营养液pH对小麦生长及吸收铵、硝态氮的影响

采用３种起始ｐＨ不同的营养液进行水培，研究介质ｐＨ对小麦吸收铵、硝态氮及生长量的影响。结果表明，小麦生长期间营养液的ｐＨ因起始值和生育期而变化；这种变化与铵、硝态氮的相对吸收量密切相关。在铵、硝态氮等量共存条件下，介质ｐＨ低有利吸收硝态氮；高、有利吸收铵态氮。起始ｐＨ为５．０、６．５和８．０的营养液，铵，硝态氮的平均吸收比例分别为０．６１、０．９４和１．８５，累积吸收的铵态氮分别占吸氮总量的３３．     

水稻根尖细胞原生质膜表面电势对不同氮形态、 铝和pH的响应

相对于NO_3~--N,NH_4~+-N可以缓解植物铝毒害,但其机制还不清楚。铝在细胞膜表面的吸附量受细胞膜表面电势影响,直接影响到铝毒害。本文采用酶解法提取水稻根尖原生质体,研究了原生质膜表面zeta(ξ)电势对NH_4~+N、NO_3~--N、铝和pH的响应。结果表明,不管是否加铝,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N本身并不显著影响原生质膜表面ξ电势,但是加铝和降低pH均可以去极化原生质膜表面ξ电势。水稻吸收NH_4~+-N一般降低生长介质pH,吸收NO_3~--N升高生长介质pH。因此,NH_4~+-N缓解水稻铝毒的原因,不是因为NH_4~+-N本身去极化了细胞膜表面电势,而是因为水稻吸收NH_4~+-N降低了介质pH,去极化了细胞膜表面电势,从而可能降低了铝在水稻根尖表面的吸附。     

不同氮素形态配比对三七根腐病的影响

为明确氮素形态及其配比对三七根腐病发生的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了5种不同氮素形态配比(铵硝配比分别为0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0)及尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)侵染对三七[Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen]生长、有效成分以及抗性指标的影响。结果表明,不同氮素形态配比对三七生物量和皂苷含量无明显影响,铵态氮(${NH_{4}}^{+}-N$)可促进可溶性糖的累积;病原菌侵染使三七叶绿素、可溶性糖和黄酮含量降低,随着${NH_{4}}^{+}-N$比例的增加,病情指数增加,过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性升高,同时伴随酚类和木质素的累积。综上所述,低铵硝配比(特别是25∶75)有利于三七的生长,可降低三七病情指数,减轻三七根腐病的发生。本研究从氮肥施用层面为三七根腐病的防控提供了理论依据。     

不同pH和不同氮素形态对小麦根中钙分布的影响

利用电镜技术研究了不同pH(4.0和6.0)和氮形态(NH4+-N和NO3---N)对小麦根系超微结构及根中Ca2+分布的影响。结果表明,1)pH.4.0处理下细胞结构中Ca2+明显少于pH.6.0处理;2)低pH造成质壁分离;3)铵态氮源处理下细胞结构中Ca2+明显少于硝态氮源处理,尤其体现在细胞间质、细胞壁、细胞膜上;4)铵态氮源处理也会导致细胞出现质壁分离,细胞结构松散,胞质外流;低pH加重这些现象。     

氮素形态及pH值交互作用对甜菜产量和含糖率的影响

采用3因素5水平二次旋转回归设计,以Hoagland营养液为基础,以pH、硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)为处理因子进行水培试验,建立了多因子复合处理对甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)品种甜研7号块根产量和含糖率影响的回归模型,并分析了各因子的主效应和互作效应。结果表明:在本试验条件下,影响甜菜块根产量和含糖率的单因子主效应大小均为NO3--N>pH>NH4+-N;pH在6.2～7.0范围内,对产量和含糖率的影响表现为正效应,在7.0～7.8之间,表现为负效应;NO3--N(0～16mmol.L-1)对产量表现正效应,而对含糖率则为负效应;在0～8.0mmol.L-1范围内,NH4+-N对产量影响为正效应,在8.0～16.0mmol.L-1之间为负效应,0～16mmol.L-1对含糖率影响为负效应。NO3--N与NH4+-N的互作对产量、pH与NO3--N的互作对含糖率的影响均达显著水平。模拟寻优结果表明,介质环境pH在6.5～7.5范围内,适当调节NO3--N和NH4+-N比例,可获得较高的甜菜块根产糖量,总N为16.0mmol.L-1、NO3--N:NH4+-N为16∶0时及N为19.2mmol.L-1、NO3--N∶NH4+-N为5∶1时产糖量最佳。     

铵硝营养对高粱根系细胞膜质子泵的影响

【目的】作物选择性吸收铵态氮或硝态氮是导致根际p H发生变化的主要原因,本文探索旱地作物根系细胞膜质子泵对铵硝营养及p H的反应机制。【方法】采用水培方法,分别用NH+4-N和NO-3-N培养高粱幼苗,并控制营养液的p H。高粱生长三周以后,用葡聚糖两相法分离根系细胞膜,测定细胞膜质子泵的水解活性、酶动力学特征,利用免疫杂交方法测定质子泵蛋白浓度。【结果】培养三周后,供给铵态氮的高粱根际p H下降到3,质子泵活性最高,达到Pi 8.81μmol/(mg·min);供给硝态氮的高粱根际p H上升至7,质子泵活性最低,为Pi 3.82μmol/(mg·min)。将铵态氮处理的营养液p H人为上调到7,而将硝态氮处理下调到3后发现,铵态氮培养的高粱根系细胞膜质子泵活性在p H 7时低于p H 3,但仍高于p H 3时硝态氮处理。酶动力学特征的测定结果表明,铵态氮营养(p H3)时,酶反应最大速率最高,亲和性也最高,而硝态氮营养(p H 7)时酶反应最大速率最小,亲和性也最低。质子泵活性与其蛋白浓度之间具有正相关性。【结论】无论是铵还是硝态氮处理,根际p H降低都会导致高粱根系细胞膜质子泵活性升高,这说明,质子泵具有适应根际酸化而提高自身活性的基本功能。但是,在相同的p H下,铵态氮都导致高粱根系细胞膜质子泵活性比硝态氮处理更高,这说明铵态氮在根系细胞中同化产生氢离子,而硝态氮的还原不产生氢离子,因此,吸收铵态氮的细胞需要进一步提高细胞膜质子泵的活性将氢离子排出体外。这很可能是高粱根系在铵态氮营养下的一种反应机制。     

土壤pH对镉形态影响的研究进展

镉作为生物体的一种非必需元素,因其在土壤中的强迁移性和对人体的高度危害性而被列为国家重点关注的五大毒性重金属元素之一。镉在土壤中的迁移性及毒性与其形态密切相关,而土壤pH是影响镉形态的最重要因素之一,因此,本文综述了土壤镉形态的分析方法,阐述了土壤pH对镉形态的影响,并深入探讨了土壤pH对镉形态的影响机制,最后对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为镉污染土壤的修复与治理提供参考。     

氮素形态对茶树根系释放质子的影响

为探讨茶树根系酸化土壤的机制,利用水培实验和自动电位滴定方法研究了恒定pH条件下铵态氮、硝态氮及其混合液对茶树根系释放质子的影响.结果表明,在氮供应量相同情况下,纯铵态氮处理茶树根系释放质子的量最多,其次为铵/硝比为1∶1处理,在纯硝态氮处理中,茶树根系释放羟基.随着铵初始浓度的增加,茶树根系释放质子数量增加,且茶树根系的质子释放量与其对铵态氮的吸收量呈显著正相关.在pH4.5至5.5范围内,茶树根系在初始pH5.0时质子释放量最大,其次是初始pH5.5的处理,在pH4.5时茶树根系的质子释放量最少.用硝酸铵培养验证了茶树的喜铵特性,发现随着培养时间的延长,茶树对铵态氮和硝态氮的吸收量均增加,且质子释放量也有相同趋势,但在整个培养期内茶树对铵态氮的吸收量均高于对硝态氮的吸收量.因此,茶树对铵态氮的偏好吸收导致其根系释放质子,从而引起根际土壤酸化.     

滴灌点源施肥灌溉对土壤氮素分布影响的试验研究

利用室内试验,研究了点源施肥灌溉条件下硝态氮和铵态氮的分布规律。试验土壤为砂壤土,滴头流量的变化范围为0.6～7.8L/h、灌水量为6～15L、肥液(NH₄NO₃)浓度为100～700mg/L。销态氮在距滴头17.5cm范围内呈均匀分布,其浓度随肥液浓度的增加而增加;在湿润边界上硝态氮产生累积;肥液浓度是影响硝态氮分布的主要因子。在距滴头15cm范围内,滴头流量和灌水量对土壤中硝态氮分布的影响不明显,在此范围以外,随滴头流量的增大或灌水量的减小,硝态氮浓度增加。铵态氮浓度在滴头附近出现高锋值,肥液浓度越高,锋值越大,且施肥灌溉对铵态氮分布的影响范围较小,一般在距滴头10cm范围以内     

pH对闽江河口湿地沉积物氮素转化关键过程的影响

以闽江河口湿地沉积物为研究对象,通过单变量的沉积物培养试验(pH=2.5,3.5,4.5,5.5,6.5),研究pH对湿地沉积物氮元素硝化、反硝化、矿化3个关键过程的影响。结果表明:低pH(pH=2.5)对硝化活性有明显的抑制作用,其余pH对沉积物的硝化速率影响不大,硝化细菌的数量和活性在强酸条件下限制明显。随时间推移,沉积物反硝化速率减小,反硝化活性增强。偏酸条件对反硝化活性有一定抑制作用,主要由于沉积物中反硝化细菌在酸性条件下不活跃或耐酸细菌数偏少。不同pH条件下,矿化速率基本无规律可循,表明pH对湿地沉积物矿化过程无直接影响。     

肥液浓度对不同形态氮素在土壤中运移转化特性的影响

为揭示肥液(尿素)浓度影响下土壤湿润体中不同形态氮素的运移转化规律,选取黏壤土和砂壤土作为肥液入渗试验供试土壤,量化分析肥液浓度对土壤累积入渗量和不同形态氮素在分布和再分布过程中运移转化特性的影响.结果表明:相同入渗时间内土壤累积入渗量随肥液浓度的增大而增加,Kostiakov公式的入渗系数与肥液浓度呈现线性关系,建立...     

土壤中可溶性氮和pH对有机肥和化肥的短期响应

通过温室盆栽试验,施用猪粪堆肥(PC)、污泥堆肥(SC)、菜籽饼肥(CM)和无机化肥(IF)后,对土壤pH值和不同形态氮素的短期响应进行研究,探讨土壤可溶性无机氮、有机氮及土壤pH值之间的相互关系。结果表明,CM,PC和IF处理的pH值都呈现先快速下降后缓慢回升的趋势,但PC处理下降幅度较小;而SC处理和不施肥对照(CK)处理的pH值基本不变;不同施肥处理均提高了土壤中氮素水平,3种有机肥中以CM处理最显著地提高了土壤中总可溶性氮(TDN)、NH4+-N、NO3--N和可溶性有机氮(DON)浓度,PC处理的次之,SC处理的最弱,而IF处理与CM处理提高幅度相似。不同施肥处理中土壤可溶性氮表现出不同的短期响应,IF处理和CM处理的TDN分别经过11,13d的稳定期后迅速上升到一个较高的水平,至31d开始下降;PC处理和SC处理未出现突然升高的现象,而是前20d较稳定在一定的范围内波动,之后缓慢下降,总体与对照趋势一致。不同处理土壤中NH4+-N均呈下降趋势;IF处理、CM处理的NO3--N呈增加趋势,PC处理的呈先增加后降低趋势,而SC处理的呈缓慢下降趋势,结果说明不同有机肥在土壤中的转化存在明显的差异。相关性分析显示,CM处理、IF处理的土壤pH值与NH4+-N呈极显著正相关,而与NO3--N呈极显著负相关;除PC处理外,其他处理的DON含量与TDN具有显著正相关性,而PC处理的DON同时与NH4+-N、NO3--N呈显著负相关。     

不同初始pH对猪粪水酸化贮存过程及氮素损失的影响

为减少猪粪水贮存过程中氮素损失，提高还田安全性，采用酸化贮存技术，以磷酸为酸化剂，比较了不同初始pH对猪粪水酸化贮存过程及氮素损失的影响。结果表明：试验用猪粪水中重金属浓度大小顺序为：Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd>As，贮存后重金属浓度均降低，符合《农用沼液：GB/T 40750-2021》标准，但贮存180 d后猪粪水氮素损失率达68.55%，贮存后猪粪水中氮素以氨氮为主，占比达51.73%；酸化pH与酸化剂用量的相关性公式为：y=-3.3113x + 22.999，R2=0.985；酸化贮存大幅减少了猪粪水氮素损失，损失率较CK降低了5.98-62.77个百分点，且贮存后氨氮占总氮占比大幅提高24个百分点以上，保氮效果与pH呈反比；磷酸酸化提高了猪粪水总磷和水溶性磷浓度，增加幅度与磷酸用量呈正比；酸化贮存后猪粪水EC、Cd和Pb浓度偏高，抑制根和茎生长，其负面效应与贮存pH呈反比；酸化贮存降低了猪粪水Cu浓度，Cu浓度与pH呈正比，对As和Zn的作用无明显规律。综上所述，建议将猪粪水pH调至6.0后贮存，酸化剂成本为13.89元·吨-1。     

氮肥对不同耐低氮性玉米品种氮素吸收利用及氮素平衡的影响

以前期筛选的不同耐低氮性玉米品种正红311和先玉508为试验材料,通过田间裂区试验研究氮肥(0,90,180,270,360,450kg N/hm~2)对不同耐低氮性玉米品种氮素吸收利用及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:施氮显著提高玉米的氮素积累、氮素转运和氮素表观损失,而收获指数、氮收获指数、氮素干物质生产效率、氮素产谷效率、氮素吸收效率、氮肥利用效率、氮肥生理效率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力等随施氮量增加显著降低。与低氮敏感品种先玉508相比,耐低氮品种正红311氮素积累量、氮素转运量和产量更高,而氮素转运率、转运贡献率、收获指数及氮收获指数更低。正红311叶片较高的物质生产能力有利于其生育后期的氮素吸收和物质生产,使其氮肥吸收效率、氮肥利用效率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力均显著高于先玉508,而氮素表观损失显著低于先玉508。川中丘陵山区土层瘠薄,土壤保肥保水能力差,随施氮量增加玉米氮素表观损失量和损失率均显著增加,耐低氮品种正红311具有较强的氮素吸收能力,能显著提高氮素的吸收利用效率从而有效减少氮素的表观损失。因此,在川中丘陵山区中低氮水平下推广种植耐低氮品种正红311既能充分发挥其产量优势,又能有效的控制氮素的表观损失。     

Effects of Nitrogen Levels and Nitrate/Ammonium Ratios on Oxalate Concentrations of Different Forms in Edible Parts of Spinach

Two hydroponic experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) levels and forms on the oxalate concentrations of different form in edible parts of spinach. Nitrogen was supplied at five levels (4, 8, 12, 16, 20 mM) in Experiment 1 and five ratios of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) to ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100) at a total N of 8 mM in Experiment 2. Biomass of spinach increased markedly from 4 mM to 8 mM N and reached the flat with further increase in N. The total oxalate and soluble oxalate in leaves and shoots (edible parts) increased significantly with increasing N levels from 4 to 12 mM, while the total oxalate and insoluble oxalate decreased markedly when N level was further increased from 12 to 20 mM. Oxalates of different forms in petioles increased first and then decreased and elevated again with increasing nitrogen levels. In the second experiment, decreasing NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺ ratios markedly increased at first and then significantly decreased the biomass of spinach plants and the maximum biomass was recorded in the treatment of the NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺ ratio of 50:50. The oxalate concentrations of different form in leaves and shoots were all decreased obviously as the ratio of NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺ decreased from 100:0 to 0:100. Concentrations of total oxalate and soluble oxalate in petioles could be reduced by increasing ammonium proportion and were the lowest as the ratio of NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺ was 50:50 and insoluble oxalate decreased as nitrate/ammonium ratio decreased. The concentrations of oxalate forms in leaves were all higher than those in petioles and soluble oxalate was predominant form of oxalates in both trials. It is evident that high biomass of spinach can be achieved and oxalate concentrations of different forms can be reduced by modulating N levels and NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺ ratio, so this will benefit for human health especially for those people with a history of calcium oxalate kidney stones.     

Differential Soil Acidity Tolerance of Tropical Legume Cover Crops

In tropical regions, soil acidity and low soil fertility are the most important yield‐limiting factors for sustainable crop production. Using legume cover crops as mulch is an important strategy not only to protect the soil loss from erosion but also to ameliorate soil fertility. Information is limited regarding tolerances of tropical legume cover crops to acid soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the differential tolerance of 14 tropical legume cover crops to soil acidity. The acidity treatments were high (0 g lime kg^?1 soil), medium (3.3 g lime kg^?1 soil), and low (8.3 g lime kg^?1 soil). Shoot dry weight of cover crops were significantly affected by acidity treatments. Maximum shoot dry weight was produced at high acidity. Jack bean, black mucuna, and gray mucuna bean species were most tolerant to soil acidity, whereas Brazilian lucern and tropical kudzu were most susceptible to soil acidity. Overall, optimal soil acidity indices were pH 5.5, hydrogen (H)+ aluminum (Al) 6.8 cmol_c kg^?1, base saturation 25%, and acidity saturation 74.7%. Species with higher seed weight had higher tolerance to soil acidity than those with lower seed weight. Hence, seed weight was associated with acidity tolerance in tropical legume species.     

Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification in Two Soils with Different pH Levels

ABSTRACT

Soil pH is one of the properties that mostly influences nitrification rates, and can be used as a tool for controlling this process, seen that depending on its extent it may lead to nitrogen (N) losses and subsequent contaminations. The aims of this study were to evaluate mineralization and nitrification of two soils at different pH levels. The experimental design was factorial with two factors and three replicates, with the first factor referring to two samples of red latosols, one eutrophic (LV1) and the other dystrophic (LV2), and the second factor was soil’s pH, at six levels: 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5. Samples were incubated for 70 days in laboratory conditions. Both nitrate (N-NO₃) and mineral N contents were determined and adjusted to growth models. The eutrophic soil presented higher mineral N and N-NO₃, and the increase of pH levels led to increases of both inorganic N and N-NO₃contents. Increases in pH levels caused N-NO₃levels to increase in both soils, however this occurrence happened because it increased the amount of mineralized N in the soil, seen that in all pH ranges in both soils practically all mineral N was in the form of N-NO₃.     

Sources,Rates and Time of Nitrogen Application on Maize Crops under No-Tillage System

Quantitatively, nitrogen (N) is the foremost nutrient for maize crops (Zea mays L.), but the N source to increase the grain productivity still needs more investigation. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to study sources, rates and time of N application on the crop yield and agronomic characteristics of the maize under no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons on an Oxisol under the factorial 5 × 3 × 3 scheme with five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1) and three sources (ammonium-sulfate-nitrate as inhibitor of the nitrification (ASN+I), ammonium sulfate (AS) and urea); we applied them two times with four replicates: first time at the sowing or later under side dressing when the plants had the six leaves stage. In the first year, the sources of N had no influence on the number of grain line /ear (NGLE), grain number/line (GNL), total number of grain/ear (TNFE), biomass of 100 grain, plant height (PH), height of the first ear insertion (AFEI) and stalk diameter, in contrast with the foliar N content and the crop yield. Early fertilization with N at the sowing time can afford applications as well as the total side dressing. The increase of the rates had positive influence on the N foliar content, plant height and 100 grains biomass. The highest productivities were found with rates above the threshold of 150 kg ha^?1, no matter the sources and the fertilization time.     

外源生物质炭对土壤中铵态氮素滞留效应的影响

以生物质炭和黄棕壤为研究材料,通过阳离子交换量测定、铵态氮等温吸附实验以及模拟土柱淋溶,研究生物质炭对土壤铵态氮素滞留效应的影响。发现生物质炭以1%、3%和5%添加后,土壤CEC值分别增加9.4%、14.7%和19.7%,铵态氮素淋失量分别减少22%、39%和47%,氮素滞留量分别增加15%、5%和14%;同时影响氮素在土层中的分布,其中加生物质炭土壤的氮素集中在土柱上部5～7cm处,而不加生物质炭土壤集中在中部偏下9～11cm处。结果表明,生物质炭能够提高土壤对铵态氮素的吸附能力,显著降低土壤铵态氮素养分的淋失。