施用的效果恰相反。土壤生物特性的变动关系到土壤质量、农业生产的产量以及生态系统的稳定,本文综述了近几年国内外关于施用有机肥对土壤生物性质影响的研究结果。     

Are higher taxa adequate surrogates for species-level assemblage patterns and species richness in stream organisms?

We examined the utility of using genera and families as surrogates of species-level assemblage patterns. We assessed cross-taxonomic level congruence, as well as taxonomic structure-environment and taxon richness-environment relationships in stream macroinvertebrate and diatom data surveyed across Finland. A number of interesting and important findings emerged from our analyses. For both macroinvertebrates and diatoms, species richness was strongly correlated with genus and family richness, and similarities in assemblage structure between species-, genus- and family-level matrices were also significant and relatively strong. For macroinvertebrates, the key environmental variables for assemblage structure and taxon richness remained the same irrespective of taxonomic level. For diatoms, however, the environmental variables related to variation in diatom taxon richness varied between taxonomic data sets, while determinants of assemblage structure remained largely the same. For macroinvertebrates, relatively similar amounts of variation in assemblage structure and taxon richness for species-, genus-, and family-level data were accounted for by the environmental variables, shared environmental and spatial variables, spatial variables, and total variation explained. By contrast, for diatoms, these components of variability differed somewhat between taxonomic levels. Our results suggest that, for macroinvertebrates, even family-level data could be used in rapid biodiversity assessments, where the objective is to examine biodiversity patterns and rank sites according to their conservation value in our study region. Families might also perform well in this task in other regions that are characterized by low faunal species diversity, but the situation is likely to be different for regions with higher species diversity. Although weaker than the relationships in macroinvertebrate data, species-level data for diatoms also showed rather similar patterns to genus- and family-level data. However, due to the low number of diatom families, it is likely that families do not provide enough variability in biodiversity patterns. Thus, for diatoms, genus-level data could perhaps be more efficient than family-level data in correlating with species-level data and portraying assemblage patterns for conservation purposes.     

Concentrating soil diatoms for assemblage description

Species lists and relative species composition of soil diatom assemblages are difficult to obtain because soil diatoms are often sparse and hard to detect among soil particles. Because soil diatoms are usually within the silt size range (5–50 μm), assemblages can be made more observable using soil sieving and sedimentation procedures to remove sand and clay. Diatomaceous silica (opal) can be further concentrated by using heavy liquid centrifugation, but this procedure is expensive, time consuming and involves handling potentially dangerous chemicals. Three fractionation procedures (5–50 μm silt, 5–50 μm opal and 20–50 μm opal) were compared using surface soils from five contrasting desert sites. The 20–50 μm opal method selected against some of the smaller diatom species. The 5–50 μm opal method gave slightly better results than the 5–50 μm silt method. But because results obtained through use of these two methods were highly correlated, the 5–50 μm silt procedure is preferred as a simple, inexpensive alternative to conventional examination methods. We favor sedimentation and concentration methods over culturing techniques because the latter may modify the relative proportions of observed species.     

Magic Modeling of Long-Term Lake Water and Soil Chemistry at Abborrträsket, Northern Sweden

The geochemical model MAGIC has been applied to the Abborrträsket lake catchment in northern Sweden for the period 1843-2000. The two objectives were to 1.) simulate historical biogeochemical fluxes and pools and 2.) test whether the MAGIC model of biogeochemical cycling contradicts the published diatom record of a relatively stable pH (around 6) during the last two centuries in this weakly buffered, acid sensitive lake. Abborrträsket has received elevated sulfur and nitrogen deposition in the second half of the 20th Century and had a large part of its catchment clearcut in 1975. The MAGIC simulation of very small pH decline from 6.1 to 5.9 between 1843 and 1987 was comparable to the published diatom reconstructions of almost stable lake water pH up until the lake was limed in 1988. MAGIC also simulated the modern soil and water chemistry, including lake liming. Thus the diatom indication of stable pH cannot be dismissed as necessarily incorrect.     

Bacterial Diversity in Peat Soils of Forest Ecosystems and Oil Palm Plantation

Eurasian Soil Science - Bacteria play a crucial role in regulating biogeochemical cycles in peatlands. Most of the studies on soil bacteria focus mainly on the peat surface and bacteria that exist...     

A critical review of current methods in earthworm ecology: From individuals to populations

Earthworms play an important role in the functioning of many terrestrial ecosystems, and while their importance is frequently acknowledged significant challenges still remain in determining their operant roles within the soil. This lack of knowledge becomes increasingly important as the spatial scale of analysis increases from individuals to populations within the landscape. To effectively develop understanding, research techniques must be able to determine the effects that earthworms have on the soil system, as well as to establish how many and which species are present. A range of techniques are required to facilitate meaningful analysis from the micro-scale within a soil profile (e.g. drilosphere effects) to a field scale or landscape scale. Furthermore, an additional framework of understanding is required to investigate the role of earthworms in the biogeochemical cycles.By critically evaluating recent advances in methods and data analysis techniques in three areas of earthworm research we highlight that combinations of common approaches often offer the most significant insights into the functional roles of earthworms within a soil system. Through particular reference to earthworm sampling and identification, biochemical functions and persistent pollutant ecotoxicology of temperate ecosystems we emphasise how a range of investigation methods can be a hindrance to developing a whole-system level understanding. The complex and diverse nature of soil systems means that a traditional compartmentalised approach studying single species using a single research technique is no longer sufficient to gain further insights into the earthworm contribution to ecosystem goods and services delivered at the whole landscape scale. The integration of technologically advanced methods in combination with systems based modelling will be critical to develop landscape scale understanding of the functions of earthworms as individuals and as populations within in their ecosystems.     

Diatoms as indicators of the rate of lake acidification

Autecological studies of diatoms as pH indicators have opened the way to estimating a lake's past pH on the basis of its diatom species composition and relative abundance. Estimating the rate of lake acidification from its sediment subfossil diatoms is possible when these subfossils can be identified and accurately enumerated in the surface sediments of 20 to 30 lakes. Once this is done the diatoms down the length of the sediment core of one or more of these lakes can be enumerated and the pH inferred at each depth. This technique holds considerable promise in assessing the temporal impact of acid precipitation for acid-sensitive lakes. When loga values were regressed against observed pH for 28 lakes located north of Lake Superior, a significant (P < 0.01) correlation (r = 0.89) resulted. Downcore diatom stratigraphy for one of these lakes indicated that its pH had dropped from 6.2 to 5.2 over the last 20 yr while a second lake had dropped from a pH of 7.1 to 5.2 over the last 30 yr.     

噬菌体对土壤碳氮元素循环转化影响的研究进展

噬菌体是土壤中广泛定殖、数量繁多、严格依赖宿主存活的一类微小生物体,它具有溶原或裂解生命周期,在侵染宿主菌的过程中,不仅可以裂解细菌,还会导致基因转移,显著调控宿主菌数量、物种组成及功能,进而影响土壤元素的生物地球化学循环过程。因而,近年来噬菌体对土壤关键营养元素循环转化的影响机制研究逐渐成为新的学术热点。本文从噬菌体对土壤碳、氮元素循环转化的下行调控和上行调控角度,综述了噬菌体对土壤碳、氮元素循环转化的规律和机制,总结了制约噬菌体调控土壤碳氮循环作用强度的环境因素,指出了当前的研究难点,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。本综述可为阐释噬菌体影响土壤碳氮循环转化机制的研究提供科学参考。     

Functional guild classification predicts the enzymatic role of fungi in litter and soil biogeochemistry

Linking community composition to ecosystem function is a challenge in complex microbial communities. We tested the hypothesis that key biological features of fungi - evolutionary history, functional guild, and abundance of functional genes – can predict the biogeochemical activity of fungal species during decay. We measured the activity of 10 different enzymes produced by 48 model fungal species on leaf litter in laboratory microcosms. Taxa included closely related species with different ecologies (i.e. species in different “functional guilds”) and species with publicly available genomes. Decomposition capabilities differed less among phylogenetic lineages of fungi than among different functional guilds. Activity of carbohydrases and acid phosphatase was significantly higher in litter colonized by saprotrophs compared to ectomycorrhizal species. By contrast, oxidoreductase activities per unit fungal biomass were statistically similar across functional guilds, with white rot fungi having highest polyphenol oxidase activity and ectomycorrhizal fungi having highest peroxidase activity. On the ecosystem level, polyphenol oxidase activity in soil correlated with the abundance of white rot fungi, while soil peroxidase activity correlated with the abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil. Copy numbers of genes coding for different enzymes explained the activity of some carbohydrases and polyphenol oxidase produced by fungi in culture, but were not significantly better predictors of activity than specific functional guild. Collectively, our data suggest that quantifying the specific functional guilds of fungi in soil, potentially through environmental sequencing approaches, allows us to predict activity of enzymes that drive soil biogeochemical cycles.     

模拟氮沉降对草甸草原中小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为了解析氮沉降对草甸草原中小型土壤节肢动物群落结构的影响,于2010年在内蒙古呼伦贝尔市鄂温克旗贝加尔草甸草原设计了模拟氮沉降试验,研究了在8个氮沉降梯度N0(对照)、N15、N30、N50、N100、N150、N200和N300下土壤动物群落结构和多样性的变化以及与环境因子之间的关系。土壤动物于2019年牧草返青期(5月)、生长期(8月)和枯黄期(9月末)分别采集。结果表明,中小型土壤节肢动物具有明显的表聚特征,但随着施氮量的增加土壤动物群落有向深层土壤迁移的趋势。试验区植被生长期良好的水热条件更适合中小型土壤节肢动物群落发展。N200和N300处理下的土壤动物个体数、类群数及多样性指数均显著高于对照与氮沉降较低处理(P0.05)。依据土壤动物优势类群和常见类群分布情况,采用主成分分析(PCA)将氮梯度划分为3组,N0～N150处理一组,N200和N300各为一组,研究表明N200分布类群最多。冗余分析(RDA)表明,速效钾、全氮、NO–3–N、p H、有机质和含水量是影响土壤动物群落分布的主要环境因子。总体而言,氮沉降对土壤动物群落发展有促进作用,但是存在阈值,本研究中氮沉降对土壤动物群落水平影响的阈值为N 200 kg/(hm2·a)。     

Aluminum complexation suppresses citrate uptake by acid forest soil microorganisms

Organo-mineral interactions have been hypothesized to play a major role in biogeochemical cycling and pedogenesis in some forest soils. These processes are likely to be controlled to some extent by their persistence in soil, however, the factors regulating their bioavailability remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the microbial utilization of ¹⁴C-labeled citrate in glass bead filled bioreactors containing a biofilm developed from an inoculum from an acid forest soil. The removal of Al-citrate in the bioreactors was negligible compared to the rate of citrate removal in the absence of Al. There was no evidence that in the short-term the microbial community adapted to increase the utilization of Al-citrate. In bioreactors filled with a Picea abies forest soil (Haplic Arenosol) the rates of citrate utilization were always slightly higher than that of Al-citrate. We conclude that complexation of citrate by metals such as Al may have a significant effect on their role in soil biogeochemical cycles.